UNIVERSITATEA DIN CRAIOVA

FACULTATEA DE LITERE
NVMNT LA DISTAN

PROGRAMA ANALITIC
Disciplina: Curs practice: Exerciii gramaticale
Specializarea: Romn- Englez
Anul II, Semestrul I
Titularul disciplinei: lector Ana-Maria Trantescu

I. OBIECTIVELE DISCIPLINEI :
Cursul practic i propune:
aprofundarea, sistematizarea i lrgirea cunotinelor dobndite la cursul de
sintaxa propoziiei prin exerciii focalizate pe probleme majore de sintax: tipuri
de propoziii, grupul nominal, grupul verbal, grupul adjectival;
dezvoltarea deprinderilor practice de exprimare scris i oral n limba englez
prin tipuri ct mai variate de exerciii (de transformare, substituire, completare i
parafrazare, traduceri etc.);
nsuirea structurilor tipice propoziiei engleze i sporirea volumului
vocabularului studenilor prin respectarea consecvent a principiului gradaiei n
prezentarea exerciiilor.

II. TEMATICA CURSULUI:

1. Sentence Types
2. The Noun Phrase
2.1. The Structure of the NP
2.2. The Functions of the NP
- The Subject
- The Object
- The Predicative
- The Predicative Adjunct
- The Apposition
3. The Verb Phrase
3.1. The Structure of the VP
3.2. The Function of the VP: the Predicate.
3.3. Subject Predicate Concord

4. The Adjective Phrase

4.1. The Structure of the Adjective Phrase
4.2. The Functions of the Adjective Phrase
- The Attribute
- The Predicative
- The Predicative Adjunct

III. EVALUAREA STUDENILOR:

 Forma de evaluare: examen scris

IV. BIBLIOGRAFIE GENERAL:

1. Bdescu, Alice. 1984. Gramatica limbii engleze. Bucureti: Ed. tiinific
i Enciclopedic.
2. Budai, Lszl. 1997. Gramatica englez. Teorie i exerciii. Bucureti:
Teora.
3. Chioran, D., Panovf, I., Poenaru, I. 1995. English Grammar. Exercises.
Bucureti: Teora.
4. Gleanu-Frnoag, G. 1996. Sinteze de gramatic englez. Bucureti :
Ed. Lucman.
5. Murar, I., Pisoschi, C., Trantescu, A. M.. 2005. Essentials of English
Syntax. The Simple Sentence. Craiova: Ed. Universitaria.
6. Paidos, C. 2001. English Grammar. Theory and Practice. Iai: Polirom.
7. Vince, M. 2002. Advanced Language Practice. Macmillan.

Lect. univ. dr. Ana-Maria Trantescu

 ANUL II

ROMN-ENGLEZ

CURS PRACTIC EXERCIII GRAMATICALE

SEMESTRUL I

Lect. univ. dr. Ana-Maria Trantescu

I. TYPES OF SENTENCES

Exercise 1. State whether the following sentences are true or false:

1. Every sentence is a declarative, an interrogative, an imperative or an T or F
exclamation.
2. Each has a typical, recognisable form. T or F
3. Declaratives usually start with a subject which is followed by a main verb. T or F
4. Interrogatives are recognisable from wh-words, inversion and typical T or F
intonation patterns.
5. Imperatives are typically formed from a non-finite form of the verb. T or F
6. Writen exclamations start with how or what and end with an exclamation T or F
mark.
7. Interrogatives always ask questions. T or F
8. Declaratives can function as questions. T or F
9. Imperatives always give commands. T or F
10. Exclamations can be used for functions other than showing strong T or F
emotion.

Exercise 2. The following sentences are from The Honorary Consul by Graham Greene. In
each case identify the sentence form, then suggest their communicative function.
1. You have to come.
2. What about a game of chess?
3. Don't worry!
4. I'm surprised to see you.
5. What blunderers you are!
6. She can't be his wife, surely?
7. I wouldn't drink whisky if I were you.
8. Come up and have a glass.
9. Who are you?
10. Surely you had somebody on the watch?

Exercise 3. Identify the following sentence forms and their functions. Then rewrite the
sentence in another sentence form which carries the same communication meaning.
1. Forgive my rudeness yesterday.
2. I was trying to remember your name.
3. I wish you wouldn't shout.
4. What a clever girl you are!
5. That's a brilliant idea.
6. I trust you don't mind if I smoke.
7. Go ahead.
8. How warm it is today!
9. Isn't that amazing?
10. How are you?

Exercise 4. Indicate whether the following sentences are: declarative, interrogative,

imperative or exclamatory:
1. They met Ann by chance in the street. 2. Will you read the letter, please? 3. What has
become of them? 4. How happy she looks! 5. Don't ever say that again! 6. What did the
man say? 7. I really enjoyed the show very much. 8. What a good piece of news this is! 9.
Peter was given a brand new bicycle. 10. How angry Tom was! 11. Have you got any stamps
left? 12. That's really very nice of you! 13. Would you like another piece of cake? 14. It's
really quite a bargain! 15. Let's start everything anew! 16. The dog kept us awake all night.
17. Who could advise me on this matter? 18. See you soon. 19. Hurry up! The train is
leaving in a minute. 20. He has just come. 21. Hasn't he changed! 22. Would you open the
door, please?
Exercise 5. Translate into English the following imperative and exclamatory sentences:
1. Vezi dac poi gsi cartea aceea! 2. Nu-i cheltui toat energia la nceputul cursei! 3.
Ascult-m! 4. Ce ploaie! 5. Ferete-i capul! 6. Ce idee bun! 7. Nu pune mna acolo! 8.
Deschide ua, te rog! 9. S nu faci niciodat aa ceva! 10. Ce nume caraghios! 11. Doar
cteva cuvinte, v rog! 12. n nici un caz s nu accepi! 13. S o lsm singur! 14. Dac
ar fi posibil! 15. Noroc! 16. Ce pcat! 17. Condu-l pn la gar!

Exercise 6. Point out what type of sentences there are in the following sentences and
extracts (simple unextended, simple extended, compound, complex or elliptical sentences):
a) 1. I got here yesterday. 2. Peter promised that he would let us know when he arrived
there. 3. She entered, locked the door and sat down. 4. Birds fly. 5. Jane asked Tom
again why he didn't go into the country, as it would do him a lot of good. 6. He is old
but he is still a very healthy man. 7. "Got a light for me, Bill?" "No".
b) An hour passed. The pale light of the short, sunless day was beginning to fade. A cry
arose. The man in front turned his head. He looked at the man behind. They nodded to
each other. A second cry arose. It was a wolf. Henry looked up. It was dark. He saw a
pair of eyes, then a second pair, and a third. The dogs were afraid. Bill could not sleep.
He saw the shining eyes quite near. (J. London)
c) Dorothy lived in the midst of the great Kansas prairies, with Uncle Henry, who was a
farmer, and Aunt Em, who was the farmer's wife. Their house was small, for the
lumber to build it had to be carried by wagon many miles...
When Dorothy stood in the doorway and looked around she could see nothing but the
great gray prairie on every side. Not a tree nor a house broke the broad sweep of flat
country that reached the edge of the sky in all directions. (Frank Baum)

Exercise 7. Turn the following simple unextended sentences into simple extended
sentences by adding some secundary parts of the sentence:
1. Richard has arrived. 2. He is unpacking. 3. His friends have come. 4. He is tired. 5.
They leave. 6. They do not stay. 7. It is growing dark. 8. They shake hands. 9. The boys
will meet. 10. Do they talk? 11. They came. 12. Mrs. Johnson is speaking. 13. I work. 14.
It's raining. 15. They live. 16. We agreed. 17. Paul is driving. 18. I don't understand.

ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES

Exercise 1. Point out all the elliptical sentences and state what part of the sentence is
missing in each case:
1. Glad to see you home, and hope you have been keeping well. (D. Maurier)
2. Got a cigar, Root? No. (J. Steinbeck)
3. Sorry to be late again, he said. Nobody was at home Soames in London, Anette at a
garden party. (J. Galsworthy)
4. How are you? he asked me. Fine, I said. (E. Hemingway)
5. Just at sunset, the air turned cold and sky cloudy. (Ch. Bront)
6. Why do you come here? For winter sport. (E. Hemingway)
7. There were flowers in the dining room, flowers in the library. (D. Maurier)
8. You have told no one Im here? he asked abruptly. Not a soul. (H. G. Wells)
9. Morning room in Algernons flat in Half-Moon Street.(O. Wilde)
10. You must be on your guard against her; you must shun her example; if necessary avoid her
company. (Ch. Bront)
11. Couldnt you be a little bit late today? No, I couldnt. (A. Saxton)
12. When tired of the occupation, I would retire from the stairhead to the solitary and silent
nursery. (Ch. Bront)
13. Are you scared, Thomas? Of course, I am. (G. Greene)
14. Did you understand me? I think I did. (A. Saxton)
15. She had found out she wasnt scared. No more than Patricia was. (D. Carter)
16. Do you know, when I said good night and went away, I was almost arrested? Arrested?
(J. London)
17. Somebody gave it to him. Somebody? You. (Th. Hardy)
18. Some of them were getting laid off, the way Pa had been. (D. Carter)
19. How old are you? Seventeen, Sir. And whats your name? Megan David. (J.
Galsworthy)
Exercise 2. Point out all the one member sentences in the following examples:
1. A beautiful day, quite warm. (J. Galsworthy)
2. A distant flash, a low rumble, and large drops of rain spattered on the thatch above
him. (J. Galsworthy)
3. She went out into the hall and listened. No sound! (J. Galsworthy)
4. A footstep on the stairs and now the door was slowly opened. (Ch. Dickens)
5. My school days! The silent gliding on my existence the unseen, unfelt progress of my
life from childhood up to youth. (Ch. Dickens)
6. Not one little sound of beast or bird or tree; not one bee humming! (J. Galsworthy)
7. But the eyes of them! The cold, red and often wet hands! (Th. Dreiser)

Exercise 3. Point out which sentences are elliptical and which are one member sentences
in the following examples:
1. The night dark, the wind high and the rain pouring in torrents.
2. The work is done, the books put away. Really?
3. The air is pure and fresh, the sun is bright and the sky blue.
4. First come, first served.
5. Have you ever been in Italy? Never.
6. Waiter, another bottle of wine. Red or white? White.
7. I know for sure that he works more than I.
8. What a day! Rain, rain. November rain.
9. He is as old as Oscars son.
10. Thomas Gradgrind, sir. A man of realities. A man of facts and calculation.
11. See you tonight. Bye-bye.
12. What time is it? Four oclock. Thank you!
13. Nobody in the room, nobody on the terrace.
14. Good-bye. See you tomorrow.
15. When will you write to him? Tomorrow.
16. Will you do it? Ill try.
17. Coffee, sir? Yes, please.
18. Do you speak German? Yes, I do, a little.
19. Any more fares, please?
20. Ill send you the books. When?
21. What if I refuse to answer?
22. Your name and address, please.
23. Who answered the question? John.
24. Did you know it? Yes.
25. Sorry! I didnt nottice it.
26. A beautiful day, quite warm. The garden, an old-fashioned one, full of roses. Time of
year, July.
27. Ill send you a word tomorrow. Shall be delighted.
28. Glad to meet you.

Exercise 4. Supply the words necessary to express each idea fully:

1. Full up! 2. Seats on top. 3. Two cups of coffee, please. 4. Wait! 5. Oh, yes! 6. Just a
moment! 7. No talking! 8. Ridiculous. 9. Keep left. 10. Anything else? 11. This way,
please. 12. Never mind. 13. Many happy returns of the day! 14. How much? 15. Welcome!

Exercise 5. Provide questions to which the following might be replies:

1. Yes, please. 2. No, thank you. 3. A quarter to three. 4. Red, please. 5. On Thursday next.
6. Two, please. 7. On October 18 th . 8. Not at all. 9. Thick, please. 10. A pound and a half.
11. Yesterday week.

Exercise 6. Translate using elliptical constructions:

1. O soie bolnav, trei copii mici, al patrulea de lapte, o cas numai hrb; prin perei se
furia neaua, cuptorul afuma i acoperiul era tovar cu vnturile; iar hambarele
goale, punga deart i sufletul necjit. (I. Slavici)
2. n definitiv, cu ce scop mi spui toate astea? ntreb el ridicndu-se.
- Dar, ca s v servesc, din recunotin, pn nu e prea trziu. (G. Clinescu)
3. Dup ce nchinar de trei ori, subprefectul ordon avocatului Ciupei...
- Ordon, Ciupei, ordon.... du-te ca s-o vezi... dac Ghiolia este mai bine...
- Cnd ordoni dumneata, domnule Ni, chiar s nu, eu tot da. Cnd ordoni,
ordoni. (B. Delavrancea)
4. F-mi i mie rost, mi biete, poi?
- Cum s nu? (Brescu)
5. Eu i-a da ie trei-patru poli s...
- S ce?
- S m lai, s nu vii la concurs. (I. L. Caragiale)
6. Gherasim: Dane!... Biatule... Tu, aici! (l mbrieaz) Ce s-a ntmplat? Note rele
nu mai ai demult, de altceva tiu c maic-ta are grij...
Dan: (Tace. Se uit n jur) E impresionant la tine. N-am fost niciodat aici.
Gherasim: Nici nu trebuia, fiule... Tu erai un copil. Acum, da. Chiar ar fi trebuit s vii
odat. mi pare ru c acum ai nimerit tocmai cnd am audiene...
Dan: Eu am venit n audien, tat...
Gherasim: Tu?... Dan, nu neleg ce-i cu tine. i tocmai acum... O s discutm acas.
Posibil, am fost ocupat, n-am mai stat de vorb de mult vreme, dar... (ncearc s fie
amical). Hai, las prostiile! (C. Leu)

II. NEGATION
Exercise 1. State whether the following sentences are true or false:
1. We use not to form declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences. T or F
2. When an affirmative sentence has no operator, we use do and not to T or F
form the negative.
3. There is no difference in meaning between can't and cannot. T or F
4. We add n't or not to the operator to form negative interrogatives. T or F
5. Aren't I? is unacceptable grammatically. T or F
6. Negative imperatives are formed by do + n't or not. T or F
7. Only negative adverbs and semi-negatives can make a sentence T or F
negative.
8. No is the only determiner which can make the sentence negative. T or F
9. There are no pronouns which can make a sentence negative. T or F
10. The position of a negative in a sentence can change the scope of T or F
negation and therefore the meaning.

Exercise 2. In the following quotations from The Human Factor by Graham Greene,
identify the sentence type and the methods of making them negative.

1. For God's sake, Emmanuel, don't do anything rash.

2. Don't you get damned lonely sometimes in this outfit?
3. And they never come home until evening.
4. But no one knows I'm here.
5. The face showed no indication of pain.
6. There is nothing one can ever do, is there?
7. That hardly explained the sense of emptiness.
8. No, no, don't worry dear.
9. Neither of them could see the pavement.
10. No, I suppose not.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences, moving the negative to the place marked by
an asterisk, and comment on any change of meaning.
1. We were not taught * to notice such things.
2. I should not hope *.
3. You never can * tell.
4. When you arrived was * he not alive?
5. They are * still not married.
6. She * tried hard not to be attractive to men.
7. * By chance they didn't go out.
8. Not a single man could * understand the situation.
9. That's not a statement * to be repeated.
10. I won't give it to you for * anything.
Exercise 4. Give two negative answers to the following questions according to the model:
MODEL: Did you meet any of your friends at the party?
No, I didn't meet any of them.
No, I met none of them.
1. Are there any chairs in the room?
2. Has he/ does he have any relatives in Bucharest?
3. Did you write any letters to your parents?
4. Do you see any sheets of paper on my writing table?
5. Have you brought anyone with you?
6. Did you see anybody in the street?
7. Did he ask for anything to drink?
8. Did you go anywhere else besides London?
9. Have you visited anything else this summer?
10. Will you accept any suggestions for your paper?
11. Will they ask any questions after the speech tomorrow?
12. Did you see any of your colleagues at the festival?
13. Did you send any cards to your brothers?
14. Would you bring any friends at the party?

