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Published in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Received on 5th September 2013
Revised on 12th March 2014
Accepted on 21st May 2014
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0636

ISSN 1751-8687

Improvement of unified power quality conditioner

performance with enhanced resonant control strategy
Quoc-Nam Trinh, Hong-Hee Lee
School of Electrical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
E-mail: hhlee@mail.ulsan.ac.kr

Abstract: This study proposes an enhanced resonant control strategy for the unied power quality conditioner (UPQC) to
simultaneously tackle voltage sags, unbalance and distortions on the supply side as well as current harmonics on the load
side. The proposed control strategy is developed in both the series and shunt active power lters (APFs) of the UPQC. In the
series APF, a proportionalresonant controller and a resonant controller are employed to mitigate voltage sags, unbalance and
distortions, whereas a proportionalintegral (PI) controller and three vector PI controllers are used in the shunt APF to
compensate harmonic currents. The performance of the proposed UPQC control scheme is signicantly improved compared
with the conventional control strategy owing to the superiority of the resonant controllers. In addition, voltage sag/harmonic
and current harmonic detectors are not required in the proposed control scheme, which helps to simplify the control strategy
and to improve the control accuracy. The proposed control strategy is theoretically analysed and its feasibility is validated
through experiments.

1 Introduction balanced sags, whereas the majority of faults on power

Voltage sags are generally considered as common and costly
power quality problems affecting sensitive loads. They
regularly result in undesired interruptions of electronic-
based equipment and are responsible for large productive
losses in industrial processes [1, 2]. The series active power
lter (APF), commonly known as the dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR), is an effective solution for protecting
sensitive loads from voltage sags [310]. The DVR is
installed in series between the supply and the load side in
order to inject a compensating voltage to maintain the load
voltage balanced and sinusoidal at the desired value when
voltage sags take place on the supply side.
The performance of a DVR in compensating the voltage
sags is determined by the voltage sag detectors and voltage
controllers. Voltage sags should be detected rapidly and
accurately without any delay time to ensure that the DVR
can quickly recognise and respond to the voltage sags.
Monitoring the magnitude of the supply voltage in the
fundamental (dq) reference frame is a common method to
detect voltage sag [9]. After accurately detecting voltage
sag, a voltage reference for the DVR is generated and the
voltage controller then executes to ensure the load voltage
is undisturbed. Hence, the voltage controller also plays a
vital role in a DVR control scheme to achieve a fast
transient response as well as good steady-state performance
of the load voltage during voltage sags.
The conventional proportionalintegral (PI) controller
combined with the supply voltage feed-forward in the dq
reference frame has been developed to tackle voltage sags
[35]. However, this method has only been evaluated under
systems are asymmetrical, which results in unbalanced
voltage sags on the supply side. Under such conditions, the
conventional PI controller fails to properly track the
reference signal because of the presence of the negative
sequence components [5]. To mitigate unbalanced voltage
sags, several control strategies have been developed: two PI
controllers in positive and negative dq reference frames
[6], a proportionalresonant (PR) controller [7] or a H
controller in the stationary frame [8]. However, the grid
voltage may not only be unbalanced because of voltage
sags, but also be distorted because of non-linear loads on
distribution systems. Therefore, those control strategies are
inadequate for tackling voltage sags and distortions
simultaneously. In addition, from the view point of the
power system, harmonic currents produced by non-linear
loads also cause serious problems, thereby degrading the
power quality [11]. Hence, they must be taken into account
and fully compensated.
The unied power quality conditioner (UPQC) has been
introduced as an advanced solution to full those goals
[1113]. Owing to the combination of a series APF and a
shunt APF, the UPQC is able to simultaneously deal with
voltage and current-related problems to protect sensitive
loads and to enhance the power quality. In the UPQC, the
role of the shunt APF is not only to compensate the
harmonic currents, but also to support the series APF to
compensate long duration voltage sags by maintaining the
common DC-link voltage of the series and the shunt APFs
at a constant level.
Various UPQC control strategies have been developed
to deal with voltage distortions and current harmonics

