ASTM Welding Procedures A36 to A930

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Welding ASTM - A36 TO A391. Carbon Low Alloy Steels.

Bar, Plate, Chain Tubes Pipe.

ALL ELECTRODE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE AT THIS SITE REQUIRE

A Management & WELD QUALIFICATION BEFORE THE WELD CONSUMABLES ARE APPROVED.
Engineers Guide to MIG
Weld Quality, Note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually
Productivity and Costs
an indication that pre heat, interpass and post heat treatment is required for the welds.

IF YOU ARE WELDING TUBES OR PIPES MAKE

SURE YOU VISIT THE ASTM PIPE WELDING SECTION

If welding a carbon or low alloy steels and you don't know what the composition is or what the weld consumable should be, give consideration to the following.
Manual and Robotic (MIG)
Gas Metal Arc Welding
Book If the metal is thicker than 6 mm preheat to 150F.
Use either an E7018 stick electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-6 MIG wire, or for all position welds an E71T-1 electrode wire.
For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 15% CO2 mix.
For gas shielded flux cored use a gas mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
Ensure mill scale in weld area is removed and the plate is dry and at a temperature >60F.
Keep single pass fillet welds < 6mm.
Do not weave unless necessary.
For multi-pass welds use inter-pass temp control. Ensure the inter-pass temp does not exceed 250 F.
If possible do destructive test of a weld sample.
Flux Cored and MIG weld If possible have the hardness and grain size checked after welding.
process controls
If cracks occur in the HAZ double the pre-heat.

SMAW and GMAW Mechanical Strength

E6010 Minimum Yield 50,000
E6011 Minimum Yield 50,000
E7010 Minimum Yield 60,000
Manual MIG Welding E7018 Minimum Yield 60,000
Process Control
psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

(Also in Spanish)
" Proceso de Soldadur
MIG Manual " MIG E70S-3-6 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

Welding CD's When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and E70S-3-6 MIG wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When welding low alloy 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When welding higher strength alloys or when tempering and quenching are required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon 8018 B2 and 9018 B3 electrodes are utilized.

The "yield strength", the stress that can be applied to a base metal or weld without permanent deformation of the metal.

The "tensile strength", "the ultimate tensile strength" is the maximum tensile strength that the metal or weld can with stand before failure occurs.

Robot MIG welding. Best

Weld Practices and
Process Controls
Fine-grained steels are prone to cold cracking due to hydrogen absorption. They should be preheated slightly and welded with a relatively low specific energy, to reduce the heat-affected zone. Preheating: in function of steel, generally 100C (max. 200C) Post-weld treatment: usually not necessary

Austenitic manganese steels with a manganese content of 14% (Hadfield steels) have a tendency to form brittle precipitates in the form of carbides.
It is essential to weld them without preheating, even with additional cooling, and to keep the specific heat input low. Preheating: none (cooling may be used if needed

Manual MIG Welding. Unalloyed steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required to ensure good weldability. Preheating: < 0.2C %: without preheating (up to 30 mm thickness) or 100C against humidity
Best Weld Practices and
Process Controls
C: 0.2 to 0.5 %:preheating temperature 100 to 300C

C > 0.5 %: preheating temperature 300 to 350C.Possible post-weld treatments, stress relieving, normalising

Low alloy steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required to lower hydrogen potential and ensure good weldability.

Flux Cored Best Weld

Practices and Process
Controls

DVD Film "MIG Process

Controls Made Simple"

Order these MIG Welding or

Flux Cored Training
Materials Now

Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes from the

ANSI/AWS A5.29. 1198 Specification
Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

AWS Tensile
Tensile ksi Yield ksi Yield Mpa
Classification MPa
410 -
E6XTX-X-XM 60 - 80 50 340
550
480 -
E7XTX-X-XM 70 - 90 58 400
620
550 -
E8XTX-X-XM 80 - 100 68 470
690
620 -
E9XTX-X-XM 90 - 110 78 540
760
E10XTX-K9-
SEE SPEC 88 610
K9M
E70T-1
(M) means an E71T-1
Second
argon mix Second
number
req, 75 to 80 All DCEP number
0 = flat
argon 1 = all
and
balance CO2 position
horizontal

Brittleness:The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. When a metal gets harder it becomes more brittle. Preheat, inter-pass temp controls and post heat all are designed to reduce the potential for brittleness.

