Jeewan Moktan

Note: Act of Teaching: chapters 6-8

Table of Contents:
Th instructional modes:
1. Presentation
- Purpose and characteristics pf Teacher presentation
- The qualities of good presenters
- The advantages and disadvantages of computer presenter
- When Teacher should Presentations should be used
- The limitation and presentations
2. Discussion: Learning through informative
- Purpose and characteristics Discussion
- When Discussion should be used
- The limitation and discussion
3. Individualized Or Differentiated Instruction:
- Definition
- purpose and characteristics
- Types
- Good Users of Individualized Instruction
- When Individualized Instruction should be used
- limitations
4. Cooperative learning
5. Discovery learning
6. Constructive learning
7. Independent study
8. Measurement
9. Evaluation
10. Assessment
11. Types of Assessment
Notes: 1 Presentations: This is basically providing or giving knowledge by the teacher or
knowledgeable person to the students. The purpose of this instructional mode is to provide
information or facts about different subjects.
Characteristics of Teacher Presentations
- Teacher or another person may present
- Presentation may be live or recorded
- Presentation may-vary in length
- Presentation may be formal or informal
Good presenter should have different qualities. The most important is knowledgeable about the
subject matter. The presenter should be able to deliver the content fluently in an understandable
manner. He/she can be homorous to make the presentation effective. Students attention should be
able to drawn with effective opening. Visual aid is important to make the students fun and also good
closing will help to understand the content better. The presenter should check for ability to use new
knowledge at a higher level.
Advantages and Limitations of computer presentation
- Computer presentation can beneficial when to make the presentation fun and interesting. The
content can be well prepared and delivered. However, this is not possible in every classes or
particularly in village areas where people are not familiar with technology. Sometimes, it can
consume more time. The teacher needs more preparation for it.
When Teacher Presentations Should Be Used
By Gage and Berliner (11976, 1991):
(1) information dissemination is the main goal, (2) the information to be disseminated is not readily
available in another form, such as a book, (3) the information must be especially selected, organized,
and presented for a specific group of learners, (4) it is important to arouse interest in the information,
and (5), the material need not be remembered for a long time.
Discussion: Learning through Informative Interaction
What Is a Discussion?
- A discussion is a situation wherein students, or students and a teacher, converse to share
information, ideas, or opinions or work to resolve a problem. Conversely, a discussion is not a
situation wherein a teacher asks a question, a student or students answer, and then the teacher
asks another question.
The purpose of discussion is to review and extend what students have learned in order to ensure their
mastery of a subject. The other purpose to provide an opportunity to share their ideas , to solve
problems, and to improve their interpersonal skills.
Characteristics of Discussion: The discussion can be teacher and student or student with student.
There should be interaction among the group or small groups. Even though teacher is not participate,
he/she should be a moderator. Moreover, there should be physical arrangement and each group should
have a leader.
- Discussion is important for the subjects like social science. The discussion when the teacher wants to
get the opinions from the students.
Advantages and Limitations of Discussion
- The discussion is beneficial for the students to explore their ideas. They can learn from each other.
The teacher can also learn from the students. It can be disadvantageous for the students if they do not
like group discussion. Sometimes, only the talented students speak up in the group.
Good leaders:
The leader or teacher should always encourage students to engage in purposeful talk. Each group
members should be allowed to speak equally. The teacher should walk to individual group and check
for their attention.

Independent Study: Teaching as Giving and Guiding Seat-Work

and Homework Assignments
- Individual study is to rehearse, practice and to provide opportunity to learn. The purpose of this
study is to allow students to study in their own manner. The independent study means studying by
themselves under the supervision and direction of teacher in the particular subject.
Characteristics:
The teacher is only facilitator or guide, but learning assignment is designed by teacher or selected by
students. This can be done within the class or home.
Good Independent Study Leaders/ teacher should have faith in students. They should be positive
Good Independent Study: While preparing it, the teacher should make the general purpose and set
specific instructional objectives of the study. The teacher should think about the students ability too,
because all the students may not able to achieve the goals. The teacher should give clear instruction so
that students will know what they are doing.
Limitations:
- Independent study is hard when the teacher does not know the students ability. The teacher cannot
ensure that the students learning immediately. If the class has both poor and highly talented students,
the same goal cannot be achieved. The teacher require more effort.
Chapter 7: four More instructional Alternative:
Cooperative learning: The purpose of cooperative learning is to cause students to work together for
both the individual and common good.
Characteristics:
- Heterogeneous (mixed) groups
- Group tasks, usually either mastery or project work
- Group reward is shared equally by individual members

Discovery learning: defined as learning that takes place when students are
asked to derive their own meaning and understanding from experiences presented to them.
Purposes:
- To get learners to think for themselves
- To help learners discover how knowledge is formulated
- To promote higher-order thinking skills
Characteristics
- Teacher as catalyst
- Students construct own knowledge
- Teacher uses mostly higher-order and probing question
The qualities of teachers should be optimistic toward students ability. The teachers should be
thoughtful and patient with the students. Moreover, the teacher should nurture the students and with
and accept their ideas.
Direct instruction: Similar to presentation instructional mode
There are two kinds direct instruction
1. Researched based
Derived from observation of effective teachers
- Basic practice
- Explicit teaching
- Active teaching
2. Learning theory- based
Derived from what is known about learning
- Mastery teaching
Purpose: To directly cause students to learn academic content or skills
Characteristics:
- Teacher provides strong direction
- Orientation is very academic
- Concern is for achievement, high expectations that students can/will learn
- Students accountability, cooperation demanded
- Students made to feel psychologically safe
- Student behaviour is controlled

Individualized Instruction: The term used to refer to any instructional maneuver

that attempts to tailor teaching and learning to a learner's, or a group of like
learners', unique strengths and needs.
Purpose: To tailor teaching and learning to individual strengths and needs
Characteristics:
Teacher knows and cares about learner diversity.
Types of individualized instruction programs
Programmed and Computer- Assisted Instruction
Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI)
Individually Guided Education (IGE)
Tutoring
Distance Education
The project Method
Good Individualized Education Programs
What is measurement:
The process of gathering objective information or data about students performance is referred to as
measurement.
What is evaluation?
The "goodness" of a student's score is determined by making a judgment about the measured score,
that is, by comparing the score obtained through measurement to some standard or to other students'
scores. This judgment is referred to as an evaluation.
What is an assessment?
The process of collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting information to aid in
decision making is called assessment.
Factors Influencing Assessment Quality
- Sources of Information
Analysis of students work and Testing
- Accuracy of Information
Validity and Reliability
Types of Assessment: Formative Versus Summative
Formative assessment: It refers to assessment conducted during the course of instruction.
Summative assessment: The term used to describe assessment conducted after instruction is
completed. This type of assessment is used to make final judgment.

Reflection:

After reading this chapter, I have improved my teaching skills. As a teacher, this chapter has

helped me to grow professionally. The instructional modes described in this chapter assisted

me to approach different teaching and learning method in the class. As a novice, although I

knew the instructional mode to use when it came to practice in the class, I failed to achieve

what I had accepted during my two weeks teaching practicum. I was not very clear when to

use the instructional mode for particular subjects. The techniques that is given in this chapter

how to use and when to use the specific instructional mode has become stepping stone for

me. I believe that in the future, I can do better than before.