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ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted for bacteriological and physicochemical analysis
of municipal wastewater. The bacteria were isolated from municipal wastewater
Keywords samples as well as sludge samples. Total 44 bacteria were isolated on nutrient agar
medium. The isolated bacteria were belonging to genera of Enterobacter, Bacillus,
Municipal Paenibacillus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Micrococcus, Salmonella, Pseudomonas,
wastewater, Proteus, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Serratia, Aerobacter, Stenotrophomonas,
Isolation, Planococcus and Staphylococcus. The most of them were industrially important
Physico- enzyme producer whereas wastewater also contains pathogenic bacteria. The
chemical physicochemical analysis of four cities of Buldana district revealed that pH of
analysis, municipal wastewater ranging from 6.7 to 7.2. The BOD and COD values were
BOD, ranging from 72 mg/L to 238 mg/L and 115 mg/L to 480 mg/L respectively. The
COD nitrate values were ranging from 44.5 mg/L to 210 mg/L. The concentration of
phosphate was ranging from 0.98 mg/L to 2.1 mg/L whereas ammonical nitrogen
was ranging from 28.5 mg/L to 67 mg/L. These results reveals that pH and
phosphate were within the permissible limit whereas BOD, COD, ammonical
nitrogen and nitrate were above the permissible limits in accordance with World
Health Organization standards.
Introduction
Domestic wastewater is the water that has The rapidly increasing human population
been used by a community and which and industrialization have placed
contains all the materials added to the water tremendous pressure on the natural water
during its use. It is composed of human resources and their quality (Sinha and
body wastes i.e. faeces and urine together Shrivastava, 1995). Because of such
with the water used for flushing toilets and problems, the river water usually receives
sullage. It is objectionable in appearance and untreated sewage, domestic waste, industrial
hazardous in content, mainly because of the and agricultural effluents that results in
number of disease-causing pathogenic pollution of several rivers in India. During
organisms (Mara, 2004). the last several decades the water quality of
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the Indian River has been deteriorating due from Buldana district. Zip-lock plastic bag
to continuous discharge of industrial waste was used for sludge sample which was taken
and domestic sewage (Krishnan et al., 2007; from 4-5cm deep from the surface by the
Smitha et al., 2007). help of spatula. The wastewater samples
were collected in clean polythene bottle
WHO estimated that about 80% of water fitted with screw caps. Both zip-lock plastic
pollution in developing country, like India is bag and spatula were autoclaved before used
carried by domestic wastes. The improper and polythene bottle was washed with
management of water systems may cause distilled water. The wastewater samples
serious problems in availability and quality were collected for physicochemical analysis
of water. The water quality characteristics is from open drainage of four cities namely
denoted by knowing the physicochemical Buldana, Chikhli, Khamgaon and Mehkar of
parameters like pH, BOD, COD, Buldana district. The samples were collected
Ammonical nitrogen, nitrate, phosphate etc. from February 2012 to April 2012 according
(Subba Rao and Subba Rao, 1995). to standard procedures from American
Public Health Association (APHA, 1998).
In India, municipal and industrial waste is The samples collection time was from 8.00
not properly treated, especially excreta and to 10.0 am at morning.
other liquid waste from households and the
community which leads to a serious health Isolation and identification of bacterial
hazard and the spread of infectious diseases isolates: The sludge samples and
which ultimately leads to unhygienic wastewater samples were serially diluted
conditions and thereby to rise in the health and inoculated on the nutrient agar medium
problems. Kulkarni et al. (1996) reported by spread plate method. The plates were
out break enteric fever in village incubated at 370C for 24 h. The
Katkalamba, in Nanded district, Maharashtra morphologically different colonies were
in 1995. This was attributed to fecal isolated and purified and subculture on
contamination of water. Sathe et al. (1983) nutrient agar slants. These slants were kept
reported an explosive epidemic of typhoid at 40 C for preservation. Bacterial strains
fever occurred in Sangli Town in were examined for their colony and cell
Maharashtra State, India, between December morphology, motility, Gram and spore
1975 and February 1976. In 1955, an staining and standard biochemical tests such
outbreak of hepatitis in Delhi, India and in as Catalase, Oxidase, IMViC tests,
1817, major epidemic of cholera occurred in fermentation of carbohydrates, Nitration
Calcutta, India (U.S. Environmental reduction and H2S. Along with this, the
Protection Agency Washington, D.C. enzyme (amylase, protease and lipases)
PIPELINE Summer 7:3). The aim of producing activity was also checked. The
present study was microbiological and isolated bacteria were identified according
physicochemical analysis of municipal to Bergey s Manual of Determinative
wastewater. Bacteriology.