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[1123]. In [1115], in order to regulate the load voltage and
supply current to be sinusoidal, harmonic components in the
supply voltage and the load current are detected through
harmonic detectors and regulated by hysteresis controllers.
In [1620], harmonic detectors are eliminated to simplify
the control scheme, but hysteresis controllers are still used
to regulate the load voltage and supply current to be
sinusoidal. Despite the simple structure and fast response
characteristics of the hysteresis controller, this control
technique has two shortcomings: rst, the variation of
switching frequency may cause many switching noises on
the load voltage and the supply current; and second, the
control performance is limited because of the trade-off
between the hysteresis band and the switching frequency.
These drawbacks degrade the performance of the hysteresis
controller. Meanwhile, in [21, 22], articial neural network
and particle swarm optimisation-based controllers were
developed for the UPQC to deal with voltage and current Fig. 1 Block diagram of the conventional UPQC control scheme
harmonics. However, these control algorithms are obviously
complicated since a large training time is required for connected at the AC output voltage of the series APF to
optimising the controller gains. Moreover, despite the eliminate high-frequency switching ripples. The loads on
complexity of the control algorithm, the performance the system are non-linear, linear and sensitive.
presented in [21] is not so good compared with other As illustrated in Fig. 1, to tackle the voltage sags and
conventional control methods. A novel control method for distortions as well as current harmonics, the conventional
the UPQC to tackle voltage and current harmonics UPQC control strategies require a voltage sag/harmonic
problems was proposed in [23]. The control strategy in [23] detector, a current harmonic detector and hysteresis
requires fewer sensors compared with other methods and it controllers where those parts must be designed properly to
also provides a good harmonic compensation performance. achieve good performance. It makes the control scheme
However, in that study, only the voltage and current become too complex. Moreover, because of the use of
harmonic problems are considered. Other power quality hysteresis controllers, the control performance of the UPQC
issues such as voltage sags and voltage unbalance are not is generally limited.
taken into account, which restrict the compensation
capability of the UPQC.
In this paper, an enhanced resonant control strategy is 2.2 Proposed UPQC control scheme
proposed for the UPQC to simultaneously tackle various
power quality issues such as voltage sags, unbalance and To improve the control performance of the UPQC, an
distortions as well as current harmonics. To mitigate the enhanced control strategy shown in Fig. 2 is proposed in
voltage sags and distortions on the supply side, a PR this paper with the aid of resonant controllers. In the
controller tuned at the fundamental frequency (s) and a proposed control scheme, the voltage sag/harmonic and
resonant controller tuned at six multiple of the fundamental current harmonic detectors are not required. The load
frequency (6s) are employed in the series APF side. voltage and the supply current are directly sensed and
Meanwhile, to compensate the current harmonics of regulated to follow their corresponding references in the
non-linear loads, a PI controller and three vector PI (VPI) dq reference frame (vL, dq and iS, dq ) through the proposed
controllers tuned at 6ns (n = 1, 2, 3) are used in the shunt
APF side. The performance of the proposed UPQC control
scheme is signicantly improved compared with the
conventional control strategy owing to the effectiveness of
the resonant controllers. In addition, in order to simplify the
control strategy and improve the control accuracy, the
voltage sag/distortion and current harmonic detectors are
eliminated in the proposed control scheme. The feasibility
of the proposed control scheme is validated through
experiments.

2 Proposed UPQC control scheme

2.1 Conguration of an UPQC

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of a three-phase UPQC,

which consists of two voltage source inverters connected
back-to-back through a common DC-link capacitor, where
one inverter is the shunt APF and another inverter is the
series APF. The series APF is connected in series between
the supply and the load through a series transformer.
Meanwhile, the shunt APF is connected in parallel with the
loads through an inductor Lsh. An LC (Lf, Cf ) lter is Fig. 2 Block diagram of the proposed UPQC control scheme

