Agenda
Introduction to Geology Porosity tools
Petroleum System- elements&
processes
Source rock& its types
Reservoir
Seal and traps Geometry
Introduction to Well Logging
Basic log interpretation
Mechanical tools
Caliper log
Lithology tools
Spontaneous potential log
Gamma Ray log
Resistivity tools
MSFL
LLS
LLD
Density log & LDT
Neutron log & APS
Neutron- Density Combination
Sonic log
Quantitative interpretation
Temperature gradient
Determination of fundamental
parameters
Nature of shale &types
Shale volume calculations
Determination of clay minerals
Porosity model& calculation methods
Saturation model& calculation methods
Cutoff results
Reservoir estimation
Applications
CPI Result
Exercise
For a hydrocarbon reservoir to exist we
need the following to be available at the
same location:
1- A source rock containing the original organic remains.

2- Pressure and temperature conditions suitable to

convert the organic remains into oil and gas.

3- A porous, permeable reservoir rock where the

hydrocarbon can accumulate.

4- A migration pathway from the source rock to the

reservoir rock for the hydrocarbons.

5- A suitable trap to keep the hydrocarbons in the

reservoir rock until we wish to exploit it.
 The Elements of the Exploration Task
The presence of a source rock
The presence of a reservoir rock
The presence of a migration path
Petroleum System Elements
The presence of a trap
The presence of a seal
Gas
Cap
Oil
Entrapment Water Seal Rock
Reservo
Rock

Migration
120 F

350 F
Generation
24
 Source Rock
Containing organic material

Deposited under airless conditions (favorable for the preservation of the organic
material)

Example: Shale - Limestone

The nature of the petroleum generated depends on the temperature history and on
the origin of the organic material woody-plant detritus and/or very high
temperatures tend to yield gas, while marine detritus and/or moderate
temperatures tend to yield oil.

Thus in source rock, our exploration task is to reveal the following parameters:
Rock type
Rock volume
Conditions of deposition
Temperature and burial history
Original organic content
------- Geophysical methods can make some contribution to all these factors except
for original organic content.
Major types of source rocks and % of worlds petroleum
occurrence for each.

Shale Marle Carbonate Coal

 Reservoir Rock
Porous - Extensive - Permeable

In the reservoir rock our exploration task is to reveal:

Example: Sandstone Fracture Carbonate

&Fractured Basement

Rock type
Thickness, extent and volume
Conditions of deposition and shape
Present permeability

Geophysical methods can make some contribution to all

these factors except for present permeability.
Occasionally, geophysical methods can also give some
indication of the saturation, particularly if it is gas.
 Migration Path
The movement from the source rock to the reservoir rock
 Trap
Structural Traps Stratigraphic Traps
Fold traps
 Seal
Impermeable cap-rock (such as a thick layer of salt, Anhydrite
or an shale, or a dense and unfractured limestone)
Well log is a continuous record of measurement made in
bore hole respond to variation in some physical properties
of rocks through which the bore hole is drilled.

Is the study of rock properties and their interactions with

fluids (gases, liquid hydrocarbons, and aqueous solutions).
Study occurred on core samples

is the process of using bore hole measurements to evaluate the

characteristics of subsurface formation.
 Types of well
: Wells can be split into three categories
1) Vertical
Drilled to a specific target
Measured Depth = True Vertical depth

2) Deviated
usually from a platform or
from land to near offshore
Measured depth has to be
converted to true vertical
depth
3) Horizontal
Drilled to maximize production or minimize problems such
as coning.
These measurements may be grouped into 4 categories:
Drilling Operation Logs : (MWD LWD MUD LOGS)
Core Analysis
Wire line Well Logs: Electrical
Acoustic
Radioactive
Mechanical
TEST DATA (DST)
 Objectives of wire line logging
1-Lithology identification

2-Determination of reservoir characteristics (e.g. porosity, saturation,

permeability).

3-Discrimination between source and non source rocks

4-Identification the fluid type in the pore space of reservoir rock

( gas, oil, water)

5-Identification of productive zones.

6-Determination of the depth and thickness of productive zones.

7-Locating reservoir fluid contacts.

8-Well to well correlation for determining the lateral extension of subsurface

geologic cross sections.

9-Determination formation dip and hole angle and size.

 Purpose of Open Hole Logging
To determine

Thickness (h) : measured by tool depth.

Porosity (F) : measured by porosity/density tools.

Saturation (Sw) : computed from a combination of porosity,

density/lithology & resistivity tool.

Not all of these measurements will be made in any single
well. The primary objectives of formation evaluation are: -

Identification of reservoirs
Estimation of hydrocarbons in place
Estimation of recoverable hydrocarbons
For any given well interval :-

1. Distinguish between reservoir and non-reservoir

rock.
(Reservoir rock contains a reasonably high connected
porosity).

2. For the reservoir intervals only, distinguish between

hydrocarbons and water filling the pores, hence
calculate water saturation in reservoir rocks.
(Hydrocarbons are electrical insulators, while water
conducts).

3. For the hydrocarbon fraction, distinguish between

oil and gas, hence calculate gas and oil saturations in
reservoir rocks.
(Gas has a much lower density than oil).
 Types of boreholes
According to Casing operation
- Cased holes
- Open holes

According to conductivity of the borehole

- Conductive (water base drilling mud)
- Non-conductive boreholes (oil base mud,
air drilled or cased holes)
Cased-hole logging:-
Wireline logging can be done in cased holes.
Casing is thin-walled, steel pipe that is run in
the hole to prevent borehole collapse as
drilling progresses.
The casing is cemented (cement job) to the
borehole wall.

Wireline has developed instruments that can

take formation measurements without
interference from the casing and cement.
Cased holes Open holes
Basically, the equipment needed for wireline
logging consists of the following:
Up-hole instruments :- (Logging Unit and Rig)
Down- hole instruments :- (Sondes and cables)
A logging unit :- and an instrument for taking
measurements. For land rigs, the unit is mounted on
a truck.
The unit has a winch and an electrical wireline
cable.
The Downhole logging instrument :- called a
sonde, is attached to the end of the cable. The unit
also includes equipment to power the sonde and to
make a permanent record of the log.
Compositions of the Uphole- Downhole Instruments
Uphole Instruments: include the Logging Truck and the Rig.
The logging Truck mainly consists of mechanical Winches
and ordinary driving machine.
Downhole Instruments:- are represented by Cables and
Sondes.
Sondes:- differ in function from measurement to another
based on the required physical property to be measured
(GR , Resistivity, Neutron, Sonic, Density, Magnetic, Thermal,
etc)
Sonde normally consists of two main parts:
Sensor: It is an electronically complicated part used for
picking the required property.
Cartridge: Surrounding the sensor in the modern tools and
do three functions:
* Powering the sensor to be ON/OFF .
* Processing the acquired data (First step of processing).
* Data transmission along cables to the up-hole instruments.
M.Samir
 Well
Header
Common Open-hole tools and their uses
Depth of investigation (Radius of investigation) :
The distance away from the bore hole that a logging tool can
measure .

Vertical resolution :
the minimum thickness formation that can be distinguished by a
tool under operating conditions).

Depth of investigation and vertical resolution of the log can vary

from millimeters to a few meters
Logging Tools
Ways to check your logs

1-Calibrations
2-Repeat sections
3-Trends and Marker beds
4-Offset well comparison