Chapter 7 Outline

1. For Instructional Alternatives: Presentation, Discussion, Independent Study and

Individualized Instruction
2. Presentations: Teaching as Telling and Showing
3. Discussion: Learning through Informative Interaction
4. Independent Study: Teaching as Giving and Guiding Seat Work and Homework

Assignments
5. Individualized or Differentiated Instruction: Tailoring Teaching
6. Matching Instructional Alternatives to Learners Overview of 31 Instructional Alternatives

Using Technology in Teaching

7. Some Final Thoughts

Chapter 8 outline

Title: Four more instructional alternatives: cooperative learning, discovery learning,

constructivist learning and direct instruction

1. Cooperative learning: Teaching learners to like and Care for One Another
2. Discovery learning: figuring Things Out for Yourself
3. Constructivist Teaching and learning: Problem Solving under Teacher Guidance
4. Direct Instruction: Teaching in the Most Efficient and Effective Way
5. Is There a Single Best Instructional Alternative? Some Final Thoughts

Chapter 7 Notes:

Chapter 7 is about deferent kinds of lesion plan method which can foster students to learn

actively. As a novice teacher, you are not expected to be knowledgeable of and proficient in

each or even most of them. However, over time, instructional variety will serve you well. Surely

you can recall teachers who kept classes interesting and lively by engaging students in many
kinds of learning activities such as demonstrations, debates, and simulations. In this chapter we

can learn about four verities of instructional alternatives. First is presentation, it is also called as

teacher center teaching because presenter speak more than engaging in activities. How we can

make good presentation is, establish the topic and the objectives learners need to achieve. Next,

collect, review, and organize the available subject matter resources. Look for software, books,

articles, films, videotapes, models, exhibits, and pictures. The use of visual aids can particularly

increase students' interest and learning since we live in a visually-oriented society. Second is

discussion which means discussion is a conversation wherein students, or students and teacher,

interact to share information, ideas, or opinions, or work to resolve a problem. Discussion help

students to think about the information, ideas, issues, and problems, that students are able to

think effectively, and that by thinking and interacting effectively, students experience

psychological and social growth. Third is independent study which mean Independent study

includes any school-related assignment students do more or less alone. It helps to develop

confidence in students to work alone and are able to demonstrate valence and challenge

arousal, variety and challenge, wittiness, and overlapping. And the last one is about

individualized instruction. Individualized instruction programs are tailored to meet individual

learners' strengths and needs, permit considerable autonomy, result in greater equity, and have no

damaging or harmful side effects on students.

Chapter 8 Notes:

In this chapter 8 we can see other four more instruction alternatives learning styles. First

of is cooperative learning. Cooperative learning is the term used to describe instructional

procedures whereby learners work together in small groups and are rewarded for their collective

accomplishments. The purpose of this learning style is in contrast to the many other ways of
teaching, cooperative learning encourages learners to work together for both the common and

individual good. second is about discovery learning. Discovery or inquiry learning

refers to learning that takes place when students are asked to find out or

figure out something for themselves as Sherlock Holmes does. Teachers use

discovery learning to accomplish three educational purposes. First, they want

learners to know how to think and find things out for themselves. Third is

about constructivist learning. Constructivism is a way of teaching and

learning that intends to maximize student understanding. Like discovery

learning, it is situated within meaningful learning in the cognitive school of

thought. Constructivism is defined variously as teaching that emphasizes the

active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of

information. The purpose of constructivist teaching and learning is to help

students to acquire information in ways that make that information readily

understood and usable. Fourth is about direct instruction. Direct Instruction is a

variation on the theme of teacher presentations in that it is teacher-

dominated and directed. The purpose of direct instruction is to help students

learn basic academic content such as reading, mathematics, and so forth, in

the most efficient, straightforward way.

Reflection
 I did not know that when we make the lesson plan, we use different kids of instructional

alternatives to teach. Even though I have lesion plan I never recognize that what method I am

using to teach. Now I learned to make using different kinds of methods. For examples,

presentation, discussion, independent study, individualized instruction methods and etcetera. If

we teach every lesson using same ways everyday then students might feel bore with that class

that is why we can use these method to make teaching effective, engaging all students and

teacher. If we use different ways of teaching styles then it will challenge teacher to distribute new

ideas through different ways and students can also learned as well as challenge them to

participate in learning actively.