2 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., pp. 110

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PR-R voltage controller and PI-VPI current controller,
respectively. The PWM signals for the series APF and the
shunt APF are generated from the voltage references
vF, abc and vsh, abc , respectively, by using a sinusoidal PWM
method. Since the proposed control strategy is executed
without the voltage sag/harmonic and current harmonic
detectors, the control accuracy and dynamic response of the
UPQC can be signicantly improved. In addition, a PI
controller is employed in the outer control loop of the shunt
APF for regulating the DC-link voltage of the UPQC.
Moreover, since the proposed control algorithm is designed
in the dq reference frame, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is
used to detect the phase angle of the supply voltage for
coordinate transformations. A second-order generalised
integrator-PLL introduced in [24] is adopted in Fig. 2 to
guarantee the precise operation of the PLL under the
abnormal supply voltage condition.
3 Control strategy in the series APF
3.1 Voltage sags compensation
The main purpose of the series APF in an UPQC is to inject a
compensating voltage to maintain the voltage at the load
terminal balanced and sinusoidal at the desired level
irrespective of the supply voltage conditions. As illustrated
in Fig. 2, the load voltage is determined by the supply
voltage and the injected voltage of the series APF as follows
vL (vt) = vS (vt) + vf (vt) (1)
where vL(t), vS(t) and vf(t) are the load voltage, the supply
voltage and the injected voltage of the series APF,
respectively.
Fig. 3 shows the locus of the load voltage phasor diagram
under the voltage sag situations. In Fig. 3, it is assumed that
the supply voltage under the normal condition is sinusoidal
and balanced at the nominal magnitude with the phase
angle s and the load voltage vector is same as the supply
voltage vector [VL = VS(pre sag)] without any help of the
series APF. When the voltage sag occurs, the magnitude of
Fig. 3 Locus of the voltage phasor diagram under the voltage sag
situations
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the supply voltage is reduced to VS or VS according to
the voltage sag type: without or with a phase jump,
respectively [2]. In case of the voltage sag without a phase
jump, the supply voltage reduces to VS and the series APF
injects a compensating voltage Vf so that the load voltage
has maintained its nominal magnitude. Since the voltage
sag occurs without a phase jump, the compensating voltage
Vf is in-phase with the supply voltage VS and the load
voltage VL. In case of the supply voltage VS, the voltage
sag occurs with a phase jump ; the series APF generates
the compensating voltage Vf with the phase angle (s + )
to keep the load voltage vector unchanged without any
phase jump. In the conventional control methods, to
maintain the load voltage undisturbed from the voltage sag,
it is necessary to detect the voltage sag and to nd the
phase angle of the compensating voltage Vf in the control
scheme. However, in the proposed control algorithm, the
load voltage can maintain the desired voltage without the
source voltage sag detection in spite of the voltage sag with
or without a phase jump since it is directly regulated.
To maintain the constant load voltage, despite voltage sag,
the voltage controller of the series APF plays an important
role. The PI controller in the dq reference frame has been
introduced and widely used for this purpose [3]. However,
this method has a limitation in mitigating unbalanced
voltage sags because of the presence of the negative
sequence component [5]. Therefore, a PR controller tuned
at the fundamental frequency in the stationary frame is used
in this paper for dealing with unbalanced voltage sags. The
advantage of PR controller is that it is capable of effectively
tracking an AC signal at the selected frequency; hence, it
can simultaneously regulate positive and negative sequence
components without any sequence decomposition process
[25]. The open-loop transfer function of the PR controller is
given as follows
Kr1 vc s
GPR (s) = Kp + (2)
s2 + 2vc s + (vs )2
where Kp is the proportional gain, Kr1 denotes the resonant
gain of the resonant controller, s is the selected resonant
frequency of PR controller, which means the fundamental
frequency of the grid voltage in this case and c is the
cut-off frequency which determines the control bandwidth
of the PR controller.
3.2 Voltage distortions mitigation
In practice, because of the intensive use of non-linear loads in
power systems, the voltage available at the supply bus is
usually not pure sinusoidal but distorted. This distorted
voltage condition will harmfully affect sensitive loads
connected at the load terminal if it is not taken into account
and fully compensated. The UPQC is also capable of
isolating voltage harmonics on the supply side to improve
the load voltage performance. The voltage controller, which
is used to mitigate voltage harmonics, is introduced in this
section.
Assuming that the voltage available at the supply bus (vS)
is distorted and includes the fundamental (vS1) and harmonic
components (vSh) as identied in (3)


vS (vt) = vS1 (vt) + vSh (vt) (3)
h=1
3
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Fig. 4 Block diagram of the proposed PR-R voltage controller