Exercise 5. Agree with a negative statement by using a special question tag with a falling
stress. No question mark is required.
MODEL: The students won't miss the lecture.
No, they won't, will they.
1. He hasn't eaten anything today.
2. They haven't caught a single fish.
3. Cuckoos don't build nests.
4. She hasn't won the prize.
5. It wasn't far from home.
6. His information is not always accurate.
7. He doesn't know the way very well.
8. He is not young any longer.
9. He doesn't understand English.
10. They didn't enjoy the party.
11. I didn't like him at all.
12. Nick can't read English books in the original.
13. She is not old enough for that.

Exercise 6. Replace the negative forms of the indefinite pronouns in the following
sentences according to the model:
1. He said he needed nobody to help him. 2. I have nothing against it. 3. I had nothing to
do with your problems. 4. Nobody knows the answer. 5. They will do nothing for
money. 6. Have you got nothing else to do? 7. He blamed nobody / no one for it. 8. She
likes nobody. 9. We had done nothing out of the ordinary.

Exercise 7. Change the following sentences into the negative by using a non-assertive or a
negative pronoun, according to the model:
1. There was some food left in the fridge. 2. I have some problems. 3. I need some help. 4.
The children made some noise. 5. We have some time to waste. 6. I trust someone. 7. There
was someone in the office. 8. She can find somebody who knows about it. 9. He found
something there. 10. Ellis saw something interesting at the supermarket. 11. Mother made
some cakes.

Exercise 8. Negate the verb in the following sentences:

1. She has to be there tomorrow. 2. They have to work on Saturday. 3. Mary has a new
dress. 4. I had a very good journey. 5. I have a lot of English lessons now. 6. Open the
door. 7. She used to play tennis when she was younger. 8. You must pay that fine. 9. You
may smoke in the child's room. 10. They will visit London this year. 11. That must be his
cousin over there. 12. You must see that film: it is extraordinary! 13. You must cross the
street. 14. She is sure about this.

Exercise 9. Give the negative counterparts of the sentences below; make all the necessary
changes paying attention to indefinite pronouns, conjunctions and adverbs:
1. He has already finished his task.
2. The shop is still open.
3. It is still raining.
4. She managed to find something appropriate somewhere else.
5. He could answer some of the questions on the subject.
6. There are some letters for me.
7. Some students have done well in the exam.
8. "I have spoken to the Dean". "So have I".
9. Peter knows some English and so does John.
10. Both of them took part in the competition.
11. John has also come.
12. Daddy drinks a lot of coffee now, and he always used to.
13. I nearly always have to do it myself.
14. It's a long time since we last saw them.
15. He lives a long way from his friend.
16. He did too many exercises yesterday.
17. John will arrive before midnight.
18. Both of them needed help.
19. He ate too many chocolates yesterday.
20. I will get there before noon.
21. Many people can sing and dance.
22. He is already an expert on the subject.

Exercise 10. Give the affirmative counter parts of the following negative sentences:
1. No one of that name ever workes in our office.
2. I have not got much spare time.
3. Scarcely anybody expected him to get there until midnight.
4. No one must smoke in the child's room.
5. She couldn't have been gone long.
6. John can't have done it.
7. Ann isn't young anymore.
8. Hardly does anyone know the truth.
9. The baby can neither walk nor talk.

Exercise 11. Rewrite the following using hardly or scarcely according to the model:
1. I have never been on friendly terms with Mary.
2. The engine driver could see almost nothing through the fog.
3. I did not quite know what she meant.
4. You can't expect her to smile to you after what you said.
5. He almost never comes to class on time.
6. I almost never agree to her.
7. He almost never pays us visits.
8. You can't expect me to believe you after all your lies.

Exercise 12. Make a negative statement by adding neither, nor or not... either. This
addition requires an inversion of the subject of the sentence and the auxiliary. The addition
can be used to complete somebody else's remark or one's own statement:
MODEL: "I don't like this play." "Neither do I/ Nor do I/ I don't like this play either/
You don't like this play and neither do I."
1. The food wasn't bad (drink).
2. They needn't pay for their entrance (you).
3. Harry didn't drink his tea in the morning (Mary).
4. Tom didn't find his fountain pen (his classmate).
5. I cannot believe him (she).
6. My brother never misses a tennis match (I).
7. He oughtn't to tease her about being fat (you).
8. I won't tell you anything (she).
9. He can't go there uninvited (I).
10. I couldn't remember his address (she).
11. I'm not a bad boy (my brother).
12. I have never had anything in common with him (my friend).
13. We won't go the seaside this summer (our friends).
14. We didn't go to the mountains last summer (our relatives).

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into Romanian:

1. Not a single word did Peggotty speak (Ch. Dickens).
2. Not a hint, however, did she drop about sending me to school (Ch. Bront).
3. Never had I seen a face so happy, sweet and radiant (J. Braine).
4. No where was she to be seen (Ch. Dickens).
5. Not one minute all that night did Ann sleep (J. Galsworthy).

Exercise 14. Emphasize the underlined words by placing them first in the sentence:

1. I didn't realize how ill he was until I visited him.

2. I wouldn't doubt his integrity for one moment.
3. Such a situation should never again be allowed to arise.
4. We dropped no hint about the state of her health.
5. The whole truth didn't become known until many years later.
6. The back of this radio should under no circumstances be removed unless the set has
first been disconnected at the mains.
7. I didn't realize how selfish she was until I needed her help.
8. I will never forget what you have done for me.

Exercise 15. Translate into English:

a.
1. n toat viaa mea n-am auzit un cuvnt bun de la el.
2. N-am vizitat niciodat Londra.
3. Niciodat n viaa mea n-am vzut un asemenea lucru.
4. Aa-ziii mei prieteni nu-mi vor da niciodat un sfat bun.
5. Nu mai plou.
6. Nu poi dect s-l admiri dac ajungi s-l cunoti.
7. Poi s nu mergi dac spui c te doare capul.
8. Nu poi s mergi dac aa a spus tata.
9. Dup tot ce s-a ntmplat, nu te mai poi atepta s-i mprumute cineva o carte,
nu-i aa?
10. Situaia nu-mi convine ctui de puin.
11. N-am putut termina lucrarea sptmna asta i nici sptmna viitoare n-o s am
timp s-o termin.
12. Pentru nimic n lume n-ar tri pe spinarea lor.
13. Nu i-am pus la ndoial vorbele nici un moment.
14. Nu mai vorbesc cu el pn nu-mi cere scuze.
15. Nu numai c a ntrziat dar a i uitat cartea acas.
16. Mi-a scris c nici la munte nu s-a putut duce, nici de nvat n-a avut timp.
17. N-am putut s traduc aceast propoziie i vd c nici voi.
18. Nici dup trei zile de convorbiri cele dou pri nu au reuit s ajung la un acord
comun.
19. Nici unul dintre noi nu i-a dat seama c nu mai avem timp s ajungem la gar.

b. 1. Octavian veni pe la cinci. Nu rspunse la nici una din ntrebrile Anei care ncerca
cu evident stngcie s-i abat gndurile n alt parte. Se dezbrc meticulos, fr s
arunce nici o privire spre Andrei. Andrei nu se putu opri s nu se gndeasc c tatl su
joac teatru. Cu o tresrire ciudat simi c nu-i mai pas de nimic. (Titus Popovici)
2. Prefectul i ntinse mna scurt, sobru. Nu tia ce s fac; era att de zpcit i avea
impresia c toat lumea i d seama de asta. Toate legturile cu Bucuretiul fuseser rupte
i echipele trimise pe traseu n-au fcut nimic pn acum. Habar n-avea ce msuri s ia.
(Titus Popovici)

Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences into English without using negative words:
1. Nu prea tiam unde m aflu. 2. Nu avem dect foarte puin timp la dispoziie. 3. Nu este
cu putin. 4. La serat ea aproape c nu a scos un cuvnt. 5. nchide ferestrele ca s nu
intre mutele. 6. Nu tiu ce s fac. 7. Arcaul nu lovi n int. 8. N-ai putea ajunge la timp
dect cu trenul de trei. 9. El este singurul care nu a fost de acord. 10. Nu mai vorbii att
de mult! 11. Nu am dect o sor. 12. Nu te superi dac deschid puin geamul? 13. Nu-i
trebuie dect un sfert de or ca s ajung la Universitate. 14. E mult vreme de cnd nu l-
am vzut. 15. Nu-mi place nici vinul nici berea. 16. Nici unul din ei nu a reuit la examen.
17. N-ai putea termina la timp dect folosind acest procedeu. 18. Nu mai facei atta
zgomot! 19. M tem s nu vin. 20. Nu mai ninge. 21. Nici unul nu trebuie s accepte dac
nu vrea. 22. Nimeni n-a spus nimic despre asta nimnui. 23. Nu mai vorbesc cu tine dac
nu-i ceri scuze. 24. N-am fost nici la film nici la teatru. 25. Nu s-a plns niciodat de
munca lui i nici nu cred c se va plnge vreodat. 26. Nimeni nu era acolo i nu se
ntmplase nimic deosebit.

III. INTERROGATION

Exercise 1. State whether the following sentences are true or false:

1. Interrogatives are a major sentence form which may or may not ask a T or F
question.
2. Interrogatives are recognisable by their inversion, wh-question word and / T or F
or rising intonation.
3. All interrogatives are written with a final question mark. T or F
4. Used as questions, most interrogatives do not require an answer. T or F
5. We can use interrogatives to make commands, invitations, offers and to T or F
show disbelief.
6. The form of a question never indicates whether we want a positive or a T or F
negative answer.
7. Wh-questions are open questions, with unlimited answers. T or F
8. Yes/no questions are closed questions with limited answers. T or F
9. Ordinary wh-questions normally carry a falling intonation. T or F
10. Yes/no questions normally carry a rising intonation. T or F

Exercise 2. Identify the functions of the following interrogatives as advice, command,

.disbelief, exclamation, social introduction, invitation, offer, request, statement or
suggestion.
1. A Peer of the Realm! Who'd have prophesied that ... in the days of yore?
2. I didn't know you kept a diary, Sillers?
3. Will you put the kettle on?
4. Won't you have some tea?
5. Shall we go back?
6. Can I give anyone a lift?
7. Isn't that smart?
8. Why don't you see a doctor?
9. Would you oblige me by removing your hat?
10. I don't know whether you've met Odo Stevens, Bernard?

Exercise 3. State whether the following sentences are true or false.

1. Wh-questions are the only open type of question. T or F
2. Inversion of subject and operator never occurs in wh-questions. T or F
3. Isn't that fun? (rising intonation) is a biased yes/no question. T or F
4. Isn't that fun? (falling intonation) is an exclamatory question. T or F
5. In tag-questions, a positive statement usually has a positive tag and vice- T or F
versa.
6. Echo questions repeat some or all of an earlier statement. T or F
7. Alternative questions are usually spoken with a final falling intonation. T or F
8. Response questions do not call for a reply. T or F
9. Declarative questions always have positive bias. T or F
10. Rhetorical questions have the function of forceful statements. T or F

Exercise 4. Change the following questions into indirect speech reflecting, wherever
possible, the type of question:
1. "Was not that the case?"
2. "You gave the price he demanded?"
3. "Aren't you clever?"
4. "I hated it and who wouldn't?"
5. "You're always doing it, aren't you?"
6. "Who did you see?"

Exercise 5. State the type of the questions below:

a. 1. "Can you lend me some money?" "What do you want it for?"
2. "Alec won't help." "And why won't he?"
3. Am I going to break the news to Mrs. Hopper or are you? he said. (D. du Maurier)
4. What train are you going home by?
5. Don't you want to eat something?
6. You won't mind my doing so, will you?
7. "I had the bill sent to your wife." "You had it sent to who?"
8. "I'm going to Bucharest tomorrow." "Are you, indeed?"
9. What glorious roses! Aren't they a picture?
10. "Have you finished?" "Have I finished, did you say?"
11. "He has married at last." "He's what?"
12. "I'll call on them personally." "But when, for heaven's sake?"
13. Are you leaving tonight?
14. How did you get here?
15. How many friends have you got there?
16. Where were you an hour ago?
17. "Is she angry with me?" "Angry with you?"

b. Higgins: "What's the matter? Anything wrong?"

Liza: "Nothing wrong - with you. I've won your bet for you, haven't I? I don't matter, I
suppose."
Higgins: "You won my bet! You! Presumptuous insect! I won it. What did you throw
those slippers at me for?"
Liza: "Because I wanted to smash your face. You thank God it's all over, and that you
can throw me back again in the gutter, do you?" (G. B. Shaw)

Exercise 6. Ask a question about the given topic:

Example: age - How old are you?
name; spelling of name; date of birth; weather; other languages; transportation to school;
spare time activities and interest.

Exercise 7. Make a yes/no question for each of the sentences below according to the
model:
MODEL: They can stay there.
Can they stay there?

1. She stays there. 2. He's staying there. 3. She will stay there. 4. She's going to stay
there. 5. They stayed there. 6. They should stay there. 7. John has stayed there.

Exercise 8. Make questions for the given answers:

MODEL: Does he live in London? Yes, he lives in London.
1. ...Yes, she took the bus. 2. ...Yes, he wants to come. 3. ...Yes, John and Steve went
home. 4. ...Yes, she can speak English. 5. ...Yes, they were invited to the party. 6. ...Yes, I
have met his wife. 7. ...Yes, I heard the news broadcast. 8. ...Yes, I have read today's paper.
9. ...Yes, I would like to go on a picnic. 10. ...No, I'm not waiting for Jane. 11. ...No, I
didn't answer all the questions.

Exercise 9. Form special questions using who, what, why, etc. based on the following
sentences:
1. Yesterday Mary was late for school because it was raining hard. (when, who, why)
2. My brother is very fond of thrillers because he says they read easily. (who, what, why)
3. I accept the invitation most gladely because the soloist will play beautifully at the
concert tomorrow. (what, how, why, where, when)
4. The play reads better than it acts. (what, how)
5. My girlfriend, whom I'm going to marry, says women's clothes cost hundreds of
dollars. (who, which, what, how much)

Exercise 10. Ask questions to which the following statements might be the answer. The
point of the question is underlined:
1. I'm buying this book for my brother.
2. She is a very pretty woman.
3. I have known him since 1970.
4. I think that he did it.
5. I gave him the book.
6. He comes to London about once a month.
7. My room is four metres by five.
8. This magnifying glass is for counting stamp perforations.
9. Mary lives about five miles away.
10. He fell about fifty feet down the mountain.
11. They have postponed the trip because of the weather.
12. The bridge is built of reinforced concrete.
13. He earns about twenty five pounds a week.
14. It takes four hours to get there.
15. "Deceitful" means dishonest.
16. He went this way, not that way.
17. These are John's books.
18. He is friendly, generous and kind-hearted .
19. He is tall, thin and has short black hair.
20. I like rock music.
21. I want the felt-tip pen not the ballpoint.
22. He is looking for a new job.
23. The weather is hot in July.
24. The child is playing in the park.
25. I visit him once a week.

Exercise 11. Turn the following sentences into the interrogative. Pay attention to the
change of some and its compounds:
1. John was conscious that someone was there.
2. He lent his book to someone.
3. Somebody told him that there was to be a race.
4. Bertram met someone who told him something about the meeting.
5. I want some more coffee, please.
6. The doctor said that you must take some rest.
7. There is something I can do about it.
8. There was someone at home when he called.
9. I have dropped my pencil somewhere on the floor.
10. He will go to the hospital with someone.
11. My friend used to lend me some of his best novels.

