23-march-2017
FBMC
Technique for optical Communications
Group of project Paper 3 of
FBMC Project by
YEMEN Group of Eng:
Taiz University, COM Abdulaziz saif ali alhaidari
ABSTRACT
This paper studies the key aspects of an optical link which
transmits a broadband microwave filter bank multicarrier
(FBMC) signal. The work is presented in the context of
creating an all-analogue real-time multi-gigabit orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) electro-optical
transceiver for short range and high capacity data center
networks. Passive short range and high capacity data
center networks. Passive microwave filters are used to
perform the pulse shaping of the bit streams, allowing an
orthogonal transmission without the necessity of digital
signal processing (DSP). Accordingly, a cyclic prefix that
would cause a reduction in the net data rate is required.
An experiment consisting of three orthogonally spaced 2.7
Gbaud quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) sub channels
demonstrates that the spectral efficiency of traditional DSP
less subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) links can be potentially
doubled. A sensitivity of-29.5 dBm is achieved in a 1
kilometer link .
Index Terms Electro optical transceiver, Filter Bank
Multicarrier (FBMC), Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM), Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM).
1. INTRODUCTION
Supervisor by:
Dr:
Abdulaziz alhetar
2. ART OF FBMC IN FIBER
Despite the many advantages of OFDM, and its widespread
use in wireless communications, OFDM has only recently
been applied to optical communications. This is partly because
of the recent demand for increased data rates across dispersive
optical media and partly because developments in digital
signal processing (DSP) technology make processing at optical
data rates feasible. However another important obstacle has
been the fundamental differences between conventional
OFDM systems and conventional optical systems. Table I
summarizes these differences.
Optical OFDM bears both similarities to and differences from
the RF counterpart. On the one hand, optical OFDM suffers
from two well-known problems, namely high peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR) and sensitivity to phase/frequency noise.
On the other hand, the optical channel has its own unique set of
problems. One of the prominent differences is the existence of
fiber channel nonlinearity and its intricate interaction with fiber
dispersion, which is nonexistent in the RF systems. Furthermore,
in the RF systems, the main nonlinearity occurs in the RF power
amplifier, where a band pass filter cannot be used to cut off the
out-of-band leakage due to unacceptable filter loss. However,
To mitigate these drawbacks, an alternative class of MC
modulation schemes, termed Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC)
systems have recently attracted increased interest for both wired
and wireless applications. FBMC offers the potential for a better
spectral efficiency, and better spectral containment compared to
OFDM. FBMC has appeared in the wireless literature based on
numerous variants .and Staggered Multi Tone (SMT) is one
example. FBMC can be beneficial in such MA systems, since it
restricts possible MAI only to adjacent inter-user subcarriers
only unlike OFDM. This study presents the salient aspects of
FBMC followed by experimental results to show the
performance of FBMC in a cost effective, Long Reach (LR),
intensity modulated Passive Optical Networks (PONs) using
direct and external means of electro-optical conversion.

3. MODULATION FORMATS
Direct modulation:
Direct modulation occurs when the electrical information
stream varies the laser current directly to produce a different
optical power as shown in Figure 2.4. Therefore, it will lead
the laser to turn on and off and create 1 and 0 bits [12, 15].
Direct modulation is suitable for data rates of 2.5 Gbits or less.
One of the drawbacks of direct modulation is the
broadening in the line width of the laser because the
laser on-off process, these results from the electrical
signal that drives the laser source .The broadening in
width is called chirp, and it will lead to degradation
in the system performance. For that reason , direct
modulation is not suitable for data rates greater
than2.5Gbits.