To make the load voltage sinusoidal, the harmonic

components presented in (3) must be completely
compensated by the series APF. In three-phase systems, the
harmonic voltages have odd orders: 6n 1 (n = 1, 2, 3, )
of the fundamental frequency of the network (S). Among
them, the fth and seventh harmonics are dominant Fig. 5 Bode diagram of closed-loop PR-R controller with respect
components that need to be eliminated. A resonant to different values of Lf and Cf
controller is an effective solution to compensate those
harmonic voltages [26]. Since one resonant controller can
controller has two selected resonant frequencies: 60 and
only track a specic AC component, two resonant
360 Hz. At 60 Hz, the frequency response of the PR-R
controllers tuned at 5S and 7S are required to compensate
controller is almost the same regardless of the lter
both the fth and seventh harmonics. Fortunately, since
parameter variations. In contrast, at the vicinity of 360 Hz,
both the fth and seventh harmonics become the sixth
the frequency response of the PR-R controller shows a
harmonic in the dq reference frame, one resonant
small difference with respect to different values of Lf and
controller with a selected resonant frequency of 6S in this
Cf. However, the PR-R controller always provides unity
frame is also capable of simultaneously compensating both
gain and zero phase at selected resonant frequency 360 Hz,
the fth and seventh harmonic voltages. Accordingly, the
despite the variations of the lter parameters (Lf or Cf ).
control scheme is simplied since only one controller is
Therefore, we can say that the variations of lter parameters
needed to regulate two harmonics. The open-loop transfer
have no impact on the system stability and performance of
function of the resonant controller is given as
the proposed voltage controller.
To implement these controllers by digital signal processors
Kr6 vc s
GR (s) = (4) (DSPs), the transfer function of the PR controller in (2) and
s2 + 2vc s + (6vs )2 the resonant controller in (4) are discretised by considering
accurate resonant pole placement [28]
The block diagram of the proposed voltage controller for the
series APF is illustrated in Fig. 4. 1 cos (vs Ts )z1
GPR (z) = Kp + Kr1 vc Ts
1 (2 cos (vs Ts ) 2vc Ts )z1 + z2
3.3 Analysis and design of proposed voltage
controller (6)

Designing the gains of resonant controller is not a simple task,
especially when compensating high-order harmonics [26, 27].
In this paper, the Naslin polynomial technique is used to
determine the resonant controller gains [26]. In addition, Kp
and c values of the PR controller should be designed to be
sufciently large to make the PR controller have a wide
bandwidth, and hence provide a fast response against
voltage sags. According to the design procedure presented
in [26], the controller gains of PR and resonant controllers
in Fig. 4 are selected based on the system parameters given
in Appendix as follows: Kp = 2, Kr1 = 2000, c = 10rad/s
and Kr6 = 500.
Since these controller gains depend on the LC lter
parameters, the effect of the lter parameter variations on
the system stability is considered. From Fig. 4, the
closed-loop transfer function of the PR-R controller is given
as follows
GPRR (s)GLC (s)
GC = (5)
1 + GPRR (s)GLC (s)
where GLC = 1/(LfCfs 2 + RfCfs + 1) is the transfer function of
the LC lter.
Fig. 5 shows the Bode diagram of (5) with respect to
different values of Lf and Cf. In Fig. 5, the proposed PR-R
1 cos (6vs Ts )z1
GR (z) = Kr6 vc Ts
1 (2 cos (6vs Ts ) 2vc Ts )z1 + z2
(7)
where z is the shift operator and TS = 100 s denotes the
sampling period.
For digital implementation, (6) and (7) with the same gains
in continuous time domain are used because the sampling
period TS is very short.
4 Control strategy in the shunt APF
4.1 Current harmonics compensation
The main purpose of the shunt APF is to mitigate harmonic
currents produced by the non-linear load. The non-linear
load under consideration is a three-phase diode rectier
supplying a DC load. This type of load draws harmonic
currents into the networks that have odd orders: 6n 1 (n =
1, 2, 3, ) of S. As a result, the load current consists of
the fundamental (iL1) and harmonic components (iLh) as


