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IELTS ACADEMIC READING - 1

January 16, 2017

IELTSACADEMICREADING

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Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions113whicharebasedon
ReadingPassage1below.

InPraiseofAmateurs
Despitethespecializationofscientificresearch,amateursstillhaveanimportant
roletoplay.

Duringthescientificrevolutionofthe17thcentury,scientistswerelargelymen
ofprivatemeanswhopursuedtheirinterestinnaturalphilosophyfortheirown
edification.Onlyinthepastcenturyortwohasitbecomepossibletomakea
livingfrominvestigatingtheworkingsofnature.Modernsciencewas,inother
words,builtontheworkofamateurs.Today,scienceisanincreasingly
specializedandcompartmentalizedsubject,thedomainofexpertswhoknow
moreandmoreaboutlessandless.Perhapssurprisingly,however,amateurs
eventhosewithoutprivatemeansarestillimportant.
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ArecentpollcarriedoutatameetingoftheAmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofSciencebyastronomerDrRichardFienbergfoundthat,in
additiontohisfieldofastronomy,amateursareactivelyinvolvedinsuchfieldas
acoustics,horticulture,ornithology,meteorology,hydrologyandpalaeontology.
Farfrombeingcrackpots,amateurscientistsareofteninclosetouchwith
professionals,someofwhomrelyheavilyontheircooperation.

Admittedly,somefieldsaremoreopentoamateursthanothers.Anythingthat
requiresexpensiveequipmentisclearlyanogoarea.Andsomekindsof
researchcanbedangerousmostamateurchemists,jokesDrFienberg,are
eitherlockeduporhaveblownthemselvestobits.Butamateurscanmake
valuablecontributionsinfieldsfromrocketrytopalaeontologyandtheriseofthe
Internethasmadeiteasierthanbeforetocollectdataanddistributeresults.

Exactlywhichfieldofstudyhasbenefitedmostfromthecontributionsof
amateursisamatterofsomedispute.DrFienbergmakesastrongcasefor
astronomy.Thereis,hepointsout,alongtraditionofcollaborationbetween
amateurandprofessionalskywatchers.Numerouscomets,asteroidsandeven
theplanetUranuswerediscoveredbyamateurs.Today,inadditiontocometand
asteroidspotting,amateurscontinuetodovaluableworkobservingthe
brightnessofvariablestarsanddetectingnovaenewstarsintheMilkyWay
andsupernovaeinothergalaxies.Amateurobserversarehelpful,saysDr
Fienberg,becausetherearesomanyofthem(theyfaroutnumberprofessionals)
andbecausetheyaredistributedallovertheworld.Thismakesspecialkindsof
observationspossible:ifseveralobserversaroundtheworldaccuratelyrecord
thetimewhenastariseclipsedbyanasteroid,forexample,itispossibleto
deriveusefulinformationabouttheasteroidsshape.

Anotherfieldinwhichamateurshavetraditionallyplayedanimportantroleis
palaeontology.AdrianHunt,apalaeontologistatMesaTechnicalCollegeinNew
Mexico,insiststhathisisthefieldinwhichamateurshavemadethebiggest
contribution.Despitethedevelopmentofhightechequipment,hesays,thebest
sensorsforfindingfossilsarehumaneyeslotsofthem.

Findingvolunteerstolookforfossilsisnotdifficult,hesays,becauseofthenear
universalinterestinanythingtodowithdinosaurs.Aswellashelpingwiththis
research,volunteerslearnaboutscience,aprocesshecallsrecreational
education.

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RickBonneyoftheCornellLaboratoryofOrnithologyinIthaca,NewYork,
contendsthatamateurshavecontributedthemostinhisfield.Thereare,he
notes,thoughttobeasmanyas60millionbirdwatchersinAmericaalone.Given
theirhugenumbersandthewidegeographicalcoveragetheyprovide,MrBonney
hasenlistedthousandsofamateursinanumberofresearchprojects.Overthe
pastfewyearstheirobservationshaveuncoveredpreviouslyunknowntrends
andcyclesinbirdmigrationsandrevealeddeclinesinthebreedingpopulationsof
severalspeciesofmigratorybirds,promptingahabitatconservationprogramme.