Hardness test. The hardness tester forces a small sphere (Brinell, HB), a diamond pyramid (Vickers, HV) or a cone (Rockwell C, HRC) into the surface of a metallic material at a specific load. The resulting indentation is then measured.

Many manufactures of parts and equipment

containing ASTM steels do not use the
recommended pre or post-heat treatments.

The requirements for weld heat treatment is

greatly influenced by many factors, the
application, the governing specifications or
codes, the plate condition, plate thickness,
the weld consumables the weld procedures,
the weld size and amount of welds required.

In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that its
not necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of the
steel, and will therefore typically utilize low hydrogen, highly ductile
E7018 /E70S-3-6 / E71T-1 electrodes.

When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat treatment
recommendations are frequently eliminated, however from a weld quality
perspective always ensure that the weld locations are dry, the metal is
over 60F, and that rust and mill scale is removed from the weld area. Also
even when heat treatment is not used its frequently beneficial to not
allow the multi-pass inter-pass weld temperatures to exceed 200F

If you ignore the heat treat requirements as recommended by the metal

specifications ensure you use low hydrogen electrodes then,

(a) Establish the welding procedure.

(b) Qualify the weld and HAZ properties. Ensure the after weld and HAZ
properties are compatible with the steel specifications, ref grain size,
hardness and strength.

PRE HEAT IN THESE CHARTS ALSO APPLIES

TO MINIMUM INTER-PASS TEMPERATURE

Alloy steels always require weld consideration. Compare the low alloy steels chemistry and mechanicals with a standard A36 steel. Remember this is only a guide, weld responsibility starts with the weld decision maker verifying the consumables and heat treat and test recommendations.

Want European MIG Gas Standard Data

visit http://www.key-to-steel.com/GuidedTour.asp

Want European, one day to be Turkey / Arab weld electrode standards visit here

STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:

STRESS RELIEF - CONTROLLED HEATING & COOLING TO REDUCE STRESS.

STRESS RELIEF MACHINED PARTS FOR DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.
STRESS RELIEF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING REQUIRED
CONFIRM WITH CODE SPECIFICAIONS FOR STRESS RELIEF REQUIREMENTS.

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ASTM Welding Procedures A36 to A930

TYPICAL STRESS RELIEF SOAK TIME

SR HEAT & COOL RATE PER HOUR 400oF 204oC DIVIDE THICKER PART
ONE HOUR PER INCH OF THICKNESS
PARTS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES STRESS RELIEF CARBON STEELS 1100oF 593oC
SR MAX TEMP DIFFERENCE 75oF 24oC TO 1250oF 677oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON 0.5% Mo SR 1% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 1.25 % CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 2% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 2.25 % CHROME 1% Mo SR 5% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC
SR 7% CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 9% CHROME 1% Mo
1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC
SR 12% CHROME 410 STEEL SR 16% CHROME 430 STEEL
1550oF 843oC TO 1600oF 871oC 1400oF 760oC TO 1500oF 815oC
SR 9% NICKEL FOR 300 SERIES STAINLESS SR WILL
1025oF 552oC TO 1085oF 585oC RESULT IN CARBIDE PRECIPITATION
WITH LOW CARBON 300 SERIES SR 400 SERIES CLAD STAINLESS
MAX SR 1050oF 566oC 1100oF 593oC TO 1350oF 732oC
SR CLAD MONEL INCONEL Cu NICKEL STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B 0
1150oF 621oC TO 1200oF 649oC 500oF 260oC 15 MIN

HK31A H24 550oF 288oC 30 MIN

STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B
H24 300oF 149oC 60 MIN HM21A T8-T81 700oF 371oC 30 MIN

MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN 1.5% MAGNESIUM CAST ALLOYS AM100A

ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF 500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A
500oF 260oC 60 MIN