iL (vt) = iL1 (vt) + iLh (vt) (8)
h=6n+1

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Fig. 6 Block diagram of the proposed PI-VPI current controller
To make the supply current sinusoidal, the harmonic currents
presented in (8) must be fully compensated by the shunt APF.
In other words, the shunt APF must operate as a controlled
current source to generate harmonic currents to reject those
of the load current. Since the current controller must deal
with harmonic currents which are high-frequency signals,
the PI controller is not a sufcient solution because of its
limitation on the control bandwidth. To overcome this
issue, resonant controller could be considered as an
effective solution for regulating harmonic currents. The
(6n 1) harmonic currents also become 6n harmonics in the
dq reference frame. Hence, one resonant controller with a
resonant frequency of 6nS is capable of regulating a pair
of (6n 1) harmonic currents. The number of resonant
controllers is thereby reduced by half. In fact, the effect of
very high-order harmonics is usually negligible. In this
paper, only harmonic currents up to 19th order are
considered for compensation. Accordingly, three resonant
controllers are needed to regulate those harmonic currents.
In fact, the VPI controller which is an alternative version of
the resonant controller is used in this paper because it has
some advantages over the standard resonant controllers
when applied for the shunt APFs: it is robust in operation
and capable of compensating very high-order (up to 37th)
harmonic currents without requiring a time delay
compensator [29]. The open-loop transfer function of the
VPI controller is described as

of Lsh. Judging from Bode diagram in Fig. 8, the inductor
Kph s2 + Krh s
GVPI = (9)
h=6, 12, 18 s2 + (hvs )2
where Kph and Krh are the proportional and the resonant gains
at the hth-order harmonic.
In addition, the shunt APF is also responsible for regulating
the DC-link voltage of the UPQC. Hence, a PI controller is
also needed to regulate the fundamental current to charge
the DC-link capacitor. As a result, the current controller of
the shunt APF consists of a PI controller and three VPI
controllers as shown in Fig. 6.
4.2 Analysis of proposed current controller
According to Fig. 6, the closed-loop transfer function of the
proposed current controller is determined as
GPIVPI (s)GL (s)
GC = (10)
1 + GPIVPI (s)GL (s)
where GL = 1/(Lshs + Rsh) is the transfer function of the Lsh
inductor.
By selecting the resonant gains as Krh = KphRsh/Lsh, the VPI
controller has only one gain to be tuned, that is, Kph. Fig. 7
illustrates the Bode diagram of (10) with respect to different
values of Kph. In Fig. 7, it is obvious that the proposed
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Fig. 7 Bode diagram of the closed-loop transfer function of the
proposed current controller
controller provides a unity gain and zero-phase shift at
selected resonant frequencies, that is, 360, 720 and 1080
Hz, irrespective of the value of Kph. It means that the VPI
controller is able to regulate the selected harmonic currents
with zero steady-state error. Even though any value of Kph
can provide unity gain and zero-phase shift, Kph should
be carefully selected to achieve a good steady-state
performance and a fairly fast response. To full that
demand, it is recommended to select Kph smaller than 1
[29]. Finally, the controller gains of each VPI controller are
tuned individually by using the system parameters shown in
Appendix and listed in Table 1.
The controller gains of VPI controllers are tuned based on
the relationship of Lsh and Rsh. When these parameters
change, the coefcient, Krh = KphRsh/Lsh, is no longer the
assigned value. To investigate the robustness of the VPI
controller against the parameter variations, Bode diagram of
(10) is plotted in Fig. 8 with respect to the different values
parameter variation has no effect on the system stability of
the PI-VPI current controller because a unity gain and
zero-phase shift at the selected resonant frequencies such as
360, 720 and 1080 Hz are maintained regardless of the
variation of Lsh.
Similar to the PR and resonant controllers, the transfer
function of the PI and the VPI controllers are discretised for
digital implementation
1
GPI (z) = Kp +Ki Ts
1z1