External modulation
In external modulation, the laser source emits a constant
amplitude signal that enters the external modulator such as a
Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) as shown
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electrical signal then enters the external modulator to
change the optical power level that the external
modulator will transmit, but not change the amplitude of the
light that comes originally from the laser to produce optical
signal with time variance [12]. The constant amplitude signal
from the laser source will help to avoid the chirp of the pulses
which will reduce the dispersion and make this process more
effective for systems with high data rates of 10 Gbits/s and
greater, and for the long-haul communication systems
4. MODULATION TECHNIQUE
Coherent polMux QPSK:
Polarization multiplexing of QPSK (PolMux QPSK) is a good
candidate for the implementation of next generation high-speed
transmission systems. It helps to reduce the requirements on
electrical and opto-electrical components because it requires a
symbol rate of only one-fourth of the bit rate. Digital signal
processing (DSP) combined with coherent detection has the
potential to mitigate the impact of transmission impairments.
This example illustrates the usage of DSP to mitigate the impact
of phase noise*, chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization-
induced distortions (PMD and polarization crosstalk**).
* Phase and frequency mismatch between laser transmitter and
local oscillator. Crosstalk between orthogonally polarized
channels resulting from the misalignment between the states of
polarization of the local oscillator and the detected signal.
-Robust 100-Gb/s Transmission Using Coherent PolMux QPSK
DPSK for long haul:
Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) is considered a favored
technology for long-haul transmission systems due to its
robustness compared to fiber propagation impairments.
However, careful consideration of the combined impact of
optical noise, fiber chromatic dispersion (CD) and Kerr
nonlinearity is necessary when designing such systems. We
assume a dispersion-managed system with equally spaced inline
EDFAs. For small signal powers, the signal is affected only by
fiber attenuation and additive ASE noise. For larger signal
powers, additional degradations are due to the combined effect
of CD and Kerr nonlinearity on the signal. Additionally,
degradations caused by nonlinear phase noise may occur when
the intensity noise of inline EDFAs is converted into phase noise
due to fiber nonlinearity.
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-Nonlinear Effects in 10-Gbit/s DPSK Long-Haul transmission
Duobinary versus NRZ:
Duobinary data encoding is a form of correlative coding in
partial response signaling. The modulator drive signal can be
produced by adding one-bit-delayed data to the present data bit
to give levels 0, 1, and 2. An identical effect can be achieved
by applying a low-pass filter to the ideal binary data signal.
Optical duobinary modulation is achieved by 100%
overdriving a Mach-Zehnder modulator with the Duobinary
encoded electrical signal. In this case, level 0 and 2 produce
100% transmission with opposite optical phases, and level 1
produces 0% transmission. The correlated three-level signal
can be demodulated into a binary signal again using an optical
direct detection receiver.The advantage of this correlative
electrical data encoding is that the duobinary modulated
optical signal has a narrower bandwidth compared to the
binary NRZ modulated signal. As a consequence, the effect of
fiber dispersion is reduced and ultradense WDM systems
applications are feasible.
Golay coding:
Modulation formats making use of the four dimensions of the
optical field (4D modulation) can offer improved sensitivity
compared to the classical dual-polarization encoding where the
orthogonal polarization of the light are encoded separately.
The dimension of such modulation schemes can be extended
using the time dimension, i.e. by defining symbols over
several time-slots. In coherent transmission systems, the
dimension of the resulting modulation scheme is Nx4 where N
is the number of time-slots. Such time-domain hybrid
encoding can be used to improve the signal sensitivity or
robustness against a particular effect such as polarization [1]
or fiber nonlinearities [2] by introducing redundancy in the
successive time slots in a similar way to that of a FEC code.
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-Multi-Dimensional time domain Hybrid Modulation using
Golay Coding
Optical OFDM:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a
widespread technology in broadband communication (wired
and wireless) because of its ability to cope with strong channel
distortions (interference, frequency fading, multipath
propagation). OFDM takes advantage of the Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) to achieve a high spectral efficiency and
perform simple channel equalization. For these reasons, optical
OFDM has been identified as an attractive solution for optical
long-haul transmission, as it offers a reduced signal bandwidth
and enables simple digital equalization of chromatic
dispersion.
PDM QPSK vs PS QPSK:
Using the four dimensions of the optical field (phase and
quadrature components of the orthogonal polarization states)
to encode and detect a signal enables to design modulation
formats that present a better sensitivity than modulation
formats using classical two-dimensional constellations (QAM)
combined with polarization division multiplexing (PDM) [1].