Metric Conversion 1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM A3 carbon stl mig S3-S6
ASTM A27 carbon stl mig S3-S6
<0.25carb
>25mm
Common low Carb 0.25/0.29
100F.
carbon Mn 0.6/1.2
>50mm
structural steel Si 0.15/0.4
ASTM >36 58 - 80 200F
CSA grades in K02600 E60XX
A36 >248 400/551 >0.26carb
compliance E70XX
13-25mm
260W 260WT E70S-X
50F.
300W E71T-1
>25mm
175F
ASTM WELD MIG S3 -
PIPE
A 53 S6
Reinforcement WELD MIG S3 -
A 82
wire S6
E70XX
ASTM High temp
E70S-X
A105 fittings
E71T-1
E60XX
ASTM Corresponds to E70XX
A108 AISI specs E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
109 WELD MIG S3 -
Carbon stl strip
S6

E60XX
ASTM E70XX
Railway stock
A113 E70S-X
E71T-1
Casting
A128
Aust Mn
Carb
0.16/0.26
Mn0.7/1.5
Grade Grade Si0.1/0.5
a/b/cs a/b/cs
ASTM Preheat
d/ds/e d/ds/e AH/DH/EH
A131 CS/D/E
>34 58 - 71 Ni0.4
Grades >25mm
Grade Grade Structural Cr0.25
A-B-CS 100F
ah32/ ah32/ steel for ships Mo0.8
D-DS-E Preheat
dh32 dh32 Canadian CSA Cu0.35
AH32- ah/eh/dh K02300
eh32 eh32 G40.21
DH32 32-36
>46 >68 - 85 Grade A = 33G Grades a-e
EH32 >13mm
Grade Grade Grade B = 33W E70XX
AH36 50F E70S-X
ah36/ ah36/
DH36 >25mm E71T-1
dh36 dh36
EH36 100F
eh36 eh36
>51 >71- 90 Grades ah/dh/eh
32-36
E8018-B2
E80T5-B2
ASTM WELD MIG
Carbon stl pipe
134 S3 - S6
ASTM WELD MIG
Carbon stl pipe
135 S3 - S6
ASTM WELD MIG
Carbon stl pipe
139 S3 - S6
Grades
40/50/80
ASTM
E8018-C3
A148
Grades
Grades
Structural 60/90
40/50/60
castings E8018-B2
/80/85/90
Grades
95/105
85/95/10/
120
120
E11018-M

Many steel types and their grades go back for 30 to 50 years. Today many grades are obsolete. Its helpful to include these grades as many rebuilds and repairs deal with the older grades. By the way if you don't see a chemistry range you are typically seeing the maximum alloy content.

Fatigue: The ability of a metal or weld to withstand repeated loads. Fatigue failures occur at stress levels less than the metal or weld yield strength. Some things that can influence fatigue failure:

Excess weld profiles.

Welds which cause undercut.

FCAW or SMAW slag inclusions.

Lack of weld penetration.

Excess weld heat, typically from multi-pass welds without inter-pass temp controls.

Items to a part that adds restraint while welding.

Items added to a part that can concentrate stresses in a specific location.
Incorrect selection of filler metal, weld too weak or weld too strong.

Yield Tensile
Steels Preheat Chemistry
ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM WELD MIG
Carbon stl tubes
A161 S3 - S6
ASTM AUSTENITIC
A167 STAINLESS
A176 STAINLESS
A177 STAINLESS 308-308L
A178 Carbon stl tubes 70S-3-6
A179 Carbon stl tubes 70s-3-6
Carb 0.35
Mn0.9
ASTM
Preheat Si 0.35
A181
Forgings >25MM 100f Grade 1-2
Grades
>50mm 200F E70XX
1-2
E70S-X
E71T-1