Kph +(Krh Ts 2Kph )z1 (Krh Ts Kph )z2
GVPI (z) =
h=6,12,18
12cos(hvs Ts )z1 +z2
(11)
In the discrete time domain, the same controller gains
designed in Table 1 can be used for the PI-VPI controller in
(11) because the sampling period TS is very short.
Table 1 Controller gains of PI-VPI controllers
Kp = 2 Ki = 50
Kp6 = 0.8 Kr6 = 20
Kp12 = 0.6 Kr12 = 15
Kp18 = 0.3 Kr18 = 7.5
5
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Fig. 8 Closed-loop Bode diagrams of the VPI controllers with
different values of the inductor parameters
5 Experimental results
To validate the feasibility of the proposed control algorithm,
an experimental platform is built in the laboratory as shown in
Fig. 9. The experimental system consists of a three-phase
power supply, an UPQC, a linear load, a non-linear load
and the system parameters are listed in Table 2. The supply
voltage is generated by a programmable AC power source
(Chroma 61704), which is able to produce either voltage
sags or distorted supply voltage in order to investigate the
performance of the proposed control strategy. The series
APF and the shunt APF of the UPQC are developed by six
insulated gate bipolar transistor modules
FMG2G75US120. The non-linear load is composed of the
three-phase diode rectier with a resistance load with
6 kVA (power)/380 V (voltage) ratings, whereas the
three-phase resistance load is used as the linear load. The
control algorithm is implemented using a 32 bit
oating-point DSP TMS320F28335 by Texas Instruments.
The control sampling and switching frequencies are set to
be 10 and 5 kHz, respectively. Fig. 9a shows the hardware
conguration to implement the proposed UPQC control
algorithm. The PWM control signals are generated by DSP
Fig. 9 Hardware conguration and experimental platform of the proposed UPQC
a Hardware conguration
b Experimental platform
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board and transferred to the driver circuit by bre optic
cables. The harmonic components and the total harmonic
distortions (THDs) are measured by a power analyser
(HIOKI 3193). When the DC-link voltage reaches the
steady-state value Vdc after the STS is closed, the control
algorithm of the UPQC is activated. To assess the
performance of the proposed UPQC experimentally, we
consider three cases: (i) voltage sag compensation;
(ii) voltage distortions and current harmonic compensation;
and (iii) voltage sag, voltage distortions and current
harmonic compensation.
5.1 Voltage sag compensation
Since the voltage sag is compensated by the series APF, the
shunt APF is not activated and a DC power source is
supplied at the DC-link voltage of UPQC. Also, only the
three-phase resistive load is connected at the load side for
the sake of simplicity. In addition, unbalanced voltage sags
are considered to investigate the compensating performance
of the UPQC since the voltage sags are generally occurred
with unbalance and the performance of the UPQC under
unbalanced sags is more crucial.
Fig. 10 shows the experimental results of the UPQC
compensating an unbalanced voltage sag by using the
conventional PI controller. In this case, a 30% unbalanced
sag accompanied by a 20 phase shift (jump) is generated
during 20 cycles. In Fig. 10, by using the PI controller, it is
obvious that the load voltage (vLabc) is unable to be
maintained balanced at its rated level during the voltage
sag. In fact, the PI controller cannot accurately regulate the
negative sequence component in the unbalanced voltage
because it behaves as second harmonic in the dq reference
frame. Therefore, the conventional PI controller is unable to
deal with unbalanced sag conditions.
In contrast, by using the proposed control scheme, the load
voltage can be effectively compensated to be sinusoidal as
shown in Fig. 11. According to Fig. 11, thanks to the
effectiveness of the PR controller in regulating both the
positive and negative sequence components of unbalanced
voltage, the load voltage is maintained balanced at its rated
value even though an unbalanced voltage sag with a phase
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Fig. 10 Experimental result of UPQC by using the PI controller

Fig. 11 Experimental result of UPQC using the proposed control scheme under
a Sinusoidal supply voltage
b Distorted supply voltage