Such 4D constellations can be generated using classical
polarization- multiplexed IQ modulators combined to high-
speed digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that are required to
generate the multilevel electrical driving signals. However, for
simple constellations the use of DACs can be omitted. For
instance, this is the case of polarization-switched QPSK (PS
QPSK) and its polarization-division-multiplexed counterpart
PDM QPSK, which makes these formats attractive for high-
speed low-cost solutions. The purpose of this example is to
compare the noise performance of polarization-switched
QPSK and polarization-division-multiplexed QPSK.
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5. THE COMPARISON
OFDM was introduced to optical domain in 2005,the main two
techniques were studied and investigated according to the
detection scheme [43].The first technique is the direct detection
optical OFDM (DD-OFDM) , and the second technique is the
coherent optical OFDM ( CO - OFDM).
Commercially available systems for high bit-rate optical data
transmission utilize on-o-keying or dierential phase shift
keying (DPSK) and reach bit-rates up to 40 Gbit/s. The
transmission channel itself consists of single mode bers
exhibiting very low loss. In order to regenerate the power
of the optical signal, optical ampliers, e.g., erbium doped
ber ampliers, are placed along the link. By this means
the optical power is increased without the need of opto-electrical
signal con- version. However, optical ampliers introduce
noise, which leads to a reduction of the optical signal-to-noise
power ratio (OSNR). Depending on the signal powers and
bandwidths along with other parameters, systems can be
designed for transmission over hundreds to a couple of
thousands kilometers. When transmitting over long distances
various kinds of signal distortion accumulate.
Chromatic Dispersion (CD) describes the eect that dierent
frequencies travel at dierent speeds along the optical wave-
guide.
The demand for higher bit-rates can also be accounted for using
techniques which operate at high spectral eciency. OFDM is
interesting for such systems, as it allows for dense wavelength
multiplexing. Moreover the modulation alphabet for individual
OFDM sub-carriers can be scaled easily and thus spectral
eciency can be adapted to given channel conditions.
Recently, results of an OFDM transmission experiment have
been published, where the authors report 5.6 bit/s/Hz spectral
eciency. To overcome the drawbacks of the transmission
impairments and to guarantee a bit error rate (BER) <
1016 Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding is in-
evitable. In classical non-coherent direct detection receivers
processing at data rates up to 10 Gbit/s no channel capacity
achieving FEC schemes were required, since a hard decision
BER of already < 103 could be attained. So, rst-
generation FEC schemes mainly relied on the (255, 239)
Reed-Solomon (RS) code over the Galois eld GF(256), with
only 6.7% overhead. In particular, this code was recommended
by the ITU for long-haul submarine transmissions [63].
Then, the development of Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM) technology provided the impetus for moving to
second-generation FEC systems, based on concatenated codes
with higher coding gains [64].
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Nowadays, third-generation FEC schemes based on soft-
decision decoding have become subject of interest since
stronger FEC schemes are seen as a promising way to
achieve performance close to channel capacity. Therefore a
straightforward approach is bit-interleaved coded modulation
with iterative decod- ing (BICM-ID), which can be considered
as the most simple approach to achieve high spectral
eciency while providing a low decoding complexity .
6.FBMC IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
the advantages of FBMC, it is interesting to explore its
applications in Passive Optical Networks, where high spectral
efficiency and cost effectiveness are required. In the
downstream PON, the utilization of both FBMC and OFDM can
be beneficial as they can provide high spectral efficiencies
without the need for high-speed electronics and optoelectronics.
An important factor which motivated the exploration of OFDM
in the next-generation PONs was its capability to satisfy the
need for extended reach beyond 50 km, in LR access networks.
This ability of OFDM can be related to its high tolerance to CD
when an appropriate CP is used.
To understand the factors which enable FBMC to operate in the
absence of a CP in a dispersive fiber channel, it can be deduced
that some of the methods through which fiber dispersion can
distort the
FBMC signals are:
1) It induces a delay between neighboring subcarriers.
