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Lecture 3, p 1
Ideal Gas p-V, p-T Diagrams
NkT
p=
p vs V at various constant Ts V p vs T at constant V
increasing T
Isotherms
Pressure
Pressure
0
0 Temperature
Volume
Pressure zero as
For an ideal gas at constant T,
T absolute zero, because
p is inversely proportional
the thermal kinetic energy of
to the volume.
the molecules vanishes.
Lecture 3, p 2
Last time: The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Energy is conserved !!!
U = Q + Won
alternatively:
U = Q - Wby
Note: For the rest of the course, unless explicitly stated, we will
ignore KECM, and only consider internal energy that does not
contribute to the motion of the system as a whole.
Lecture 3, p 3
Lecture 3, p 4
Heat Capacity
Look at Q = U + Wby
For an -ideal gas, CV is independent of T. This results from the fact that the
number of available modes is constant.
Lecture 3, p 7
Lecture 3, p 8
ACT 1
Consider the two systems shown to the right.
In Case I, the gas is heated at constant
volume; in Case II, the gas is heated at
constant pressure.
heat QI heat QII
Compare QI , the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature 1C in system I to QII, the
amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature 1C in system II.
Lecture 3, p 9
Work Done by a Gas
When a gas expands, it does work on its environment.
Consider a cylinder filled with gas. A
For a small displacement dx, the work done by the gas is
dWby = F dx = pA dx = p (Adx)= p dV dx
Vf
This is just the area under the p-V curve: Wby = p dV
Vi
Examples:
Lecture 3, p 11
Lecture 3, p 12
Constant-Pressure Heat Capacity
of an Ideal Gas
Add heat to an ideal gas at constant pressure, work Wby
allowing it to expand. We saw in the Act that more
heat is required than in the constant volume case,
because some of the energy goes into work:
Q = U + Wby = U + p V
For an ideal gas at constant pressure, p V = Nk T
Q U p V
CP = = + heat Q
T T T
= CV + Nk = ( + 1) Nk
Cp
=
( + 1)
definition
CV
Lecture 3, p 13
Work Done by an Expanding Gas (1)
Suppose that 10 moles of O2 gas are allowed to expand
isothermally (T = 300 K) from an initial volume of 10 liters
to a final volume of 30 liters.
How much work does the gas do on the piston?
Lecture 3, p 14
Adiabatic (Q = 0) Process
of an -ideal Gas
How are p and V related when Q = 0? In this case, U = -Wby.
U = Wby
NkT
Nk T = p V = V
V
T V dT dV
T
=
V
T V
=
ln (T ) = ln (V ) + constant
( ) ( )
ln T + ln (V ) = ln T V = constant
T V = constant
Adiabat:
pV = constant
= (+1)/
p
Isotherms.
pV = constant
V
The adiabat is steeper, because > 1. The temperature drops if the
gas expands during an adiabatic process, because U is decreasing.
Lecture 3, p 18
Four Thermodynamic Processes
of Particular Interest to Us
Isochoric (constant volume) Isobaric (constant pressure)
2 1 2
p p
1
V V
Isothermal (constant temperature) Adiabatic (Q = 0)
1
1
steeper
p 2
line 2
p
V V
These processes will illustrate most of Remember the FLT
the physics were interested in. U = Q - Wby
Lecture 3, p 19
Lecture 3, p 20
Isochoric and Isobaric
U = Nk T *= pV * 1 2
Q = Cp T p
= U + Wby = ( + 1) pV * Q
V Temperature and
volume change
Beware!!! Many of these equations (marked with *) rely on the ideal gas law.
Lecture 3, p 21
Isothermal and Adiabatic
1
p
Isothermal (constant temperature) V
1
U = 0* 2
p
Q = Wby*
dV * V2 *
Q
Thermal Reservoir
Wby = pdV = NkT = NkT ln V T
V V1
Volume and
pressure change
Q=0 p
2
Beware!!! Many of these equations (marked with *) rely on the ideal gas law.
Lecture 3, p 22
Home Exercise: Isothermal Compression
Suppose we have 3 moles of an ideal polyatomic gas initially with a volume
of 2 m3, and a temperature of 273 K. This gas is compressed isothermally
to 1/2 its initial volume. How much heat must be added to the system
during this compression?
Ans: -4.7 kJ
Lecture 3, p 23
Lecture 3, p 24
Solution
Suppose we have 3 moles of an ideal polyatomic gas initially with a volume
of 2 m3, and a temperature of 273 K. This gas is compressed isothermally
to 1/2 its initial volume. How much heat must be added to the system
during this compression?
Vf
= nRT ln Integral of dV/V
Vi
= nRT ln 2 Note that the heat added is negative -
= 4.7 kJ heat actually must be removed from
the system during the compression to
keep the temperature constant.
Lecture 3, p 25
Home Exercise: Escape Velocity
How much kinetic energy must a nitrogen molecule have in order to escape
from the Earths gravity, starting at the surface? Ignore collisions with other
air molecules. How about a helium atom? At what temperatures will the
average molecule of each kind have enough energy to escape?
Lecture 3, p 26
Solution
How much kinetic energy must a nitrogen molecule have in order to escape
from the Earths gravity, starting at the surface? Ignore collisions with other
air molecules. How about a helium atom? At what temperatures will the
average molecule of each kind have enough energy to escape?
Lecture 3, p 27
Next Week
Irreversibility
Lecture 3, p 28