Despitethesuccessesandwhateverthefieldofstudy,collaborationbetween
amateursandprofessionalsisnotwithoutitsdifficulties.Noteveryone,for
exampleishappywiththetermamateur.MrBonneyhascoinedtheterm
citizenscientistbecausehefeltthatotherwords,suchasvolunteersounded
disparaging.Amoreseriousproblemisthequestionofhowprofessionalscan
bestacknowledgethecontributionsmadebyamateurs.DrFienbergsaysthat
someamateurastronomersarehappytoprovidetheirobservationsbutgrumble
aboutnotbeingreimbursedforoutofpocketexpenses.Othersfeelletdown
whentheirobservationsareusedinscientificpapers,buttheyarenotlistedas
coauthors.DrHuntsayssomeamateurpalaeontologistsaredisappointedwhen
toldthattheycannottakefindshomewiththem.

Thesearelegitimateconcernsbutnoneseemsinsurmountable.Provided
amateursandprofessionalsagreethetermsonwhichtheywillworktogether
beforehand,thereisnoreasonwhycooperationbetweenthetwogroupsshould
notflourish.LastyearDrS.Carlson,founderoftheSocietyforAmateur
Scientistswonanawardworth$290,000forhisworkinpromotingsuchco
operation.Hesaysthatoneofthemainbenefitsoftheprizeistheendorsement
ithasgiventothecontributionsofamateurscientists,whichhasdonemuchto
silencecriticsamongthoseprofessionalswhobelievescienceshouldremain
theirexclusivepreserve.

Atthemoment,saysDrCarlson,thesocietyisinvolvedinseveralschemes
includinganinnovativerocketdesignprojectandthesettingupofanetworkof
observerswhowillsearchforevidenceofalinkbetweenlowfrequencyradiation
andearthquakes.Theamateurs,hesays,provideenthusiasmandtalent,while
theprofessionalsprovideguidancesothatanythingtheydodiscoverwillbe
takenseriously.Havinglaidthefoundationsofscience,amateurswillhavemuch
tocontributetoitseverexpandingedifice.

Questions18

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Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEORTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeach
answer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes18onyouranswersheet.

Summary
Priortothe19thcentury,professional1_________didnotexistandscientificresearchwas
largelycarriedoutbyamateurs.However,while2_________todayismostlythedomainof
professionals,arecentUSsurveyhighlightedthefactthatamateursplayanimportantrolein
atleastseven3_________andindeedmanyprofessionalsarereliantontheir4_________.In
areassuchasastronomy,amateurscanbeinvaluablewhenmakingspecific 5_________on
aglobalbasis.Similarlyintheareaofpalaeontologytheirinvolvementisinvaluableand
helpersareeasytorecruitbecauseofthepopularityof6_________.Amateurbirdwatchers
alsoplayanactiveroleandtheirworkhasledtotheestablishmentofa7_________.
Occasionallytheterm'amateur'hasbeenthesourceofdisagreementandalternativenames
havebeensuggestedbutgenerallyspeaking,aslongastheprofessional
scientists 8_________theworkofthenonprofessionals,thetwogroupscanwork
productivelytogether.

Questions913
ReadingPassage1containsanumberofopinionsprovidedbyfourdifferent
scientists.Matcheachopinion(Questions913)withthescientistsAD.
NBYoumayuseanyofthescientistsADmorethanonce.

9Amateurinvolvementcanalsobeaninstructivepastime.
10Amateurscientistsarepronetoaccidents.
11Sciencedoesnotbelongtoprofessionalscientistsalone.
12Incertainareasofmywork,peopleareamorevaluableresourcethantechnology.
13Itisimportanttogiveamateursanamewhichreflectsthevalueoftheirwork.

Nameofscientists
A.DrFienberg
B.AdrianHunt
C.RickBonney
D.DrCarlson

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1426,whicharebasedon
ReadingPassage2below:

READINGTHESCREEN

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Aretheelectronicmediaexacerbatingilliteracyandmakingourchildrenstupid?
Onthecontrary,saysColinMcCabe,theyhavethepotentialtomakeustruly
literate.