Exercise 12. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of have.
1. How many sides ... a pentagon?
2. You ... a good journey yesterday?
3. You ... children?
4. English people always .... roast beef for lunch?
5. ... you a match on you?
6. How did you damage your car? ... you an accident?
7. What time ... you breakfast?

Exercise 13. Add suitable question tags to the following statements:

1. You found the lost book, ...? 2. You don't think we have lost our way, ...? 3. That is your
book, ...? 4. Those are your books, ...? 5. They will never make it, ...? 6. Nothing went
wrong, ...? 7. Let's start earlier, ...? 8. Don't stay in the draught, ...? 9. Everything went
according to our plan, ...? 10. Everybody left early, ...? 11. Everything seems to have gone
wrong, ...? 12. Nobody liked the idea, ....? 13. Anyone can go in for examination, ...? 14.
There is a meeting tonight, ...? 15. She hardly ever looks at me nowadays, ...? 16. No one
thought of it before, ...? 17. Try and get there in time, ...? 18. I'm supposed to be there
tonight, ...? 19. Don't worry about that, ...? 20. Switch off the television set, please, ...? 21.
He used to write poems, ...? 22. You have to finish before ten, ...?
Exercise 14. Use question tags to express sarcasm or to make incredulous comments on the
statements below:
MODEL: Do as I say, I'm giving orders here.
Oh, you are, are you?
1. I'd rather give up the whole project than take you as partner.
2. We all think you are utterly wrong.
3. I'm awfully sorry.
4. We want you to do things our way.
5. I will never accept it.
6. I don't believe a word you say.
7. There was nothing else I could do, really.

Exercise 15. Rewrite the following sentences using the form with else:
1. For what other reason would he fear the police?
2. What other person asked you that question?
3. In what other way could I make him understand?
4. If this isn't yours what other person's can it be?
5. At what other time could I do it?
6. For what other purpose could I use this?

Exercise 16 .
a. Change the sentences below using more polite forms like would you mind/ do you
mind.
1. Lend me some money! 2. Read the instructions! 3. Tell Robert I wish to see him. 4. Ask
Helen to come to my office! 5. Ring me back this afternoon! 6. Come back in an hour's
time!

b. Replace the direct request by forms containing Do you mind if:

1. May I borrow your dictionary for a short while? 2. May I call on you sometime later in
the week? 3. May I ask you a question? 4. May I interrupt you? 5. May I seat here and wait
for you?

Exercise 17. Convert the following questions into indirect questions:

1. When does the performance begin? (I don't know)
2. Is the book worth reading? (I wonder)
3. Did he come on Monday or on Tuesday? (I don't remember)
4. Why didn't he keep his appointment? (tell me)
5. What time did John come back yesterday? (Mary wondered)
6. Who was that man in old-fashioned clothes? (My friend couldn't recognize)
7. When are we going to start on our trip? (the students wonder)
8. Could you manage it or not? (the old friend inquired)
9. What are they going to do with me? (Looking at the boys and at Fagin, Oliver Twist
wondered)
10. When did you buy this fancy car? (he asked)
11. How old is she? (my friend asked)

Exercise 18. Translate the following sentences into English. Pay attention to the place of
some prepositions in interrogative sentences in formal versus colloquial style:
a. 1. Ce-ai fcut toat dup-amiaza? 2. N-ai fi vrut s vii i tu cu noi? 3. Avei un foc? 4.
Cui i-ai dat crile? 5. De unde vii? 6. Oare unde le pot gsi? 7. S le iau sau s nu le iau?
8. Hai s facem o plimbare, vrei? 9. "Drag, nu vorbi aa. Te faci de rs." "Zu?" 10. "N-o
s-o fac aa cum trebuie." "Crezi?" 11. S-a i terminat lecia? 12. Nu-i aa c am avut
dreptate? 13. Cui aparin aceste versuri? 14. Cror studeni le-a explicat aceste exerciii?
15. Cui mprumutase Jane dicionarul cnd i l-am cerut? 16. Despre cine discut prietenii
ti att de aprins? 17. n ce ncurctur ai intrat? 18. Cu cine vorbeti ore n ir la
telefon? 19. Cu ce tren vei pleca sptmna viitoare? 20. Cu cine te-ai mprietenit n
tabr i cui i vei scrie primul? 21. De la cine ai primit scrisoarea mult ateptat? 22. De
cine depinde aprobarea acestei cereri? 23. La ce or s-a anunat decolarea avionului? 24.
Pe care raft ai pus cartea? 25. Pe care dintre studeni s-i trimitem la concursul naional de
traduceri? 26. Pentru ce fel de oameni te zbai tu s obii aprobarea? 27. Pentru ce a fcut
logodnicul tu tot circul sta? 28. Pentru cine ai cumprat jucriile acestea? 29. Din ce
beau copiii ap? 30. La ce concluzie ai ajuns dup ce ai citit romanul mpratul mutelor
de William Golding? 31. De la cine ai cumprat telefonul? 32. Mergi la coal nu-i aa?
33. Eti att de bun s-mi uzi florile ct sunt plecat? 34. N-ai mncat niciodat caviar,
nu-i aa?

b.
1. "Asta-i tare curios!" zise el scuturnd din cap. "Acas n-a venit?" Vitoria nl din
umeri, jignit de ntrebare. "Poate-i la iernat cu oile." "De ce nu mi-a trimis rva? De ce nu a
venit nici un fel de tire?" strig cu nduf munteanca. "Eu de unde pot ti?" (M.
Sadoveanu)
2. i venea s se opreasc, s fptuiasc ceva nostim, n desvrit contradicie cu
situaia lui social. De pild, s sune la o intrare i s ntrebe dac nu st acolo domnul
Oreste P. - care nu st nicieri cci nu exist. La rspunsul negativ s se retrag cu
mirare i nedumerire: "Nu-i aici numrul 64?" "Ba da!" "Hm! Atunci, cum se face?"
(M. Sadoveanu)
3. Bunicul st pe prisp. Se gndete. La ce se gndete? La nimic. Numr florile care
cad... "Tat moule, zice fetia, de ce zboar psrile?" "Fiin'c au aripi, rspunde
btrnul." "Pi raele n-au aripi? De ce nu zboar?" "Zboar, zice biatul, dar pe jos."
(B. S. Delavrancea)
4. I-am srit de gt i l-am strns n brae ifonndu-i costumul de tweed cu carouri i
lsndu-l cu gura cscat. "Tu eti, Polifem?" i-am strigat, dup ce mi-am desprins
braele din jurul umerilor lui. "Unde ai fost atta vreme? Vai, ct te-am cutat!"
(Platon Pardu)

IV. IMPERATIVES

Exercise 1. State whether the following sentences are true or false:

1.Imperatives are one of the four forms of simple sentences in English. T or F
2. We form the imperative with the verb base usually without a subject. T or F
3.The only function of the imperative is to give commands. T or F
4. To avoid ambiguity or to give emphasis we can include the subject. T or F
5. The subject is always the addressee in the singular. T or F
6. The subject can be placed in front or end position. T or F
7. We negate imperatives with dont or negative pronouns or adverbs. T or F
8. To make the imperative emphatic, we can add do to the subject. T or F
9. In Indirect Speech the imperative takes the to infinitive pattern. T or F
10. We can also report imperatives using a that clause. T or F

Exercise 2. Here are ten quotations from The Watchers on the Shore by Stan Barstow. All
are imperatives, but none has the function of giving a command. Suggest the function of
each sentence:
1. Excuse me, Miss Pennyman.
2. Let me help you with this lot, Albert.
3. Come on, lets go help ourselves.
4. Dont say anything to my mother or anybody, will you?
5. Take it easy.
6. Dont forget to put your clocks back.
7. Dont take any notice of your mother, Vic.
8. Here, listen to this.
9. Give my love to Yorkshire.
10. Go on with you.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences in two different indirect ways:

1. Stop talking, she told us.
2. I suggested, Let them have a go.
3. Stop there, I shouted.
4. Do invite Charles, she pleaded.
5. Look what youre doing!
6. Dont go away, I said to them.
7. The users manual says, Oil the spindle frequently.
8. Nobody move, he warned.
9. You just keep your big mouth shut, he said to me.
 10. Do as you please!

