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The mutual inductance forms the basis for an extremely important device
called a transformer
di1 t di 2 t
v2 t=M 21 v 1 t=M 12
dt dt
M21 and M12 are the coefficients of mutual inductance
The subscripts on M21 indicates that the voltage response at L2 is produced by
a current source at L1
The subscripts on M12 indicates that the voltage response at L1 is produced by
a current source at L2
The double headed arrow indicates that these inductors are coupled
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 4
If the current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the voltage will be positive
at the dot on the second coil
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 5
A current entering the undotted terminal of one coil provides a voltage that is
positively sensed at the undotted terminal of the second coil
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 6
The current i2 (entering undotted terminal) results in a positive reference for the
voltage induced across the left coil is the undotted terminal
di2 t
v1 t=M = 450 cos 45 t V
dt
The current i1 (entering dotted terminal) results in a positive reference for the
voltage induced across the right coil is the dotted terminald
di1 t
v2 t=M = 16 et V
dt
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 7
di1 t di2 t
v1 t=L1 M
dt dt
di2 t di t
v2 t=L2 M 1
dt dt
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 8
Using the right hand rule, the flux direction at the left-hand side
is upward and the right-hand side is downward
Since the flux at both coils has the same direction, the upper
terminals of coils will be of the same dot sign
Dots may be placed either on the upper terminal of each coil or
on the lower terminal of each coil
Using the right hand rule, the flux direction at the left-hand side
is upward and the right-hand side is upward
Since the flux at both coils has the apposite direction, the upper
terminals of coils will be of the opposite dot notation
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 9
Example: find the ratio of the output voltage across the 400 Ohm resistor to the
source voltage, expressed using phasor notation
Mesh 1
Since I2 enters the undotted terminal of L2, the mutual voltage across L1 must
have the positive reference at the undotted terminal. Thus,
o
1 I1 j10 I1 j 90 I 2 =10 0
Mesh 2
Since I1 enters the dot-marked terminal of L1, the mutual voltage across L2 must
have the positive reference at the dotted terminal. Thus,
400 I 2j 1000 I 2 j 90 I 1=0
By solving the equations, we find
o
I2 =0.172 16.70 A
Thus,
V2 4000.172 16.70o
=
V1 10 0o
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 12
1 1
W = L1 I 12 L 2 I 22M I 1 I 2
2 2
If one current enters a dot-marked terminal while the other leaves a dotmarked
terminal, the sign of the mutual energy term is reversed
1 1
W = L1 I 12 L 2 I 22M I 1 I 2
2 2
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 13
Since I1 and I2 are arbitrary values, they may be replaced by i1(t) andi2(t), which
gives the instantaneous energy stored in the circuit
1 1
wt= L1 i21 t L2 i22 tM i12 ti22 t
2 2
Since w(t) represents the energy stored within a passive network, it cannot be
negative for any values of i1, i2, L1, L2, or M
this implies that
M L1 L 2
The ratio M / L1 L 2 represents the coupling coefficient, which is a measure of
the magnetic coupling between two coils
M
k=
L1 L 2
or
M =k L1 L 2
where 0k1 or equivalently 0M L1 L2
For k < 0.5, coils are said to be loosely coupled; and for k > 0.5, they are said to be
tightly coupled
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 14
Example: Determine the coupling coefficient. Calculate the stored energy in the
coupled inductors at t=1 s if v=60 cos(4t+30) V
For mesh 2,
or
In the time-domain,
P3: Determine the coupling coefficient. Calculate the stored energy in the coupled
inductors at t=1.5 s
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 18
The coil that is directly connected to the voltage source is called the primary
winding
The coil connected to the load is called the secondary winding
The resistances R1 and R2 are included to account for the losses (power
dissipation) in the coils
The transformer is said to be linear if the coils are wound on a magnetically linear
material
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 19
Z22=R2 + jL2+ZL
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 20
For the T (or Y) network, mesh analysis provides the terminal equations as
Then,
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 21
For the Delta network, nodal analysis provides the terminal equations as
Then,
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 22
P4: Find the input impedance and the current from the voltage source
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 23
thus,
Since M = L1 L 2
The vertical lines between the coils indicate an iron core as distinct from the air
core used in linear transformer
According to Faradays law, the voltage across the primary
winding and the secondary winding are
Then, we have
The energy supplied to the primary equals to the energy absorbed by the secondary
Thus, we have
The primary and secondary currents are related to the turns ratio as
2. If I1 and I2 both enter into or both leave the dotted terminals, use n.
Otherwise, use +n
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 28
(Impedance Matching)
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 29
P5: Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit to the left of the terminals c-d