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Fig. 12 Experimental results of UPQC to compensate voltage distortions and current harmonics
jump occurs in Fig. 11a. The proposed control strategy
provides not only good steady-state performance, but also
good dynamic response with the unbalanced voltage sag:
the load voltage is always maintained undisturbed even at
the transient time. Meanwhile, in Fig. 11b, we can see that
the proposed UPQC effectively compensates both
unbalanced voltage sag and voltage harmonics in the supply
voltage to maintain the load voltage balanced and
sinusoidal at the desired value. The THD of the load
voltage is reduced to 1.2%, whereas the THD of the supply
voltage is 8.1%.
The experimental results verify that the proposed control
strategy is able to effectively tackle both voltage sags and
voltage harmonics to improve the load voltage performance.
5.2 Voltage distortions and current harmonic
compensation
The performance of the UPQC to compensate the voltage
distortions and the current harmonics is investigated in this
section. In the experimental test, a three-phase diode rectier
is connected at the load side as the non-linear load and the
THD of the non-linear load current is 25.2%. Meanwhile, the
supply voltage is distorted with a THD is about 8.1%. In this
case, both the series and the shunt APF are activated to
compensate harmonics in supply voltage and load current.
Fig. 12 shows that the harmonics in the supply voltage, as
well as the harmonic currents produced by the non-linear
load, are effectively compensated to maintain both the load
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voltage and the supply current sinusoidal. The THD values
of the load voltage and the supply current are 1.2 and
1.95%, respectively, which completely comply with the
IEEE 519-1992 standard [30]. These results reveal that the
proposed control strategy is capable of simultaneously
dealing with the harmonic voltage and harmonic current
problems: both the load voltage and the supply current are
compensated to be sinusoidal without the demand of the
voltage harmonic or current harmonic detectors.
5.3 Voltage sag, voltage distortions and current
harmonics compensation
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control in case
voltage sag, voltage distortions and current harmonics exist
all together, the total performance is evaluated. It can be
seen in Fig. 13 that before the voltage sag occurs, the
UPQC compensates the harmonics presented in the supply
voltage and the load current to make the load voltage and
the supply current sinusoidal. At times when the voltage
sag takes place, the UPQC injects not only the harmonics,
but also the fundamental voltage to maintain the voltage
at the load terminal sinusoidal at its rated value. In fact,
to compensate the voltage sag, the UPQC requires a
certain amount of active power from the supply side
through the shunt APF. Hence, during the voltage sag,
both the shunt APF current (isha) and the source current
(iSa) are increased as compared with before the voltage
sag. The THD values of the load voltage and the supply
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Fig. 13 Experimental results of UPQC to compensate the voltage sag, voltage distortions and current harmonics
current after compensation are about 1.22 and 1.87%,
respectively, which also comply with the IEEE-519
standard. In this test case, the THD value of the supply
current is slightly reduced compared with Case B because
the magnitude of the supply current is increased during
the voltage sag.
Finally, we can say that the UPQC with the proposed
control strategy is able to simultaneously tackle various
power quality issues such as voltage sags, voltage
unbalance, voltage distortions and current harmonics: the
load voltage and the supply current are always maintained
sinusoidal regardless of the supply voltage and the load
current conditions.
6 Conclusion
An enhanced resonant control strategy for the UPQC to deal
with various power quality issues such as voltage sags,
voltage unbalanced, voltage distortion and current
harmonics was proposed in this paper. The feasibility of the
proposed control strategy was veried through various
experimental tests in which the load voltage is maintained
balanced and sinusoidal at the desired value regardless of
the voltage sag, unbalanced and distorted supply voltage
conditions. In addition, the supply current is maintained
sinusoidal irrespective of the non-linear load current. The
proposed control strategy exhibited a fast dynamic response
as well as good steady-state performance under voltage sag
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., pp. 110
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0636
www.ietdl.org
and distortion conditions. Under the distorted supply
voltage with a non-linear load in the system, the UPQC
reduced the THD of the load voltage and the supply current
to <1.22 and 1.95%, respectively, which completely
comply with the IEEE 519-1992 standard.
The proposed control method not only improves the
compensation performance, but also can reduce the system
cost of the UPQC since it requires fewer sensors
compared with the conventional methods. Furthermore, the
accuracy and reliability of the UPQC was improved
signicantly because the proposed control strategy was
operated without the voltage sag/harmonic and current
harmonic detectors. Thanks to these advantages, the
proposed control method can be applied for the UPQC as a
cost effective solution.
7 Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation
of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government.
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