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Assignment 2
Murtle Robert-Prospere
ID 20040930
ABSTRACT
This assignment is based on an article to
discuss the Dick, Carey and Carey Model
Approach to Instruction
The Dick Carey and Carey Model of Systemic Design of Instruction
According to Reiser, Dempey, 2007 instructional design is a systemic process that is employed
to develop education and training programmes in a consistent and reliable fashion. Merill,
Drake, Lacy, Pratt, 1996 states that it can be viewed as a basis for creating modules or lessons
which:
understanding.
Therefore, instructional design can be described as a process of acquiring knowledge and skill
through the creation of effective, efficient and appealing learning processes. Bednar et al, 1995
for good instructor preparation. Achieving the desired outcome and more importantly the
relationship between instructor and the learner are measures of the effectiveness of any
instructional process.
One known and popular model in the instructional and educational field is the Dick Carey and
Carey Systems Approach Model. This model is based on a systemic approach to instruction.
According to Dick and Carey, (2005) a system is technically a set of interrelated parts all of
which work together toward a defined goal. The parts of the system depend on each other for
input and output and the entire system uses feedback to determine if its desired goal has been
reached. If the desired goal is not achieved, then the system is modified until the desired
outcome is achieved. It relates to instruction in that instruction is viewed as a system, the purpose
being to bring about learning. The instructional design model was developed by Walter Dick,
Walter Dick
Walter Dick was an undergraduate from Princeton University who gained his doctorate from
Penn State University in educational psychology proceeding to teach at Florida State University.
He was strongly influenced by Robert Gagne who advised and mentored him. He eventually
became his research assistant for some time. Walter later worked in industry for a while and was
eventually invited to join the faculty of Florida State where he taught a course in programmed
instruction. During his tenure at Florida State University he became acquainted with Lou Carey
who was his student. The two authored a book entitled The Systematic Approach to Instruction.
This book was revised several times and has had eight publications from 1978 to 2014.
assistant and later a faculty member of Florida State University and co-authored the book on the
Systematic approach to Instruction. They described the model in their 1978 publication of this
book. James Carey was husband to Lou Carey and had expertise in educational and media
technology. He was also a computer programmer. He assisted in designing the new model by
including technology as part of the process. The most recent publication of their book, (The
instructional design.
At the time that Dick and Carey taught at the Florida State University the accepted model of
instruction was the ADDIE model. Russel, (2000) states that Dick had been interested in
programmed instruction while at Penn State. Bob Morgan with focus on building top
instructional design programme in the county brought in Robert Gagne, Les Briggs and Bob
Reiser to help develop the programme. They renamed the programme instructional systems. As a
result, Dick was asked to teach a course in programmed instruction. Dicks methodology was to
assign varied readings, however he had no textbooks. One of his students Lou Carey suggested
the publication of a book and helped him develop that book. It was then that the Dick Carey and
Carey model of instructional design was developed. The model was first introduced in 1978 and
borrowed from the ADDIE Model, the behaviourists theory, the CIP approach of Robert Gagne
process. The phases of the ADDIE Model were included into a comprehensive process that
involved the learner, environment, objectives, instructional strategies, media, evaluation,
Significant contribution was made to instructional design by Dick and Carey viewing instruction
include content, context, learner, material and instruction. Dick et al, 2005 states components
such as the instructors, learners, materials, instructional activities, delivery system and learning
and performance environments interact with each other and work together to bring about the
desired student learning outcome. According to Piskurich, 2006 most instructional design
models follow the ADDIE process. The Dick and Carey model goes further to deconstruct the
instruction into smaller components or objectives that collectively form the competence to be
acquired. It was founded on the view that there is a reliable link between stimulus (instructional
material) and response (learning of the materials). Following the behaviourist approach the
model fosters the need for designers to identify the sub skills that must be mastered to allow the
intended behaviour to be learnt and to select the stimulus and strategy which will achieve each
sub skill.
As proposed by Dick and Carey the main reasons for the systems model include
procedures and techniques that an instructional designer should apply to design, develop,
evaluate and review instruction. The model consists of ten major components which include
accomplished. They describe what the learner must achieve at the end of the learning
experience.
2. Conduct instructional analysis
Identify what the learner knows and what is required of the learner at the end of
instruction and the necessary steps to be taken to help the learner achieve that task.
3. Analyse learners and context
Identify learner characteristics, that is their culture, demographics, attitudes, skills,
knowledge, experience and motivation levels. This vital information influences several
Performance objectives describes what the learner must achieve at the end of any
instruction given. These objectives identify the skills and the conditions under which the
the described objectives. There is an interrelation between objectives and assessment. The
includes all the learning activities that will help transfer the knowledge and skills
identified in the objectives. The activities must be sequenced to provide the best learning
instruction. All materials, including textbooks, modules, instructors guide and other forms
conducted to determine how to improve instruction. The evaluation is used to collect data
to help improve instruction. There are basically three types of evaluation; namely one to
one evaluation, small group evaluation and field evaluation. Each method of evaluation
This data is analysed and used to revise difficulties and deficiencies in the instruction. In
of the instruction by the analysing and revising learners outcome. It judges the
Furthermore, the Dick and Carey model is a model for individual design learning as well as
group design instruction. Whether the instruction is teacher cantered or student directed in nature
it is essential to note that the model is to design instruction and not to serve as delivery method.
There are several advantages of using the Dick and Carey model. Some of these advantages are:
time.
- Provides a cycle of feedback that allows the designer to remedy problems in the
instruction.
An individual instructor who has day to day instructional responsibilities can utilize the process
to develop lesser amounts of written or mediated instruction. The process can be used effectively
and efficiently to pull out material from existing data to design instruction which is not material
based. Basically, every instructor finds the model useful in obtaining feedback and obtaining
insight in learners. But it may pose some difficulty for a single instructor to carry out the entire
model on his own. The instructional designer is trained in the use of a systemic approach to
designing new or already existing systems. Their duty is to create replicable instructional
programmes that are effective with learner groups by working with teams which include content
persons have published information on the model itself and its use within the context of
- Educational Research (ISSN 2141-5161) vol.3 (3) pp. 277-283, March, 2012
In this journal Hassan Bellow and U.O Aliyau conducted a study to determine the effects
Northern Nigeria. The model proved to be more efficient rather than traditional lecture
This article analyses and describes three models. The Dick and Carey model is one of the
models described. The author explains that the model is one of the most influential
instructional design models. It is noted that the model follows a linear structure and the
a golden standard of systems oriented models. He states that the model is adaptable to