F2 Carb 0.21
Mn0.3/0.8
Si 0.1/0.6
Preheat all grades
Cu 0.5/0.8
except F1 at Grade
ASTM >25mm 100F
F1
A182 50mm 200F
E70XX
Grades High Temp E70S-X
Grade F1
F1/F2/ fittings E71T-1
<13mm 100F
F11/F12
<25mm 200F
F22/F22A GRADE F2
>25mm 300F
F11/F12
Post heat req 1250F E8018-B2

grade
F22/F22A
E9018-B3
E8018-G -
ASTM carbon stl low
Reinforcement bar W
184 alloy
100 - 200F
ASTM E8018-G-W
Reinforcement bar low alloy
185 100 - 200F
ASTM E70S-3-6
Tubes carbon stl
192 100 - 200F
4 or 300
ASTM
Bolting series
193
200 - 400F
ASTM 9018B3
Tubes Cr/Moly
199 300 - 400F
ASTM
Tubes Cr/Moly 200 - 600F
200
8018-G
ASTM
Pressure vessel low alloy 9018-M
202
100 - 300F
(A)
Carb 0.17/0.23
Mn0.7/0.8
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 2.1/2.5
grades
A-B-E (B)
<13mm 200F Carb 0.21/0.25
grades Mn0.7/0.8
(A) (A) A-B-E Si 0.15/0.4
>37 65-85 <25mm 300F Ni 2.1/2.5
255 586 >25mm (A)
K21703 (D)
400F
(B) (B) Carb 0.17/0.20
>40 70-90 (B) Mn0.7/0.8
ASTM grades
275 620 Pressure vessel plates for K22103 Si 0.15/0.4
A203 D
cryogenic use. Nickel Ni 3.25/3.75
Grades (D) (D)
<13mm 100F
(D)
alloy steels
a-b-d-e >37 65-85
<25mm
K31718 (E)
200F
206 586 Carb 0.2/0.23
>25mm 300F (E) Mn0.7/0.8
(E) (E) K32018 Si 0.15/0.4
>40 70-90 Post heat if carb
Ni 3.25/3.75
275 620 >0.15 >13mm
1200F Grades A-B
Post heat if carb E8018-C1
<0.15 >25mm E80T5-Ni2
1200F E80S-Ni2

Grades D-E-F
E8018-C2
E80T5-Ni3
E80S-Ni3
Grade A
carb 0.25
Mn 0.9
Si 0.3
Ni 0.6
Mo 0.6

Grade Grade Grade B

Preheat to 0.2 carb
A A carb 0.27
25 to 50mm 100F
>37 65-85 Mn 0.9
>50mm 200F
255 448 grade A Si 0.3
K11820 Ni 0.6
ASTM grade grade Preheat 0.21-0.25 Mo 0.6
A204 B B Nickel Alloy Pressure carb 13 to 25mm grade B
Grades >40 70-90 vessel steels 100F >25mm 250F K12020 Grade C
a-b-c 275 620 carb 0.28
Preheat 0.26-0.28 grade C Mn 0.9
grade grade carb <13 100F K12320 Si 0.3
C C >25mm 300F Mo 0.45/0.6
>43 75-95
296 655 postheat req 1250F Grades A-B
E7018-A1
E70T5-A1
E8XT-A1
E70S-6

Grade C
E8018-C2

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ASTM Welding Procedures A36 to A930

ASTM E70S-3-6
Tubes
209 50 - 200F
ASTM
Tubes Carbon stl E70S-3-6
210
ASTM
Pipe Carbon stl E70S-3-6
211
Chrome Moly
and stainless 8010
ASTM
Tubes 9018
213
pre-heat 200 - 308
600 F
ASTM
Tubes Carbon stls E70S-3-6
214
WCA
E7018
E7XT-1
ASTM
E70S-3
A216
WCA High tem cast fittings
WCB-WCC
WCB E7018
WCC E7XT-1
E70S-3
E10018-M
post heat req 1250F

preheat
WC1 <50mm 150F
>50mm 250F

preheat
WC1
WC4-WC5 <13mm
E7018
200F
E7XT-1
ASTM >13mm 350F
E70S-3
A217
WC1- preheat
WC4-WC5
WC4 WC9 500F
Steel castings E8018-B2
WC5-
WC6 preheat WC9
WC9- WC6 E9018-B3
WC11 WC11 <15% carb
<25mm WC6-WC11
150F >25mm 250F E8018-B2
>13mm 350F

preheat
WC6
WC11 to 21% carb
<25mm
300F >25mm 400F

Lamellar Tearing: When welding, the weld shrinkage stresses impose tensile strains in the steel plate or on inclusions paralleled to the plate surface. The tensile strains can separate the inclusions causing cracks. Excessive strains can further elongate the cracks. Carbon, manganese and low alloy steels made at the mill with inadequate deoxidization are sensitive to lamellar tearing. The potential for lamellar tearing increases with the amount of inclusions in the plates being welded. Of special concern is when the inclusions are parallel to the plate surface. More data in ASTM A770 / A770M Standard Spec for through
thickness tension testing of steel plates.