Exercise 4. Express these commands more politely. Use more variants:

1. Pass me the salad! 2. Dont sit there! 3. Ring me up tonight! 4. Drive carefully! 5. Feed
the cat! 6. Sign here! 7. Dont smoke in little Toms room! 8. Show me your passport!

V. EXCLAMATORY

Exercise 1. Change the following statements into exclamations introduced by what or how:
1.She looks very well. 2.The book is very interesting. 3.The poem is wonderful. 4.John
is an extraordinary man. 5.She was wearing a lovely green dress at the party. 6.He
played the piano beautifully. 7.It was foolish of my brother to make such a mistake.
8.Pete is running very fast. 9.It is easy for you to say such a thing. 10.Ellen is pretty.
11.The party is very well organised. 12. She got good marks.

Exercise 2. Make up exclamatory sentences of your own according to the following

formulae:
1. What + NP + S + V !
2. How +A/ Adv + S + V !
3. Here / there + S (= personal pronoun) + V!
4. Here / there + V + S (= noun)!

Exercise 3. Form exclamatory sentences:

1. The problem is very difficult. 2. You look healthy after your vacation. 3. Mike is an
absent-minded boy. 4. They had an awful morning. 5. She solves the problems quickly. 6.
This is a hot day. 7. She is an affectionate mother.

Exercise 4. From a given affirmative statement, construct possible related interrogative,

negative, imperative and exclamatory sentences. Make the necessary changes.
1. You came early. 2 You brought a nice present for your sister. 3. You are a good boy, Paul.
4. He solved the problems efficiently. 5. She is smart. 6. They bought a lovely house. 7.
Nick came up with an interesting project.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Ce minunat lucru! 2. Ct de frumos vorbete! 3. Ce furtun! 4. Ce idee strlucit! 5. Ce
grele sunt bagajele! 6. Numai dac ar fi posibil! 7. n nici un caz s nu accepi!

VI. THE SUBJECT

Exercise 1. Point out the subject in the following sentences and state by what part of
speech it is expressed:
1. Old Gordon and Oliver were close friends and neighbours.
2. The brandy and soda was cool and comforting.
3. The brandy and the soda have not cooled as yet; they are still in the fridge.
4. The two walked in silence.
5. One of the clerks entered with a sheaf of documents.
6. It was bitterly cold; the wind cut like a knife.
7. One should do ones duty.
8. On the shore there was a group of fishermen.
9. The stronger among the girls ran about and engaged in active games.
10. Neither she nor any of her family had ever been to visit me.
11. It was time for him to be off.
12. Perhaps its no use my mentioning it at present.
13. There followed a list of things to ask.
14. My answering in the affirmative gave him great satisfaction.
15. He isnt likely to come.
16. To talk of those merry school-days makes me young again.
17. Playing ball and talking about cars are his chief interests.
18. There are no matches left in the box.
19. Whoever did that will be punished.

Exercise 2. Identify the constituent which realizes the subject function in each of the
following sentences:
 1. The light of a torch flickered.
2. It is sometimes argued that there is no real progress.
3. The wind coming down from the snowfields above woke us every night as we lay in
our tent.
4. There were about half a dozen men seated in the bar.
5. It was my great good fortune to meet him before he died.
6. There is no way of knowing what goes on in their minds.
7. Somebody close the door!
8. You dont say it!

Exercise 3. Analyse the subjects in the following text and translate it into Romanian:
1. Wasnt it late? she asked. They hadnt come home yet. He flicked his watch carelessly
open. But it was only just past seven. He held his watch open for a moment, deciding that
he would tell her what he had felt on the terrace. To begin with, it was not reasonable to be
so nervous. Andrew could look after himself. Then, he wanted to tell her that when he was
walking on the terrace just now here he became uncomfortable, as if he were breaking
into that solitude, that aloofness, that remoteness of hers... But she passed him. What had
he wanted to tell her, she asked, thinking it was about going to the Lighthouse. (Virginia
Woolf To the Lighthouse)

Exercise 4. State with what meaning the pronouns one, we, they and you are used in the
function of the subject:
1. One should be careful when crossing the road.
2. One must always keep ones word.
3. One must do ones duty under any circumstance.
4. One is always pleased to meet old friends.
5. We must not allow children to have their own way.
6. We often see other peoples faults without seeing our own.
7. We must spare the old.
8. You never know where to find that man.
9. You cannot do different kinds of work at the same time.
10. They say the weather will change soon.
11. They drink exquisite tea in England.
12. They say the conference will be put off for a month.

Exercise 5. Point out the complex subject in the following sentences:

1. These islands are said to have been discovered as early as 1700.
2. I just hapened to be passing, so I dropped in.
3. She was never known to have done a good thing on behalf of anybody.
4. He appears to be very strong.
5. At the same time the carriage was heard rolling up the gravel-walk.
6. For her to undertake such a voyage is sheer madness.

Exercise 6. Substitute complex constructions for the subordinate subject clauses:

MODEL: It is known that she speaks English well.
She is known to speak English well.
1. It is reported that the football match will take place on May 15 th .
2. It is supposed that the playwright is working at another comedy.
3. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young.
4. It was understood that the parties had come to an agreement.
5. It is reported that the flood has not caused much damage to the crop.
6. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver.
7. It seems that you dont approve of the idea.
8. It proved that my predictions were correct.
9. It is likely that they will maintain close contacts with the manufacturers.
10. It appears that the goods were not properly packed.
11. It is expected that highly mechanized and automated working processes will be
introduced in those plants.
12. It is known that many our machines-tools surpass some foreign models in
efficiency and convenience in operation.
13. It was necessary that some changes should take place.
 14. It is advisable that they shouldnt leave so late.
15. It is difficult that we should finish this project in time.
16. It is important that our delegates should have been discussing all matters
thoroughly.

Exercise 7. Change the sentences including an ing form into equivalent sentences by
using it in subject position. Analyze the role of it and the type of subject it represents:
1. Going to bed is highly advisable.
2. Meeting the same people so often isnt amusing.
3. Finding synonyms for these words was easy.
4. Learning new things is always interesting.
5. Smoking so many cigarettes a day is not good for your health.
6. Arguing is advisable if you are convinced of the correctness of your point of view.
7. Calling a meeting tomorrow is not a bad idea.

Exercise 8. Extrapose the subject in the following clauses:

1. That Pam is seeking divorce surprised us.
2. To leave without saying goodbye was bad manners, really.
3. Who she goes out with doesnt interest me.
4. To swim in a cold lake is not my idea of fun.
5. That recognizing syntactic categories at first sight is not easy is obvious.

Exercise 9. State the nature of the it subjects below:

1. I dont much like the heat. Oh, I do. I find it stimulating.
2. It was but natural that she should be angry.
3. It was yesterday that they came.
4. At nine oclock the next day I went out. It was cold and rainy. At the first corner, I
came upon a man who seemed strangely familiar. It was uncle Caesar, an old negro
who wore the most remarkable coat that I had ever see. It was long and had been
grey. But rain and sun had changed it that it was impossible to name the colour.
(O. Henry)

Exercise 10. Translate into Romanian:

1. There comes John! There he comes! 2. Theres the bell ringing. 3. There he goes
grumbling again. 4. Post this letter for me, there is a good boy! 5. There soon appeared,
pausing in the doorway a grey-haired man. 6. Once upon a time, in a very small country
town... there lived a little man named Nathaniel Pipkins.