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samples were collected from Mehkar at The BOD and COD values of samples were
alternate days. The pH of the five samples ranging from 13011.08 mg/L to 23835.04
was within the permissible limit, ranging mg/L and 27824.11 mg/L to 48038.11
from 6.70.05 to 7.10.01. The minimum mg/L respectively. The ammonical nitrogen
value of BOD was 729.33 mg/L whereas was ranging from 414.87 mg/L to 668.91
maximum value was 121.511.66 mg/L. mg/L.
The BOD values of all samples were higher
than permissible limit. The COD was The two samples showed high value of
ranging from 1258.32 mg/L to 19415.48 ammonical nitrogen than permissible limit
mg/L. The COD values of all samples were whereas three showed less value than
within the permissible limit. The ammonical permissible limit. The nitrate was ranging
nitrogen was ranging from 28.53.06 mg/L from 1298.82 mg/L to 18818.25 mg/L.
to 674.47 mg/L. Out of the five samples, All the five samples showed higher values
two samples showed higher concentration of of nitrate than permissible limit. The
ammonical nitrogen than permissible limit minimum concentration of Phosphate was
and they were 674.47 mg/L and 66.58.77 1.450.21 mg/L whereas maximum
mg/L. The remaining three samples values concentration was 2.090.11mg/L. These
showed in table 3 were below the phosphate values were within the
permissible limit. permissible limit.
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The permissible limit for pH is 6.00 to 9.00 organic load present in wastewater by
of wastewater which must be discharged various house holding activities as higher
into the sea or environment (WHO, 2006). population of the city than other cities.
The pH values of our study were similar to
Shirin and Yadav (2014). The BOD and Kandhasamy and Santhaguru (1994)
COD were ranging from 72 mg/L to 238 reported that the higher BOD may be due to
mg/L and 115 mg/L to 480 mg/L higher organic load. In our study, BOD and
respectively. The wastewater samples from COD values were similar to Dubey (2013)
Khamgaon city showed higher BOD and and Shirin and Yadav (2014). The nitrate
COD values as compared to Buldana, was ranging from 44.5 mg/L to 210 mg/L.
Chikhli and Mehkar city. The probable Our nitrate values were similar to Singh et
reason for the higher BOD and COD is high al., (2012) and higher than Dubey (2013).
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The phosphate values were ranging from Das, A.C., Baruah, B.K., Baruah, D.,
0.98 mg/L to 2.1 mg/L. In present study, our Sengupta, S. 2003. Study on wetlands
phosphate values were similar with of Guwahati city: Two water quality
Sarkinnoma et al., (2013) and Sonune et al. of rivers and drains. Poll. Res., 22(1):
(2015). The ammonical nitrogen was 117 119.
ranging from 28.5 mg/L to 67 mg/L. Similar Dubey, S., 2013. Analysis of physico-
results were showed by Binu Kumari et al. chemical parameters of Kshipra river
(2006). The high organic load and its water at Ujjain, India. Int. Res. J.
degradation resulted in marked increase in Environ. Sci., 2(7): 1 4.
ammonical nitrogen (Das et al., 2003) Garode, A.M., Sonune, N.A. 2013. Isolation
and identification of amylase
The present study reveals that municipal producing bacterium from domestic
wastewater from Buldana district contains wastewater of Buldana District
various pathogenic bacterial genera such as (M.S.). Int. J. Sci. Res., 2(5): 11 12.
Klebsiella, Escherichia, Salmonella, Proteus Garode, A.M., Sonune, N.A. 2014.
etc. The results of physicochemical analysis Screening and Identification of lipase
of municipal wastewater from four cities producing bacteria from Domestic
showed that pH and phosphate were within wastewater. Int. J. Pharm. Bio Sci.,
the permissible limit in accordance with 5(2): 265 268.
World Health Organization standards Kandhasamy, M., Santhaguru, K. 1994.
whereas the BOD, COD, ammonical Influence of sewage on
nitrogen and nitrate were above the physicochemical characteristic of the
permissible limits, indicating high organic river Vaigai. J. Ecobiol., 6(4): 315
load present in the wastewater. Such 317.
wastewater should required treatment before Krishnan, R.R., Dharmaraj, K., Kumari,
discharged it into environment. B.D.R. 2007. A comparative study on
the physico chemical and bacterial
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