Weld Question: When you see an electrode recommendation such as E8018-C1, who is the best reference source to convert that stick electrode to a flux cored or MIG wire?

Answer: I believe both Alloy rods and Tri Mark, flux cored manufacturers have good reference data for this subject.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
Grade A
carb 0.18
Mn 1.45
Si 0.1-0.3
V 0.09/0.14

Grade B
carb 0.2
Mn 1.45
preheat Si 0.1-0.3
to 0.15 carb V 0.09/0.14
>50mm
100F Grade C
(C)
105-135 carb 0.25
(C) preheat Mn 1.6
930 to 0.15/0.2 grade A
>70 Si 0.1-0.3
482 carb >50mm K11803 Ni 0.4/0.7
(D)
Pressure vessel 100F V 0.1/0.2
<75mm
ASTM 80-115 plate bar >50mm grade B
A225 (D) 792 shapes Mn 200F K12003 Grade D
A-B-C-D <75mm Vanadium Ni carb 0.2
alloy steels preheat grade C Mn 1.7
>60 (D)
>0.21 carb K12524 Si 0.1-0.5
>75mm
(D) <13mm Ni 0.4/0.7
75-100
>75mm 100F V 0.18
689
>55 >13mm
150F grade A-B
8018-C3
post heat E80S-Ni
treat 1150F E80T1-B2

grade C
E11018-M
E100S-1
E110T5-K3

grade D
E10018-M
E100S-1
ASTM Tubes
E70S-3-6
226 carbon stl
grades wpa-
wpb
wpc
E7018
ASTM E7XT-1
A234 E70S-3
Wrought
WPA-WPB
weld fittings grades wp1
WPC-WP1
E70XX-A1
WP11
E7XT-1
E70S-3

grades wp11
E8018-B2
grades
A-C
E7018
E7XT-1
ASTM E70S-3
A235 Industrial
grades
A-C-C1 forgings
C1-E-F-F1
E-F-F1-G
E8018-C3

grades
G
E8018-B2
grades A-B
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3

grades
ASTM C-D-E
A236 Railroad E8018-C3
A-B-C-D forgings
E-F-G-H grades
F-G
E8018-B2
E8018-C3

grade H
E11018-M
grades A-B
E8018-C3

ASTM grades
A237 Industrial C-D
A-B-C-D forgings E8018-B2
E-C1
grades
C1-E
E11018-M
grades A
E8018-C3

ASTM grades
A238 Railroad B-C
A-B-C forgings E8018-B2
D-E
grades
C-D-E
E11018-M
Pressure
ASTM Vessels
austenitic
240
stainless
Canadian
CSA G40.21
50R Often
call Cor-ten A

Type 1
Carb 0.15
Mn 1.0
pre heat Type 1 Type 2
High stength low
ASTM 25-50mm K11510 Carb 0.2
42-50 63-70 alloy structural
A242 50F Mn 1.35
344 482 steel to 100mm
1-2 >50mm Type 2
In hot rolled state
150F K12010 E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3

Unpainted
weathering
steel
E8018-W
E80T1-W
Grades
A-C-C1
E70XX
E7XT-1
ASTM E70S-3
A243
Ring and disc
A-C-C1 Grades
forgings
E-F-F1-G- E-F-H-1
H-I-J-K E8018-C3

Grades
F1-G-J-K
E8018-B2
E60XX
ASTM E70XX
Structural sheets
A245 E7XT-1
E70S-3

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Toughness:The ability of the metal or weld sample at a predetermined temperature to withstand a shock.
The test for toughness measures the impact of a pendulum on a notched specimen. You may see that the required impact properties for the metal or weld are 20ft-lbf @ -20 F (27 j @ -29C)

Weld Question: Ed. Which should be the greater concern

rust or mill scale.