2) It broadens the pulses in each subcarrier.
3) It causes a linear impairment to each subcarrier in the form of
a phase and amplitude shift. The third impairment here can be
corrected for by adequate channel equalization techniques as is
the case in OFDM systems. The tolerance to dispersion induced
pulse broadening is high in MC systems such as OFDM and
FBMC, due to the low subcarrier bandwidths employed, this
tolerance can be optimized further at higher accumulated
dispersion values by reducing the subcarrier's width and
increasing the granularity in bandwidth. The first factor that was
mentioned can also effect QAM-based OFDM where the
absence of a CP can cause the demultiplexing filter at the
receiver to no longer be orthogonal to other subcarriers in the
received OFDM signal resulting in ICI (or ISI) to the target
subcarrier (or the target OFDM symbol). However, the
introduction of a CP can avoid the ICI and ISI. Having said that,
in imposing a QAM-OFDM signal on an optical field.
Intensity modulated PONs using FBMC:
Since cost-effectiveness in PONs is particularly sensitive to the
equipment costs at the customer's premises, Intensity
Modulation (IM) in conjunction with DD offers viable solutions.
IM can be achieved by either external or direct modulation
schemes. Thus, in this work, the effectiveness of SMT in
downstream intensity modulated PONs is evaluated using both
direct and external modulation schemes
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The performance of the FBMC based system was evaluated in
terms of EVM and BER with respect to the received optical
power for various system conditions. Fig. 4 summarizes the
experimental results obtained in terms of the receiver sensitivity
at which the Forward Error Correction (FEC) limit had been
reached for various system setups using either direct or external
modulation. Assuming a second generation FEC encoder with
7% overhead, the FEC limit for achieving apost-FEC BER of
110 was approximated to 210 can be attributed to the reduced
energy per bit relative to the noise floor (Eb/No). The
experimental results for direct modulation the transmission up
to 75 km of SSMF at 8.5 and 10 Gb/s data rates resulting in
approximately 1.5 and 2 dB of performance penalty relative to a
fibre-less transmission. Furthermore, the transmission was also
possible over 50 km at 12.4 Gb/s, and over 37 km at 14.8 Gb/s,
resulting in approximately 2.5 and 0.5 dB of penalty relative to
back to back transmission.
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7. Conclusions
This paper presents the use of FBMC in next-generation LR-
PONs, and experimentally evaluates the performance of this
modulation scheme in intensity modulated LR-PONs,
employing both direct and external modulation. Results
showed the possibility of transmission at 8.410 Gb/s up to 75
km of SSMF and 14.8 Gb/s over 37 km. The experimental
results also clearly demonstrated the resilience of FBMC
to chromatic dispersion due to its inherent architecture
requiring no form of a CP. Practical limitations of a system
implemented with a directly modulated laser are explored
through comparison with a MZM based external modulation
scheme. The results show that dispersive fading which is
exacerbated by laser chirp in the directly modulated case must
be carefully considered in the design of such systems. These
experimental investigations validate that FBMC using SMT is
a viable candidate for high spectral efficient FBMC based LR
intensity modulated PON systems.
8. References
[1] J. Zhao, DFT-based o ff set-QAM OFDM for optical
communications, Opt. Express
22 (2014) 11141126.
[2] B. Farhang-Boroujeny, Signal Processing Techniques for
Software Radios, 2nd ed,University of Utah, Salt Lake
City,2010.
[3] B. Farhang Boroujeny, OFDM versus fi lter bank
multicarrier, IEEE Signal Process.Mag. 28 (2011) 92 112 .
[4] E. Kofi dis, D. Katselis, A. Rontogiannis, S. Theodoridis,
Preamble-based channel estimation in OFDM/OQAM
systems: a review, Signal Process. 93 (2013)20382054.
[5] B. Saltzberg, Performance of an efficient parallel data
transmission system, Commun. Technol., IEEE Trans. on 15
(1967) 805 811 .
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