Exercise 11. Point out the difference in form and meaning between a and b.
1. a. There is a man in the garden.
1. b. Who else is there to help? There is the man in the garden.
2. a. There was an accident caused by the truck drivers carelessness.
2. b. There is the accident.
3. a. There was an old photo, two pencils and a rubber in the bag.
3.b. What is there in the bag? Theres the old photo, the pencils and the rubber.

Exercise 12. Paraphrase the following sentences using introductory there:

MODEL: Something must be wrong. - There must be something wrong.
1. Someone to see you is outside.
2. Nothing is funnier than a kitten with a string.
3. A building was torn down on main street.
4. Is anything bothering you?
5. Some stores are staying open all night, arent there?
6. Five men have been working on the project.
7. A greater dramatist has never existed.
8. Does anyone not understand?
9. I could do nothing.

Exercise 13. Fill in the blancks with it or there. Mention the roles of it and there.
1. ....... is three miles to the station. 2. ......... is a long time since I gave up smoking.
3. ..... is time to finish the cleaning before we go. 4. ....... is no place like home. 5. Dont
eat that, ...... is a poisonous mushroom; .... are many of them in these parts. 6. ..... is a
shame that even today ...... are so many unkempt gardens around. 7. ...... is something
fishy going on there and ....... is your job to find out what. 8. ...... was a long time before I
got an answer. Then, one day a letter arrived well, ...... was not really a letter, for ......
was only one sentence on the paper. 9. ..... was a hotel in the village so we decided to stay
there. ..... was a charming village and I was very happy there, but my children were bored
because ..... was nothing to do in the evenings.

Exercise 14. Apply the following statements to new subjects (either in the affirmative or in
the negative).
MODEL: He must go. So must the others.
I have not read the book. Nor/neither have we.
1. You can come whenever you like.
2. I like poems by Dylan Thomas.
3. She hasnt finished her work yet.
4. You shouldnt smoke so much.
5. She didnt meet him yesterday.
6. I dont want to interfere.
7. Nick wrote me a letter.
8. She prefers to go by plane.
9. He doesnt like Janes attitude.

Exercise 15. Disambiguate the following sentences:

1. Visiting relatives can be boring. 2. Flying planes can be dangerous. 3. Washing
machines will be unnecessary in the future. 4. The lamb was too hot to eat. 5. The shooting
of the hunters surprised the people. 6. What bothered Henry was being investigated by the
police.

Exercise 16. Analyse the subjects in the sentences below in terms of thematic roles:
1. John opened the door. 2. Chicago is windy. 3. Windows break easily. 4. Paper tears
instantly. 5. Flowers sell quickly. 6. The door was opened by the janitor. 7. The stone
moved. 8. The bed has not been slept in for several nights.

Exercise 17. Translate into English:

a. 1. Nu se pot face dou lucruri n acelai timp. 2. Se crede c recolta de anul acesta va fi
bun. 3. Deseori observm greelile altora n loc s le vedem pe ale noastre. 4. Trebuie s
fii atent cnd conduci pe o strad aa de aglomerat. 5. Se recomand o lectur mai atent
a prefeei acestei cri. 6. S-a anunat o schimbare brusc a vremii la noi n ar. 7. Dac
pacientului nu-i este mai bine la noapte, mine diminea se va trimite dup doctor. 8. S-a
ajuns la un acord dup ndelungi discuii. 9. Turitilor li s-a artat oraul i li s-a vorbit
despre viaa cultural a acestui vechi inut. 10. Nu i s-a vorbit toat seara. 11. i se va
spune ce s faci.
b.1. Fram s-a nscut noaptea iar noaptea dureaz acolo o jumtate de an. O jumtate de an
nu mai rsare soarele. Sclipesc numai stelele pe cerul ngheat i cteodat luna. Dar de
cele mai multe ori domnete o bezn adnc, fiindc luna i stelele sunt acoperite de nori.
(Cezar Petrescu)
2. Fram era de neneles n aceast sear. Prea c a uitat unde se afl. Prea c a uitat ce
ateapt lumea de la el. Adineauri, cnd a ridicat perdeaua de catifea roie mai credea c
totul are s fie ca nainte. (Cezar Petrescu)
3. Cnd Pavel avea doi ani, izbucni rzboiul. La nceput, oamenii nu-i ddeau seama
despre ce e vorba. Se auzea c srbii l-ar fi omort pe singurul fecior al mpratului i pe
nevast-sa. ncepur s soseasc ordinele de chemare i trupele n haine cenuii pornir
spre front. (Titus Popovici)

VII. THE PREDICATE

Exercise 1. State the types of predicates in the sentences below:
1. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. (John Keats)
2. How can you say such a thing?
3. The path grew steep and the man climbed slowly.
4. He soon came to realize how right his parents had been.
 5. It must be getting late he said. Whats the time?
6. Tom caught sight of something in the water. (G. Eliot)
7. After a while they began talking over their plans.
8. Mister Copperfield was very kind to me, and took a great deal of notice of me and
paid me a good deal of attention and at last proposed to me. (Ch. Dickens)
9. I ran across John on his way to the office.
10. That boring man called again this morning but I had my sister tell him I was out.
11. Lucy and I have always got on well together.
12. Now, look here, why dont you let me bring you a cup of coffee, then, when it cools
down a little maybe we can all go for a walk.
13. Jane is in her room.
14. He has been working hard and he is exhausted.
15. The wallet is here.

Exercise 2. State whether the compound predicates in the following sentences are:
nominal, modal or aspectual:
1. Ive ceased going up there quite a long time ago.
2. You must not go there all by yourself at this time of night.
3. Now Ive got you here I dont feel so lonely any more.
4. You must have known that Jane had gone.
5. Have you seen the change in him, how thin he has become?
6. He stopped talking all of a sudden.
7. He began asking about my new colleagues, what they were like, what I thought of
them.

Exercise 3. Indicate whether the predicate in each sentence is expressed by: an

intransitive, a transitive or a link-verb:
1. The tomatoes are growing well. Hes growing tomatoes.
2. Trollopes novels read easily. Tom read all Trollopes novels last year.
3. The actress slowly turned towards the audience.Orson turned the doorknob very
slowly. The witness turned pale during the cross examination.
4. It was his best suit and it was becoming uncomfortably tight. What a lovely hat!
Isnt it becoming! In the centre of the room, as became host, stood the head of the
family, old Jolyon himself. (J. Galsworthy)

Exercise 4. Comment on the use and the meaning of the given verb in the sentences of
every group:
TO BE
1. Who is that? It is I/me. Arent you ready yet? Its time you were. Today is Monday.
When is your birthday? The station is a mile away. Hes twelve years old. What are
you going to be when you grow up?
2. I shall be seing him soon. What have you been doing this week? I am to inform you
that you have won the big prize of the competition. They are to be married in May.
If I were to tell you what would happen? Every member of the party was to pay his
own expenses. At what time am I to be there?
3. There were six of us. He is the greatest man that ever was. For there to be life there
must be air and water. Dont be long. Let them be. He is off to London. I have been
to see my uncle. Have you ever been to Scotland? Has the postman been?
TO HAVE
1. Have you done it? I shall have done it by next week. You ought to have done. Had I
known I should not have worried.
2. How many days has June? Has the house got a good garden? Has she blue eyes or
brown eyes? He hasnt got a good memory for poetry. What kind of holiday have
you in mind? I wont have such conduct. I wont have you say such things about an
innocent man. Did she have the opportunity of practising her English?
3. Do you often have to go to the dentists? Have you got to go to the dentists today?
The children dont have to go to school in the afternoon, do they? You havent got
to go to school today, have you? Did you have to leave early? These shoes will have
to be repaired. Do you have much time for reading? Have you got time to come
with me to my tailors?
4. Do you have tea or coffee for breakfast? What shall we have for dinner? Let me
have a try. We didnt have much difficulty. Did you have a good holiday? Youd
better have your bad tooth taken out.
TO DO
1. He did not go. Thats exactly what he did say. Does he agree to it? So hard did they
work that they forgot all about their rest. Not only did they promise to help but
personally came down to see about the matter. Do tell me what happened.
2. She plays the piano better than she did. He lives in Bucharest, doesnt he? She
doesnt speak French; nor does her sister. Who broke the window? I did.
3. What are you doing now? What shall I do next? I will do what I can. Whats done
cannot be undone. Its easier said than done. Well begun is half done. When in
Rome do as the Romans do. You would do well to take the doctors advice. She is
doing her homework now. I have a lot of correspondence; I shall do my best to
finish it by noon. Do your duty!