Answer: Mill scale causes much more weld issues than rust. Mill scale can effect
[1] the weld fusion potential,
[2] the weld travel rates attained,
[3] the weld appearance,
[4] the weld mode,
[5] the arc stability,
[6] weld spatter formation.

Ductility: The amount that a metal or weld will deform without breaking. Ductility is measured on welds by the % of elongation in 2 inch (51 mm) test piece. An E71T-1 flux cored electrode should result in a minimum of 20% elongation. An E70S-6 MIG weld should produce 22% elongation.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM Tubes
austenitic
249 stainless
ASTM 100 -200F
Tubes C/Mo
250 7018A1
E70XX
ASTM AISI
E7XT-1
A252 specifications
E70S-3

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ASTM Welding Procedures A36 to A930

grades
1-2
E70XX
ASTM
E7XT-1
A266 Drum forgings
E70S-3
1-2-3
grade 3
8018-C3
ASTM Tubes 410 - 409
268 stainless 300 - 400F
ASTM Tubes
300 series
269 stainless
ASTM Tubes
308
270 stainless
ASTM Tubes 308 -316 -
271 stainless 347
ASTM
A276 Stainless see
Type stainless
410
grade
A
>24 grade
165 A
45-55
grade 379 preheat
B carb
27 grade 0.25/0.3
186 B >25mm
50-60 Low to 100F
ASTM grade 4136 intermediate E70XX
A283 C tensile steel preheat E7XT-1
A-B-C-D 3O grade plate. Canadian carb E70S-3-6
206 C G40.21 33G 0.31/0.35
55- 65 >13mm
grade 448 100F
D >25mm
>33 grade 200F
227 D
60-72
496

preheat
carb
0.2/0.25
>50mm
grade 100F
grade A
A
>50 preheat
>25
344 carb
172 grade A-B
0.26/0.3
grade A carb 0.24
grade 25/50mm
grade B K-1804 Mn 0.9
B 100F
>55 grade B
>50mm
ASTM >27 379 Low to medium grade C
200F K02001
A284 189 tensile carbon carb 0.36
grade C
A-B-C-D grade C steel plates
preheat
Mn 0.9
grade K02401
C >60 carb >0.3 grade D grade D
>30 413 >13mm K02702 carb 0.35
206 100F
Mn 0.9
grade D >25mm
grade >60 250F
D 413
>33 If carb over
227 0.31
>25mm
post heat
1200F
grade A carb
0.17
Mn 0.9
grade
Cu 0.2/0.35
A grade A
>24 K01700 grade B
165 carb 0.22
Grade A Preheat grade B Mn 0.9
grade Low to medium carb >0.26 K02200
ASTM 45 - 65 Cu 0.2/0.35
B tensile pressure >25mm
A285 448
>27 vessel plate to grade C
A-B-C 100F grade C
186 50mm K02801 carb 0.28
grade B Mn 0.9
grade 50 - 70 Cu 0.2/0.35
C 482
>30
206 E70XX
grade C E70S-6-3
50 - 75 E7XT-1
517
Forging
ASTM 7018 - 9018
carbon stl and
288 - 11018.
low alloy stl
ASTM Forging alloy chrome
289 stl mang
ASTM 308 -310-
Castings
297 330
carb to 0.2
preheat
>25mm
150F

Carb
0.2/ 0.25
preheat carb 0.28/0.3
>13/25mm Mn 0.9/1.15
100F Si 0.15/0.4
>25mm
150F

Carb
0.26/ 0.3
ASTM 40-42 Carbon Mn Si preheat E70XX
75-95
A299 275- Pressure vessel <13mm K02803 E7XT-1
517-655
A-B-C 289 plates 100F E70S-3-6
<25mm
200F
>25mm
300F For improved
impacts
Carb <0.2
E8018-C3
to 13mm
post heat E80T-1-Ni1
not req

Carb >0.2
post heat
req 1150F

Back to Top

Weld Question: Ed. I have welded parts at Caterpillar plants. They weld many of the ASTM steels listed here. They rarely use pre-heat even on the very thick steels. Why do they not comply with the ASTM specs heat treat requirements?