Thedebatesurroundingliteracyisoneofthemostchargedineducation.Onthe
onehandthereisanarmyofpeopleconvincedthattraditionalskillsofreading
andwritingaredeclining.Ontheother,ahostofprogressivesprotestthat
literacyismuchmorecomplicatedthanasimpletechnicalmasteryofreading
andwriting.Thissecondpositionissupportedbymostoftherelevantacademic
workoverthepast20years.Thesestudiesarguethatliteracycanonlybe
understoodinitssocialandtechnicalcontext.InRenaissanceEngland,for
example,manymorepeoplecouldreadthancouldwrite,andwithinreading
therewasadistinctionbetweenthosewhocouldreadprintandthosewhocould
managethemoredifficulttaskofreadingmanuscript.Anunderstandingofthese
earlierperiodshelpsusunderstandtodayscrisisinliteracydebate.

Theredoesseemtobeevidencethattherehasbeenanoveralldeclineinsome
aspectsofreadingandwritingyouonlyneedtocomparethetabloid
newspapersoftodaywiththoseof50yearsagotoseeacleardecreasein
vocabularyandsimplificationofsyntax.Butthepictureisnotuniformand
doesntreadilydemonstratethesimpledistinctionbetweenliterateandilliterate
whichhadbeenconsideredadequatesincethemiddleofthe19thcentury.

Whilereadingacertainamountofwritingisascrucialasithaseverbeenin
industrialsocieties,itisdoubtfulwhetherafullyextendedgraspofeitherisas
necessaryasitwas30or40yearsago.Whileprintretainsmuchofitsauthority
asasourceoftopicalinformation,televisionhasincreasinglyusurpedthisrole.
Theabilitytowritefluentlettershasbeenunderminedbythetelephoneand
researchsuggeststhatformanypeopletheonlyuseforwriting,outsideformal
education,isthecompilationofshoppinglists.

Thedecisionofsomecarmanufacturerstoissuetheirinstructionstomechanics
asavideopackratherthanasahandbookmightbetakentospelltheendof
anyautomaticlinkbetweenindustrialisationandliteracy.Ontheotherhand,itis
alsothecasethateverincreasingnumbersofpeoplemaketheirlivingoutof
writing,whichisbetterrewardedthaneverbefore.Schoolsaregenerallyseenas
institutionswherethebookrulesfilm,televisionandrecordedsoundhave
almostnoplacebutitisnotclearthatthisoppositionisappropriate.Whileyou
maynotneedtoreadandwritetowatchtelevision,youcertainlyneedtobe
abletoreadandwriteinordertomakeprogrammes.

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Thosewhoworkinthenewmediaareanythingbutilliterate.Thetraditional
oppositionsbetweenoldandnewmediaareinadequateforunderstandingthe
worldwhichayoungchildnowencounters.Thecomputerhasreestablisheda
centralplaceforthewrittenwordonthescreen,whichusedtobeentirely
devotedtotheimage.Thereisevenanecdotalevidencethatchildrenare
masteringreadingandwritinginordertogetontotheInternet.Thereisno
reasonwhythenewandoldmediacannotbeintegratedinschoolstoprovidethe
skillstobecomeeconomicallyproductiveandpoliticallyenfranchised.

Nevertheless,thereisacrisisinliteracyanditwouldbefoolishtoignoreit.To
understandthatliteracymaybedecliningbecauseitislesscentraltosome
aspectsofeverydaylifeisnotthesameasacquiescinginthisstateofaffairs.
Theproductionofschoolworkwiththenewtechnologiescouldbeasignificant
stimulustoliteracy.Howshouldthesenewtechnologiesbeintroducedintothe
schools?Itisntenoughtocallforcomputers,camcordersandeditsuitesin
everyclassroomunlesstheyareproperlyintegratedintotheeducational
culture,theywillstandunused.Evidencesuggeststhatthisisthefateofmost
informationtechnologyusedintheclassroom.Similarly,althoughmediastudies
arenowpartofthenationalcurriculum,andmoreandmorestudentsarenow
clamouringtotakethiscourse,teachersremainuncertainaboutbothmethods
andaimsinthisarea.

