2.

3 Value of a Function
Consider the following arrow diagram:

K one more than L

2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
5
6

From the arrow diagram above, we can see that:

2 1, meaning that 2 is one more than 1.
3 2, meaning that 3 is one more than 2.
4 3, meaning that 4 is one more than 3.
5 4, meaning that 5 is one more than 4.

In general, if we take any member x of the set K, then its map in the set L is
(x 1).
Thus, using an arrow diagram we may express the relation as

x (x 1).

We can check that this relation is a function.

If the function one more than is denoted by f, then the function f can be
denoted by
f : x (x 1). It is called the notation of function

The map of x is x 1 and this map is denoted by f(x).

The notation f(x) = (x 1) is also known as the rule of function, or function
formula, or function equation. The notation, however, is often read out
only as function f.

Sometimes we denote f(x) by y. It means in the Cartesian coordina system the

value of f is in vertical axis or y-axis, so
a. f(x) = y,
 b. if f(x) = (x 1), then, y = x 1.
x is called the independent variable, and y is the dependent
variable.

Thus, If x = 2 then f(2) = 2 1 = 1.

The value of function f for x = 2 is 1
If x = 3 then f(3) = 3 1 = 2.
The value of function f for x = 3 is 2
If x = 4 then f(4) = 4 1 = 3.
The value of function f for x = 4 is 3
If x = 5 then f(5) = 5 1 = 4.
The value of function f for x = 5 is 4

For the function f with the rule f(x) = x 1, if you set x = 2 then f(2) = 1.
The number 1 is called the value of the function for x = 2. The values of the
function for each member of the set K are given in the following table:

x 2 3 4 5
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
f(x) = x - 1 1 2 3 4

The set of ordered pairs is {(2,1), (3,2), (4,3), (5,4)}

Example :
1. Given a function f with the domain A = { 7, 9, 11, 13 } and f (x) = 2x 3
a. Determine the value of f (7), f (9), f (11) and f (13).
b. Draw a table for the function above.
c. Determine the range of f.
d. Draw the graph of the function in Cartesian coordinates

Solution:
a. The value of the function; f (7) = 2(7) 3 = 11,
f (9) = 2(9) 3 = 15,
f (11) = 2(11) 3 = 19,
f (13) = 2(13) 3 = 23.
 b. The table function

x 7 9 11 13

2(x)-3 (2(7) 3) (2(9) 3) (2(11) 3) (2(13) 3)

f (x) = 2(x)-3 11 15 19 23

c. The range of f is {11, 15, 19, 23}

d. Cartesian Coordinates

e.
(13, 23)

(11,19)
20

(9,15)
15

(7,11)

10

7 9 11 13

3.1 Properties Of The Straight Line

In this chapter, you will learn the properties of straight lines, where
you will study x-intercept and y-intercept of a straight line. This
information will assist you in drawing the graph of a line. You will also
learn the meaning of a slope of a line and how to determine the slope of
 various lines by using counting units or equations given. The other concepts
that you will find throughout this chapter are how to find an equation of a
straight line, how to draw the graphs, and some conditions you should know
when two straight lines are perpendicular or parallel to a particular line, or
pass a certain point.
The key terms that you need to comprehend are properties of straight
lines, steepness, slopes, counting units, equation of a straight line, and the
position of straight lines.
The following diagram shows the map of the properties of straight lines.

Water Tank
A house has a water tank and a bathtub. The water flows from the tank to the bathtub.
The relationship between the volume of water in the
bathtub and the flowing time is presented in the table
Flowing Volume of water in
on the right.
time (x) the bathtub (y)
Based on the table, we can see; minutes liters
0 2
Suppose x represents the time needed to fill the 1 7
bathtub and y represents the volume of water in 2 12
the bathtub. 3 17
4 22
What relation can we make from the data above?
5 27
Study the relation of the added time and the volume
of the added water expressed by the following arrow diagrams:
0 0 = 0 x 5 +2
1 5 = 1 x 5 +2
2 10 = 2 x 5 +2
3 15 = 3 x 5 +2
4 20 = 4 x 5 +2
5 25 = 5 x 5 +2
Think about it
a. If the flowing time is x minutes, in litres, how much water (y) is in the bathtub?
b. Draw the relations expressed above in Cartesian coordinates. If you connect the points
on the Cartesian coordinates, what do you get?
c. If the water flows for 10 minutes, how much water is in the bathtub?
d. If the volume of the bathtub is 75 litres, how long will the water take to fill the
bathtub?

The results that are obtained in the activity above can be represented as a a function of y
= 5x + 2. The graph that you get in the Cartesian plane is a straight line. Later,
whenever you find a function in the form of y = ax + b, in Cartesian coordinates it will
be a straight line. (Try to do an experiment by taking some values for variables a and
b). For this reason any function in the form of y = ax + b is called a straight-line
equation (why?)