Answer: "A spec is only a spec"

No code or specification body takes responsibility for what is written in their codes or specifications. Specifications are set of guidelines. In the case of the ASTM specs the heat treat recommendations are to make the weld properties conform with the base metal properties yet many times its not practical or logical to do this. If an organization produces multi-pass welds, the multi pass heat input act the same as a post heat treatment and the extra passes will have an extensive influence on the mechanical properties of the welds and the base metals.

Qualification of the multi-pass welds and HAZ with the specific weld procedures utilized always will have far more relevance than a specification which was typically written for a single pass weld.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
grade 1
E70XX
ASTM E7XT-1
Low temp
A300 E70S-3-6
pressure vessel
1-2
grade 2
E8018-C1
ASTM
pressure vessel
A302 E8018-B2
steel
A-B
grades
45-50-55
ASTM
60-65-70
A306
E70XX
45-50-
E7XT-1
55 Carbon steel bars
E70S-3-6
60-65-
70 grades
75-80 75-80
E8018-C1

grades 1018-
1117
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3-6
corresponds to grades
AISI SAE steels 1035-1045
ASTM 1137 1050
A311 Check out AISI E10018-M
weld and heat E100T1-K3
treat data
grades
1137 to 1144
E11O18-M
E110T5-K2

ASTM 300 series

312 stainless pipe
high carb 0.55
max
50-75 Mn 0.6/0.9
ASTM 85-110 corresponds to
344- Si 0.15/0.35
A321 586-758 AISI SAE steels
517 E9018-M
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2
E7018
ASTM steel sheet
E7XT-1
A328 pilings
E70S-3-6
corresponds to
AISI SAE steel
ASTM bars
A322 A322 over 70
AISI
designations
carb 0.32/0.39
Mn 0.7/0.9
carb Cu 0.2
ASTM steel sheet 0.3 TO 0.4
A328 pilings >13mm
100F E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3-6
corresponds to
AISI SAE steel
ASTM bars
A331 A322 over 80
AISI
designations
ASTM
carbon steel and
A333 E8018
low alloy pipe
A334

Hardness. The resistance of the metal or the weld to penetration. The resistance of the metal or the weld to penetration. Hardness is related to the strength of the metal. A good way to test a weld after the weld and heat treatment are complete is to test the hardness of weld and the base metal surrounding the weld.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM
Cr Mo Pipe
A335
grade F1
ASTM E7018
A336 Alloy drum E7XT-1
F1-F12 forgings E70S-3-6

grade F12
E8018-B2

http://www.weldreality.com/ASTM_A36-A389.htm (4 de 5)10/02/2011 04:19:29 p.m.

 ASTM Welding Procedures A36 to A930

LF1 - LF2
preheat
<25mm
100F
>25mm
ASTM
200F E8018-C1
A350
E8018-C3
LF1- LF3 - LF5 E80T1-Ni1
LF12 preheat
<25mm
100F
>25mm
200F
308
ASTM Stainless
310
351 castings
316
preheat grades
LCA-LCB-
LCC
<0.25 carb
>25mm 50F
>50mm 100F
Grades LCA-
LCB
preheat LCB E7018
0.26/0.3 carb E7XT-1
<25mm 50F
ASTM >25mm 100F
E70S-3-6
A352
Grades LC1
LCA- preheat LC1
low temp steel <25mm 100F E7018-A1
LCB >50mm 300F
castings
LCC- Grades LC2-3
LC1 preheat LC2-3-
E8018-C1
LC2 4
E8XT1-Ni2
carb max 0.15
<25mm 100F
>25mm 250F Post heat
desirable
preheat LC2-3-
4
1150F
carb max 0.25
<13mm 150F
>13mm 250F
>25mm 325F
Carb 0.13
Mn 0.9
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 8.5/9.5

ENiCrFe-3
INCO 182
preheat ENiCrFe-2
9% Nickel
ASTM >75 100-120 <25mm 50F INCO-A
pressure vessel K81340
A353 517 689-827 >25mm
steel plate
150F ERNiCr-3
INCO 82
or ERNiCrFe-
6
INCO 92