Thisisnotthefaultoftheteachers.Theentertainmentandinformation
industriesmustbedrawnintoadebatewiththeeducationalinstitutionsto
determinehowbesttoblendthesenewtechnologiesintotheclassroom.

Manypeopleinoureraaredrawntothepessimisticviewthatthenewmediaare
destroyingoldskillsanderodingcriticaljudgement.Itmaybetruethatpast
generationsweremoreliteratebuttakingthepre19thcenturymeaningofthe
termthiswastrueofonlyasmallsectionofthepopulation.Thewordliteracy
isa19thcenturycoinagetodescribethedivorceofreadingandwritingfroma
fullknowledgeofliterature.Theeducationreformsofthe19thcenturyproduced
readingandwritingasskillsseparablefromfullparticipationinthecultural
heritage.

Thenewmedianowpointnotonlytoafuturisticcybereconomy,theyalsomake
ourculturalpastavailabletothewholenation.Mostchildrensaccesstothese
treasuresisinitiallythroughtelevision.Itisdoubtfulwhetherourliteraryheritage
haseverbeenavailabletoorsoughtoutbymorethanabout5percentofthe
populationithascertainlynotbeenavailabletomorethan10percent.Butthe

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newmediajoinedtotheold,throughthepublicservicetraditionofBritish
broadcasting,nowmakesourliterarytraditionavailabletoall.

Questions1417
ChoosetheappropriatelettersADandwritetheminboxes1417onyour
answersheet.

14.Whendiscussingthedebateonliteracyineducation,thewriter
notesthat
Achildrencannotreadandwriteaswellastheyusedto.
Bacademicworkhasimprovedoverthelast20years.
Cthereisevidencethatliteracyisrelatedtoexternalfactors.
Dthereareopposingargumentsthatareequallyconvincing.

15.Inthe4thparagraph,thewritersmainpointisthat
Atheprintedwordisbothgainingandlosingpower.
Ballinventionsbringdisadvantagesaswellasbenefits.
Cthosewhoworkinmanualjobsnolongerneedtoread.
Dthemediaoffersthebestcareersforthosewholikewriting.

16.Accordingtothewriter,themainproblemthatschoolsfacetodayis
Ahowbesttoteachtheskillsofreadingandwriting.
Bhowbesttoincorporatetechnologyintoclassroomteaching.
Cfindingthemeanstopurchasetechnologicalequipment.
Dmanagingthewidelydifferinglevelsofliteracyamongstpupils.

17.Attheendofthearticle,thewriterissuggestingthat
Aliteratureandculturecannotbedivorced.
Bthetermliteracyhasnotbeenveryuseful.
C10percentofthepopulationneverreadliterature.
Dourexposuretoculturalinformationislikelytoincrease.

Questions1823
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?
Inboxes1823onyouranswersheetwrite
YESifthestatementagreeswiththewriter
NOifthestatementcontradictsthewriter
NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

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18Itisnotaseasytoanalyseliteracylevelsasitusedtobe.
19Ourliteracyskillsneedtobeashighlydevelopedastheywereinthepast.
20Illiteracyisontheincrease.
21Professionalwritersearnrelativelymorethantheyusedto.
22Agoodliteracylevelisimportantforthosewhoworkintelevision.
23Computersarehavinganegativeimpactonliteracyinschools

Questions2426
CompletethesentencesbelowwithwordstakenfromReadingPassage2.
Writeyouranswersinboxes2426onyouranswersheet.
UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

InRenaissanceEngland,thebestreaderswerethoseabletoread24_________Thewriter
usestheexampleof25_________toillustratethegeneralfallincertainareasofliteracy.
Ithasbeenshownthatafterleavingschool,theonlythingsthatalotofpeoplewrite
are26_________

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions2740,whicharebasedon
ReadingPassage3below.

TheRevolutionaryBridgesofRobertMaillart
SwissengineerRobertMaillartbuiltsomeofthegreatestbridgesofthe20th
century.Hisdesignselegantlysolvedabasicengineeringproblem:howto
supportenormousweightsusingaslenderarch.

