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Separations

IntroductionandThermodynamics

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Chemical Process Design

Reaction Separation
Feed Products
System System

The focus of this course is separations.

Why are separations needed?

Undesired materials in reactor effluent
Purity specifications for product
Value of product depends on purity

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Chemical Process Design

Figure 1-1. Typical chemical plant layout.

Separators can be used before or after the reaction system.

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Separations System Example

A. Stankiewicz, Chemical Engineering and

Processing, 42 (2003) 137-144.

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Separation Principles

How to choose separation type?

Differences in physical properties

Separation Operation Properties

distillation boiling points, vapor pressures
crystallization melting points
drying vapor pressure
ultrafiltration size, molecular weight
leaching solubility

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Mass Transfer
Mass transfer operations usually involve transferring
mass from one phase to another.

Example:
boiling a liquid mixture of A and B where A is
much more volatile than B
A will vaporize
Mass of A with transfer from the liquid phase to
the vapor phase. Therefore, this is a mass
transfer operation.

Many separation operations induce a phase change

to cause separation involve mass transfer.

Therefore, this course will focus on separation

operations that use mass transfer.

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Phase Diagrams

Pure component phase diagrams

Relations among P, T, and V
Graphical representation of equilibrium data

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P-T Diagram for a Pure Substance

Figure 3.1.
Smith, van
Ness, and
Abbott, 7th ed.

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Phase Equilibrium (vapor/liquid) for Pure Substances

Definitions
1. Phase region of matter which is homogeneous
2. Equilibrium characterized by:
The state of the system does not change with time
The system is uniform or is composed of uniform
subsystems
No net flow of heat, mass, momentum, or work
between system and surroundings, or within the
system
No chemical reaction occurring

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V/L Phase Equilibrium

Tliquid =Tvapor (11)

Pliquid =Pvapor (12)

xi =liquidphasemole
fractionofcomponenti
yi =vaporphasemole
fractionofcomponenti

Figure12.Vaporliquidcontactingsystem

average number of molecules average number of molecules

leaving liquid for vapor phase leaving vapor for liquid phase

per unit time per unit time
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Flash Distillation System

xi =liquidphasemolefraction
ofcomponenti
yi =vaporphasemolefraction
ofcomponenti
Figure 2-1. Flash distillation system
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Flash Distillation

(22a)

(22b)

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2.2. Equilibrium Data

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Table 2-1. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data

for ethanol and water at 1 atm, y and x in
mole fractions.
xEtOH xW yEtOH yW T, oC
0 1.0 0 1.0 100
0.019 0.981 0.170 0.830 95.5
0.0721 0.9279 0.3981 0.6109 89.0
0.0966 0.9034 0.4375 0.5625 86.7
0.1238 0.8762 0.4704 0.5296 85.3
0.1661 0.8339 0.5089 0.4911 84.1

Note: xEtOH + yEtOH 1

xEtOH + xW = 1
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Degrees of Freedom

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Smith,vanNess,
andAbbott,
Introductionto
Chemical
Engineering
Thermodynamics,
7th ed.

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ChemicalEngineeringThermodynamics,7th ed.
Smith,vanNess,andAbbott,Introductionto
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2.3. Graphical Representation of VLE

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Figure 2-2. xy diagram for ethanol-water

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Figure 2-3. Txy diagram to ethanol-water

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Enthalpy-Composition Diagram

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Simplified Enthalpy Composition Diagram

Tie lines are

used to connect
yi and xi at
equilibrium
(same T and P).
TieLine

There is a
separate tie line
for each
temperature.

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Figure 2-4. Enthalpy-composition diagram for

ethanol-water at 1 atm

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DewLine
(vapor)

TieLine

BoilingLine
(liquid)
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Figure 2-5. Use of auxiliary line

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Figure 2-6.
Isotherms on
Txy and
enthalpy
composition
diagrams

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Azeotrope

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Azeotropes

Ty1

Tx1 Ty1

Tx1

MaximumBoilingAzeotrope MinimumBoilingAzeotrope
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Figure 2-3. Txy diagram to ethanol-water

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Figure 2-2. xy diagram for ethanol-water

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2.4. Binary Flash Distillation

OverallMassBalance(F,V,Laremassflowrates)
F=V+L (25)
V,y,HV
ComponentBalanceonmorevolatilecomponent
Fz =Vy +Lx (26)

EnergyBalance
FhF +Qflash =VHV +LHL (27)
F,z,hF

L,x,hL

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Flash Distillation
General form of enthalpies

For ideal mixtures

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