E309/E310
often used
grade 1
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3-6

grade 2
ASTM E7018-A1
A356 Steam turbine E8018-C3
1-2-5-6- castings
9-10 grade 5
E8018-B2
E90T1-D3

grade 6-9-10
E8018-B2
E80T1-B2
Austenitic
A358
Stainless pipe
E60XX
ASTM Galvanized
E70XX
A361 sheet
E70S-3

Weld Question: What do you think the optimum wire feed and weld voltage range is for welding with an E70T-1 1/16 062 flux cored wire welding a 1/4 fillet weld. The answers are in my books.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
E60XX
ASTM Carbon steel
E70XX
A366 sheets
E70S/3-6
ASTM Carbon stl and
see pipe
369 Cr Mo Pipe
Grade 1
E7018
E70S-3-6
E7XT-1

ASTM grade 2
Pressure vessel
A372 E8018-C3
forgings
1-2-3-4
grade 3
E8018-B2

grade 4
E11018-M

ASTM E7018
Low alloy steel
A374 E70S-3/6
strip
A375 E7XT-1
ASTM Austenitic
see pipe
376 Stainless pipe
ASTM 7018
carbon stl pipe
381 E70S-6
grade 2
K121143
grade 2
PREHEAT grade 5
to O 0.15 K415445 grade 2
carb
carb 0.2
<25mm grade 7
Mn 0.55/0.8
200F S50300
Si 0.4
grade 2
ASTM grade 2 Cr 0.5/0.8
>33 pressure vessel grade 2 grade 9
A387 55-80 Mo 0.45/0.6
Annealed plate PREHEAT S50400
2-5-7-9 Annealed Cr Mo available > O 0.16
11-12- grade 2 grade 11 grade 2-12
in annealed carb
21 >45 grade 2 K11789
E8018-B2
normalized state <25mm
21-22 normalized 70 - 90
E80T1-B2
300F
normalized >25mm grade 12
grade 21-22
400F K11757
E9018-b3
grade 21 E90t1-b3
grade 2
post heat K31545
1200F
grade 22
K21590
ASTM
high tem
A389 E8018-B2
castings
C23
higher
strength
A391 than A413
Grade Alloy chains can
80 be used for
overhead
lifts

Back to Top

Ed in Thailand managing a Textron project.

The mission fix a 276,000 psi tensile steel
armor plate,mult-million dollar
welding problem:

This Textron, Detriot built tank was made out of 275.000 ksi tensile, armor steel. Due to lack of weld manufacturing quality at the Textron Detroit facility, some parts were welded in the wrong location between the tank tracks. These welded parts were subject to abnormal stresses from the tracks and resulted in numerous cracks when the tanks were field tested in Thailand.

If you tried to repair the cracked welds which had extensive martensitic formation in their HAZ, more cracks would instantly occur from the weld repair heat input. What would you recommend to resolve this multi-million dollar issue. This was my first consulting job and it was a real welding challenge.

If you are teaching your self, or providing weld process control training for others, the following resources are the key to attaining MIG and flux cored weld process optimization.
Item.1. The Book: "A Management & Engineers Guide To MIG Weld Quality, Productivity & Costs"

Item 2. A unique robot MIG training or self teaching resource.

"Optimum Robot MIG Welds from Weld Process Controls".

Item 3. A unique MIG training or self teaching resource.

" Manual MIG Weld Process Optimization from Weld Process Controls".

Item. 4. A unique flux cored training or self teaching resource.

"Optimum Manual and Automated Flux Cored Plate and Pipe welds.

Item 5a."Proceso de Soldadura MIG Manual" (MIG Made Simple. Self teaching in Spanish)

Item 6a. The Self Teaching MIG Book/ Video. (MIG Made Simple in English).

Note: Items 2-3-4 are the most comprehensive process control, self teaching and training programs ever developed..

Visit Ed's MIG / flux cored process control books and CD training resources.

Use Ed's process control resources to provide optimum PQR's and weld
procedures, however if you want the most simple method to
develop ASME - API - AWS weld procedures, check out;

To visit WPSAmerica click here.

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