AJustasrailwaybridgeswerethegreatstructuralsymbolsofthe19thcentury,highway
bridgesbecametheengineeringemblemsofthe20thcentury.Theinventionoftheautomobile
createdanirresistibledemandforpavedroadsandvehicularbridgesthroughoutthe
developedworld.Thetypeofbridgeneededforcarsandtrucks,however,isfundamentally
differentfromthatneededforlocomotives.Mosthighwaybridgescarrylighterloadsthan
railwaybridgesdo,andtheirroadwayscanbesharplycurvedorsteeplysloping.Tomeet
theseneeds,manyturnofthecenturybridgedesignersbeganworkingwithanewbuilding
material:reinforcedconcrete,whichhassteelbarsembeddedinit.Andthemasterofthis
newmaterialwasSwissstructuralengineer,RobertMaillart.

BEarlyinhiscareer,Maillartdevelopedauniquemethodfordesigningbridges,buildingsand
otherconcretestructures.Herejectedthecomplexmathematicalanalysisofloadsand
stressesthatwasbeingenthusiasticallyadoptedbymostofhiscontemporaries.Atthesame

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time,healsoeschewedthedecorativeapproachtakenbymanybridgebuildersofhistime.
Heresistedimitatingarchitecturalstylesandaddingdesignelementssolelyfor
ornamentation.Maillartsmethodwasaformofcreativeintuition.Hehadaknackfor
conceivingnewshapestosolveclassicengineeringproblemsandbecauseheworkedina
highlycompetitivefield,oneofhisgoalswaseconomyhewondesignandconstruction
contractsbecausehisstructureswerereasonablypriced,oftenlesscostlythanallhisrivals
proposals.

CMaillartsfirstimportantbridgewasbuiltinthesmallSwisstownofZuoz.Thelocalofficials
hadinitiallywantedasteelbridgetospanthe30metrewideInnRiver,butMaillartarguedthat
hecouldbuildamoreelegantbridgemadeofreinforcedconcreteforaboutthesamecost.
Hiscrucialinnovationwasincorporatingthebridgesarchandroadwayintoaformcalledthe
hollowboxarch,whichwouldsubstantiallyreducethebridgesexpensebyminimisingthe
amountofconcreteneeded.Inaconventionalarchbridgetheweightoftheroadwayis
transferredbycolumnstothearch,whichmustberelativelythick.InMaillartsdesign,
though,theroadwayandarchwereconnectedbythreeverticalwalls,formingtwohollow
boxesrunningundertheroadway(seediagram).Thebigadvantageofthisdesignwasthat
becausethearchwouldnothavetobeartheloadalone,itcouldbemuchthinneraslittleas
onethirdasthickasthearchintheconventionalbridge.

DHisfirstmasterpiece,however,wasthe1905TavanasaBridgeovertheRhineriverinthe
SwissAlps.Inthisdesign,Maillartremovedthepartsoftheverticalwallswhichwerenot
essentialbecausetheycarriednoload.Thisproducedaslender,lighterlookingform,which
perfectlymetthebridgesstructuralrequirements.ButtheTavanasaBridgegainedlittle
favourablepublicityinSwitzerlandonthecontrary,itarousedstrongaestheticobjections
frompublicofficialswhoweremorecomfortablewitholdfashionedstonefacedbridges.
Maillart,whohadfoundedhisownconstructionfirmin1902,wasunabletowinanymore
bridgeprojects,soheshiftedhisfocustodesigningbuildings,watertanksandother
structuresmadeofreinforcedconcreteanddidnotresumehisworkonconcretebridgesuntil
theearly1920s.

EHismostimportantbreakthroughduringthisperiodwasthedevelopmentofthedeck
stiffenedarch,thefirstexampleofwhichwastheFlienglibachBridge,builtin1923.Anarch
bridgeissomewhatlikeaninvertedcable.Acablecurvesdownwardwhenaweightishung
fromit,anarchbridgecurvesupwardtosupporttheroadwayandthecompressioninthe
archbalancesthedeadloadofthetraffic.Foraestheticreasons,Maillartwantedathinner
archandhissolutionwastoconnectthearchtotheroadwaywithtransversewalls.Inthis
way,Maillartjustifiedmakingthearchasthinashecouldreasonablybuildit.Hisanalysis
accuratelypredictedthebehaviourofthebridgebuttheleadingauthoritiesofSwiss
engineeringwouldargueagainsthismethodsforthenextquarterofacentury.

