Sound

Mechanical Wave
- mechanical oscillations of the particles of an elastic medium through which the sound wave is
movin
Pressure Wave
- Compression
- High pressure
- Rarefaction
- Low pressure

Energy propagates though space as waves

- Longitudinal wave
- Medium particle oscillate in the direction of the wave propagation
- All media
- Transverse wave
- Medium particles oscillate perpendicular to direction of the wave propagation
- Solids, liquids

Periodic sound waves

- Displacement
- s(x,t)=smax * cos (k*x-*t)
- smax - maximal displacement, amplitude
- k - wave number k=2/
- Pressure
- p(x,t)=pmax*sin(k*x-*t)
- pmax -maximal pressure, pressure amplitude
- the pressure wave is 90 out of phase with the displacement wave
- The pressure amplitude is proportional to the displacement amplitude
- pmax = *v**smax

Amplitude
- the maximal change in pressure (pmax ) as the sound wave passes by
- increased amplitude (louder)
- decreased amplitude (softer)
-the amplitude of a wave is related to the amount of energy it carries

Intensity
- Intensity I is the average amount of energy transported per second through the normal unit
area to the direction of the wave (W/m2)
- amplitude of the sound wave increases, intensity of the sound wave increases
- relative sound intensities are often given in units - decibels
- Intensity I is proportional to the square
- of amplitude of vibrating particles
- of frequency
- I = power/area = 1/2 * p2max / *v
Sound properties
- Objectively measurable : physical characteristics
- Mechanical Wave (Intensity (amplitude W/m2), Frequency (1/s)
- Perceived : Physiological Characteristics
- What we can perceive - herar (Loudness (dB), Tone - pitch)

Amplitude, Period, Wavelenght

Amplitude:
- Maximal deflection
- The height of a crest or depth compared to the normal undisturbed position
Period (wave cycle):
- The shortest distance between the locations in the medium oscillating with the same phase
measured in time units
Wavelength:
- The shortest distance between the locations in the medium oscillating with the same
measured in length units
- Wavelenght is the distance that the wave travels over the duration of one period
- = v*T = V/f
- v- sound velocity in medium, T-perod, f-frequency
Frequency: (Unit 1Hz)
- Number of oscillation cycles per unit time
- Number of back and forth oscillation of the particle
Velocity: (Unit 1m/s)
- speed of sound waves depends on:
- elastic property of the medium (compressibility)
- inertial property of the medium (density)
- temperature
- elastic property / inertial property
- v= /T
- in general, sound waves travel more slowly in liquids than in solids
- liquids are more compressible than solids
- Wave speed is the same for all frequencies

Acoustic impedance (Unit 1 Pa*s/m = 1 kg/m2 *s

- acoustic property of the medium through which the sound travels
- Describes how much resistance an ultrasound beam encounters as it passes through a
medium
- the product of density of a medium and the sound velocity in it (Z=*v)

Sound Propagation
- Huyghens principle
- Sound can be : reflected, refracted, scattered, difracted, absorbed
- Sound beam
- Reflection: angle of wave is qual to the angle of incident wave - =
- Refraction: v1*sin() = v2*sin()
Sound Spreading
- Sound intensity I decreases with distance r according to the square law (if it is not absorbed)
- I= I0/r2

Audible Sound
- Sound (audible) waves are sensitive to human ear
- f 20Hz - 20 KHz = Human voice, music
- Infrasound
- f < 20Hz = Earthquake waves (Elefanten)
- Ultrasound
- f > 20kHz - Vibration of quartz crystals (Fledermuse)

Sound and Frequency

- simple sound - Tone (pure)
- Compund sound - Periodic (music), Non-periodic (noise)
- Frequency - Angular
- =2**f

Pitch and Timbre

Pitch
- The highness or lowness of a tone
- Determined by the frequency of vibrations
Timbre
- The tone quality
- Produced by higher frequency and vibrations (Harmonics or overtones)

Basic Principle - Single Ray

- Ultrasound wave reflected at the interface of any two media with different acoustic
impedances (Z =*V)
- Fraction R of incident energy will be reflected from the interface
R= (Z2-Z1/Z2+Z1)2

Influence of acoustic impedance

- Acoustic impedance of different materials
- Water (1,52*106 kg/(m2*s)), Soft tissues(1,6-1,74*106), air(0,0004*106), bone (7,8*106)

Attestation of Ultrasound
Lambert Law - I=I0*e-2* *x

Reflection of Ultrasound
- Diffused reflection on rough (uneven) surface
- Scattering into various directions
- Reflections on smooth (even) surface
- Clear identification of Interface
Generation and Detection of ultrasound
- Piezoelectric effect
- Reverse (Produces US, Source US)
- Direct (Detects US, Detector of US)

Biological Effects of US
- Mechanism
- Mechnical Effects : Displacement and Acceleration of Biomolecules, Gas bubble cavitation
- Elevated Tissure temperatures: Absoption of US -> Increase in temperature in lungs (high),
bones (less), soft tissue (at least)
- All bioeffects are deterministic
- with a threshold (cavitation), without a threshold (heating)
- Bioeffects
- Inactivaiton of enzymes
- Altered cell morphology
- Free radical formation
- Internal haemorrhage

Doppler Effect
-Apparent change in frequency detected when the sound (source) is moving relative to the
hearer (observer)
fD= (2*blood *f / sound) * cos
- Doppler Echocardiography - combines anatomical information with velocity information
- color-coded map : flow towards probe - red/yellow, flow away - blue