Point of Interception
Consider the straight-line equation y = 5x + 2 that we obtained above. Now express
some points for x = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 in Cartesian coordinates and then connect them, as seen
in the figure below.

interception on x-axis

(x,0) interception on y-axis

(0,y)

Based on your observation, does the line intersect the x-axis and y-axis on Cartesian
coordinates? If it does, where are the points of interception?
The point of interception on x-axis is obtained if y = 0.
Similarly, the point of interception on y-axis is obtained if x = 0.
Now let us observe it in more details. Given the value of y = 0, then we get:
y = 5x + 2
0 = 5x + 2
5x = -2
2

x = 5

2

Thus, the point of interception on x-axis is ( 5 ,0).
Given the value of x = 0, so y = 0 + 2 = 2.The value of y is 2. So, the point of interception
on y-axis is (0,2).

a. The condition of x = 0 causes line y = 5x +2 to intercept the y-axis. This is called y-

intercept.
The point of interception is (0,2)

b. The condition of y = 0 causes line y = 5x +2 to intercept the x- axis. This is called x-

intercept.
2

The point of intersection is ( 5 ,0).

c. For line y = ax +b;

What is the point of interception on y-axis ?

What is the point of interception on x-axis ?

A Ball

Wisnu is standing 10 metres from the wall of a hall. He is rolling a ball on the floor with
a constant velocity.

Time of Distance (y) in metres

rolling (x) in
second
0 10
1 12
2 14
3 16

The table on the right shows the length of time

 the ball rolls and the distance it covers.
a. Suppose x is the length of time the ball rolls, and y is the distance that the ball covers.
Can you formulate the relation between y (distance) and x (time)?
b. Plot the above points (x, y) in Cartesian coordinates.
c. Draw a line that passes through all these points.
d. Use the line in problem c to find out the distance that the ball covers. If the ball
rolls for 5 seconds, what is the distance of the ball from the starting point?
e. How much time will it take to reach the distance 45 m from the starting point?

3.2 slopes
Slope

You surely have seen the roof of a house. Notice the roofs of the houses below. In Figure
3.7, which roof looks steeper? Figure 3.7(a) or Figure 3.7(b)? How do we know the
measure of steepness?
The measure of steepness is slope.
Now, we will learn how to determine the slope of an object. The picture of the roof of the
house above is simplified into a triangle as shown in Figure 3.8 (for 3.7 a ) and Figure
3.9 (for 3.7 b)
So, AB : the left side of the roof
BC : the right side of the roof
BD : the main pillar of the roof
AC : the horizontal pillar or the base

Is the steepness of AB equal to the steepness of EF ? If it is not, which one is

steeper? B

3
G E
2
3
F
H
4
3
Figure 3.9 A 6 D C
Figure 3.8
Suppose the roofs have bases of the same length, i.e. AC and EG , with different height of
main pillar, so they have different steepness. Therefore, the slopes are different. It means
that height affects steepness.
It means that the vertical distance between Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9 is different. It
shows that the steepness of the roof is affected by the vertical distance.
If the main pillars of the roofs are the same length, but they have the different length of
base pillars, which one is steeper?

The steepness of an object is affected by the difference in vertical distance and by the
difference in horizontal distance.

Finally, we can conclude that slope can be defined as follows.

The Vertical Difference

The Horizontal Difference
Slope =

Notes:
To show the differences between the directions of steepness we say that if an object
rises from left to right, the degree of steepness is positive (the slope is positive).
On the contrary, if an object descends from left to right, the degree of steepness is
negative (the slope is negative).
The degree of steepness of an object in real life is the same as gradient of the line in
mathematics.

The Slope

Notice the two linear equations below:

y = 2x + 2 and y = 5x + 2.

Observe the value of these linear equations for values x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 for each
linear equation.
 y = 2x + 2 y = 5x + 2
x = 0 y = 2(0) + 2 = 2 x = 0 y = 5(0) + 2 = 2
x = 1 y = 2(1) + 2 = 4 x = 1 y = 5(1) + 2 = 7
x = 2 y = 2(2) + 2 = 6 x = 2 y = 5(2) + 2 = 12
x = 3 y = 2(3) + 2 = 8 x = 3 y = 5(3) + 2 = 17
x = 4 y = 2(4) + 2 = 10 x = 4 y = 5(4) + 2 = 22
x = 5 y = 2(5) + 2 = 12 x = 5 y = 5(5) + 2 = 27

Then, compare the value of y for each equation if the value of x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. What
conclusion can you draw?

Look at the Cartesian coordinates below:

Of the two lines, which one is steeper?

Figure 3.11
How do you measure the degree of steepness of the lines?
 Calculate the difference between the two points on the x-axis and the two points on
the y-axis based on the graphs of the functions made above, and then complete the following
list.

x0 y0 y0
x0

Do you find the same ratio between the difference of ordinates and the difference of
y
abscissas or x for any points you take ?
Notice Figure 3.11 above;
y
a. What is the x for the linear equation of y = 2x + 2?
y
b. What is the x for the linear equation of y = 5x + 2?

y
For linear equation y = ax + b, the x = a. This ratio is called the slope of the line
y.