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FOverthenext10years,Maillartconcentratedonrefiningthevisualappearanceofthe
deckstiffenedarch.HisbestknownstructureistheSalginatobelBridge,completedin1930.
Hewonthecompetitionforthecontractbecausehisdesignwastheleastexpensiveofthe19
submittedthebridgeandroadwerebuiltforonly700,000Swissfrancs,equivalenttosome
$3.5milliontoday.SalginatobelwasalsoMaillartslongestspan,at90metresandithadthe
mostdramaticsettingofallhisstructures,vaulting80metresabovetheravineoftheSalgina
brook.In1991itbecamethefirstconcretebridgetobedesignatedaninternationalhistoric
landmark.

GBeforehisdeathin1940,Maillartcompletedotherremarkablebridgesandcontinuedto
refinehisdesigns.However,architectsoftenrecognisedthehighqualityofMaillarts
structuresbeforehisfellowengineersdidandin1947thearchitecturalsectionoftheMuseum
ofModernArtinNewYorkCitydevotedamajorexhibitionentirelytohisworks.Incontrast,
veryfewAmericanstructuralengineersatthattimehadevenheardofMaillart.Inthefollowing
years,however,engineersrealisedthatMaillartsbridgesweremorethanjustaesthetically
pleasingtheyweretechnicallyunsurpassed.Maillartshollowboxarchbecamethe
dominantdesignformformediumandlongspanconcretebridgesintheUS.InSwitzerland,
professorsfinallybegantoteachMaillartsideas,whichtheninfluencedanewgenerationof
designers.

Questions2733
ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphsAG.
Fromthelistofheadingsbelowchoosethemostsuitableheadingforeachparagraph.
Writetheappropriatenumbers(ix)inboxes2733onyouranswersheet.

Listofheadings

iThelongtermimpact
iiAcelebratedachievement
iiiEarlybrilliancepassesunrecognised
ivOutdatedmethodsretainpopularity
vThebasisofanewdesignisborn
viFrustrationatnevergettingthedesignright
viiFurtherrefinementsmeetpersistentobjections
viiiDifferentinallrespects
ixBridgemakerslookelsewhere
xTransportdevelopmentssparkamajorchange

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27ParagraphA
28ParagraphB
29ParagraphC
30ParagraphD
31ParagraphE
32ParagraphF
33ParagraphG

Questions3436
CompletethelabelsonthediagramsbelowusingONEORTWOWORDSfromthereading
passage.Writeyouranswersinboxes3436onyouranswersheet.

34_________
35_________
36_________

Questions3740
Completeeachofthefollowingstatements(Questions3740)withthebest
ending(AG)fromtheboxbelow.
WritetheappropriatelettersAGinboxes3740onyouranswersheet.

37Maillartdesignedthehollowboxarchinorderto
38FollowingtheconstructionoftheTavanasaBridge,Maillartfailedto
39ThetransversewallsoftheFlienglibachBridgeallowedMaillartto
40Ofallhisbridges,theSalginatobelenabledMaillartto

A.........provethatlocalpeoplewerewrong.
B.........findworkinSwitzerland.
C.........winmorebuildingcommissions.
D........reducetheamountofrawmaterialrequired.
E........recognisehistechnicalskills.
F........capitaliseonthespectacularterrain.
G........improvetheappearanceofhisbridges.

Answers

11tomatoes: 21.clamp:
2.urban 22.axle:

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centres/centers:
3.energy: 23.cogs:
4.fossilfuel: 24.aqueduct:
5.artificial: 25.wall:
6.(stacked)trays: 26.locks:
7.(urban) 27.D:
rooftops:
8.NOTGIVEN: 28.B:
9.TRUE: 29.A:
10.FALSE: 30.sunshade:
11.TRUE: 31.iron:
12.FALSE: 32.algae:
13.TRUE: 33.clouds:
14.FALSE: 34.cables:
15.NOTGIVEN: 35.snow:
16.TRUE: 36.rivers:
17.NOTGIVEN: 37.B:
18.FALSE: 38.D:
19.TRUE: 39.C:
20.gates: 40.A:

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