Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced

by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel Confined Spaces

or loss of product or property. A Confined Space is an enclosed or partially enclosed
Safety Hazards space that is not primarily designed or intended for
Biological Hazards human occupancy.
Chemical Hazards It has a restricted entrance or exit by way of location,
Physical Hazards size or means
Ergonomic Hazards It can represent a risk for the health and safety of
Work Organization Hazards anyone who enters, due its design, construction,
location or atmosphere, the materials or substances in
it, work activities being carried out in it, and the
Safety Hazard
mechanical, process and safety hazards present.
These are the most common and will be present in most
There were 431 confined space incidents with 530
workplaces at one time or another. They include unsafe
conditions that can cause injury, illness and death. fatalities in the US due to oxygen deficient and/or toxic

Safety Hazards include atmospheres from 1992-2005

Trips, Slips and Falls
Electrical Hazards HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACES
Confined Spaces Oxygen Deficiency
Falling Objects Hazard Oxygen Enrichment
Machinery-Related Hazard Flammable Atmosphere
Toxic Atmosphere
Trips, Slips and Falls Temperature Extremes
Second leading cause of accidents and injuries in Engulfment Hazards
workplaces
Causes 15% of all accidental deaths, and are second SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK
only to motor vehicles as a cause of fatality Isolation
OSHA requires employers to: Ventilation
Provide working conditions that are free of known Conduct tailboard briefing
dangers. Complete Permit
Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far Test the atmosphere
as possible, a dry condition. Enter the space
Select and provide required personal protective
equipment at no cost to workers. Falling-Objects Hazard
Train workers about job hazards in a language that Characterized by an being struck-by an object
they can understand. from a height of fall
The most common injuries workers suffer from
Categories of Fall Protection falling objects are bruises, fractures, strains, and
Fall Arrest System sprains. The objects that commonly fall range from
Fall Restraint large items such as roof trusses and steel beams
Positioning to small items such as fasteners and small hand
Suspension tools.
Retrieval
Objects-at-heights safety involves the following key risks:
Electrical Hazards 1) Untethered, unorganized objects at an aerial jobsite.
An electrical hazard is a dangerous condition where a 2) Improper transport of objects to and from an aerial
worker can or does make electrical contact with energized jobsite.
equipment or a conductor.
According to the Consumer Product Safety Identify controls
1) Physical controls - physically stop the object from
Checklist for Basic Electrical Safety falling (or from falling very far).
Inspect Cords and Plugs 2) Procedural controls - refer to changing the way

Eliminate Octopus Connections you work so that objects cant fall.

Never break off the third prong on a plug

Never use extension cords as permanent wiring
Physical Controls Protective Clothing
Controls Guardrails Protective clothing includes protective coverall (with
Open grating covers attached hood), gown, apron, head and shoe covers
Tool lanyard and tethers waterproof or impervious to liquids to protect the body
Carts with sides
from contamination by blood, droplets or other body
fluids and prevent these contaminants from getting into
Procedural Controls
the body through open wounds
Securing loads
disposable in most cases though some can be reused
Good hoisting practices
after sterilization
Proper material stacking

Machinery-Related Hazards Goggles/Face shields

This includes unguarded machinery and moving machinery Glasses without side shields can only protect the front
parts; guards removed or moving parts that a worker can from liquid splash
accidentally touch, unable to use of lockout/tagout system, Goggles fit the face snugly and therefore are better
hazardous energies from start-ups. than glasses in eye protection
If necessary, face shield should be used to protect the
Safety Precaution whole face
NEVER TRY TO START EQUIPMENT THAT IS LOCKED
OUT OR TAGGED OUT.
Gloves
Gloves protect the hands from contacting blood, droplets,
Six step procedure for hazardous energy control:
body fluids and other body tissue of the infected, or
1. Preparation for shutdown
pathogen-contaminated objects and can avoid infection
2. Equipment shutdown
when touching the eyes, mouth or nose afterwards. Gloves
3. Machine or equipment isolation
can also protect open wounds from contamination by
4. Application of lockout/tagout device
pathogen;
5. Release stored energy
Most gloves are disposable after use
6. Verification of isolation
Shoe Covers
Shoe covers prevent pathogens from being
Biological Hazards
carried outside the workplace
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, refer
to biological substances that pose a threat to the health Shoe covers are usually disposable after use

of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can Sterilization

include medical waste or samples of Sterilization is the process using ultra heat or high pressure
a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) to eliminate bacteria, or using biocide to eliminate
that can affect human health. It can also include substances microorganisms, including spores in bacteria
harmful to other animals.
Personal Hygiene
Preventive Measures Washing hands with liquid soap is the simplest and most basic
Respiratory Protection
method to avoid infection.
Surgical masks Surgical mask generally consists of three
layers of non-woven fabrics. It provides a barrier
Work Organition Hazard
protection against large respiratory droplets;
Hazards or stressors that cause stress (short-term
N95 or higher level respirators This type of respirator
effects) and strain (long-term effects). These are the
filters out particulates and liquid droplets in small particle
hazards associated with workplace issues such as workload,
size, therefore providing protection from inhaling aerosols
lack of control and/or respect, etc.
and microorganisms that are airborne.
Powered Air Purifying Respirator, PAPR. This type of
Work Content
respirator uses an electric blower to bring the air through
Job Content
the filter to the user, making it more comfortable to wear
Workload and Workplace
Air-supplying respirators. Clean air is supplied by air
compressor or high-pressure cylinder through a hose Working hours
Participation and Control
Work Context
Career, Development, Status and Pay
Role in the Organization
Interpersonal Relationships
Organizational Culture
Home-Work Interface

When affected by work stress people may:

become increasingly distressed and irritable
become unable to relax or concentrate
have difficulty thinking logically and making decisions
enjoy their work less and feel less committed to it
feel tired, depressed, anxious
have difficulty sleeping
experience serious physical problems, such as:
- heart disease,
- disorders of the digestive system,
- increases in blood pressure, headaches,
- musculo-skeletal disorders (such as low back pain
and upper limb disorders)

Work stress is thought to affect organizations by:

increasing absenteeism
decreasing commitment to work
increasing staff turn-over
impairing performance and productivity
increasing unsafe working practices and accident rates
increasing complaints from clients and customers
adversely affecting staff recruitment
increasing liability to legal claims and actions by stressed
workers
damaging the organizations image both among its workers
and externally

Risks Management
Risk management proceeds through a cycle of five actions:
[1] an analysis of the situation and an assessment of risk,
[2] the design of an action plan to reduce the risk of work
stress
[3] the implementation of that action plan and
[4] its evaluation, and
[5] learning and further action based on the results of that
evaluation