Exercise 5. Analyse the nominal predicates in the following sentences:

1. The day was overcast and utterly still.
2. They are our best experts in the field.
3. It is simply out of the question.
4. Outside it was getting dark.
5. Days are getting shorter already.
6. Trees have turned yellow.
7. It was growing dark and foggy and beginning to rain too.
8. He seems terribly upset.
9. He did not seem in the least tired.
10. The night had seemed strangely silent.
11. This cloth feels soft and smooth like a velvet.
12. Dont you feel tired of so much talking?
13. Whatever she cooks always smells tasty and appetizing.
14. Children, you must keep quiet when father is working.
15. There will certainly be a day when your dreams will come true.

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with one of the following link verbs - become, fall, get, go,
grow, keep, remain, run, turn:
1. The leaves ....... red in autumn.
2. The weather gradually ....... colder and colder.
3. Within a few years he ....... quite famous.
4. My shoe lace has ...... undone.
5. The label has ....... unstuck.
6. The bread ......... stale.
7. Hurry up! Its ...... late.
8. This small river ........ dry every summer.
9. They came back before it ......... dark.
10. When I entered they all ......... silent.
11. The ship ........ smaller and smaller in the distance.
12. I can stand the strain no longer, I ............ mad if it goes on like this.
13. At my cry he ........... as pale as death.
14. The milk ........... sour.
15. Her dreams have ............ true.
16. How did you ............ acquainted?
17. Many men ....... bald as they grow old.
18. The child is ......... thinner.
19. Fruit quickly ............... rotten in hot weather.
20. She ............. pale when she heard the bad news.
21. He always ......... angry when he doesnt find his glasses.
22. This man cant see; he ........ blind in a bomb explosion during the war.

Exercise 7. Analyse the predicates expressed by verbal idioms. Translate the sentences into
Romanian:
1. It goes without saying that he is a very sincere man.
2. You certainly put your foot into it when you told him that you did not like poetry.
3. Dont argue with him any longer; you are only wasting your breath.
4. Sit here with us; we can move over and make room for you on this sofa.
5. He beats about the bush so much that no one knows exactly what he wants.
6. He once played a mean trick on John and now John wants to get even with him.
 7. She has her heart set on taking the trip.
8. They are ready to meet us half way in the matter of prices.
9. What you say does not make sense to me.
10. She talks so much that she gets on my nerves.
11. If you have time drop me a line now and then while you are around.
12. He takes pains with everything that he does.
13. He promised to keep in touch with us while he was abroad.
14. Keep an eye on my suitcase while I buy my ticket.
15. It stands to reason that if he never prepares his lessons he is not going to make
good progress.
16. She always wants to have her own way, but this time, for a change, she is going to
do what I say.
17. It is very easy to find fault with the work of others.
18. Excuse me for not introducing you to Kate; I took it for granted that you two knew
each other.
19. What are the two boys up to?
20. Not having had any previous experience, John doesnt stand a chance of getting
that job.
21. He took advantage of their kindness and stayed a whole month without paying
them anything.

Exercise 8. Translate into English:

b. 1. Poi gndi ce vrei, dar nu trebuie s-i faci griji n legtur cu el.
2. E n afar de orice ndoial c ei au o ans mai mare de ctig datorit
coeziunii echipei.
3. Ar trebui s ai mai mult nelegere fa de ei; la urma urmei, sunt nc
nceptori.
4. De ndat ce am intrat n Predeal a nceput s ning.
5. Continu s explice celor de fa ceea ce se ntmplase, dar i ddu repede
seama c povestea lui era att de stranie nct puini i vor da crezare.
6. ncetul cu ncetul ajunseser cu toii s neleag avantajele unei iniiative att
de preioase.
7. Adevrul e c au luat-o la fug cnd au auzit nite zgomote stranii venind dintr-
o parte mai ntunecoas a pdurii.
c. 1. Dei n ultima vreme orbise aproape de tot, btrna se uit spre cer, ncercnd
s-i dea seama dac nu cumva are s plou.
- Mam, stai acas, ncerc s-o conving Emilia, dar Ana se prefcu c n-o
aude. (Titus Popovici)
2. Au ajuns seara la hanul domnului Vasiliu. Vitoria tia c acolo are s gseasc
ceva. ntr-adevr a gsit. (Mihail Sadoveanu)
3. A dori s-l vd imediat, repet autoritar. mi faci un mare serviciu dac m
conduci n camera lui. Doarme. A aipit adineaori. N-a dormit toat noaptea. Ar
fi o crim s-l deteptm. ns peste o or se deteapt singur. De aceea v invit n
camera noastr s-l ateptai. Vei face cunotin cu civa artiti. Radu Coma
nu avu trie s refuze. (Cezar Petrescu)

Exercise 9. In the nominal predicates below specify the parts of speech the predicatives are
expressed by:
1. They are getting old. 2. He seems terribly ill. 3. He is our teacher. 4. What are these? 5.
I feel so tired! 6. We are four. 7. The problem is that he hasnt come. 8. This book is for
your brother. 9. She has become a strong woman. 10. The fact was that he would arrive the
next day. 11. Its out of the question! 12. I am to report to the manager soon. 13. How
wonderful it is! 14. Seeing is believing. 15. Mr. Bart is to inform you every week. 16. He
may turn an excellent specialist. 17. She seemed impressed.

VIII. SUBJECT VERB CONCORD

Exercise 1. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets, paying attention to the agreement
between the subject (expressed by pronouns) and the predicate:
1. Nobody in my family (have) ever dreamt of such a thing.
2. Everyone in the office (like) her.
3. (Do) either of you know anything about him?
4. None of them (like) fried chicken.
 5. (Be) anyone interested in this?
6. Neither of the stores (be) open on Saturday afternoon.
7. Nobody in the group (know) about this.
8. Every one of the drivers (check) the brakes before starting the race.
9. Each of the students (try) to give a good answer.
10. (Do) either of you meet him at the station?
11. Each of them (type) forty words a minute.

Exercise 2. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form by observing the agreement
between the subject and the predicate:
1. Phonetics (be) very important when learning a foreign language.
2. The local police (have) helped the firemen to put out the fire.
3. (Be) mathematics your favorite subject?
4. Fortunately, all the crew (be) saved.
5. The poultry (be) fed three times a day.
6. The Romanian army (have) fought for the countrys independence.
7. The U.S.A. (have) Washington as the capital.
8. The Sketches by J. K. Jerome (be) on sale in any bookshop.
9. The Times (not publish) the strip cartoons that are common in many other papers.
10. Nearly all the class (be) given good marks.
11. Our new committee (consist) of several members.
12. Five dollars (be) too much to pay for a used book.
13. Three weeks (be) no time at all when you spend your vacation in such pleasant
surroundings.
14. The class of 1973 (request) your presence at a reception to be given Thursday, June
3, at eight oclock.

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form:

1. A knowledge of rules (help) you use English correctly.
2. A bunch of fresh flowers (be) on his desk.
3. The kind of western movies that I see these days (bore) me.
4. Bread and butter (be) usually served for breakfast.
5. The writer and the editor-in-chief (have) just entered the room.
6. Mary and Tom (tease) my sister about being so fat.
7. He is warmest admirer and severest critic (be) his wife.
8. There (be) a table and six chairs in that room.
9. Because of heavy rains there (be) more grass and flowers than usual at this time of
the year.
10. When I met him at the railway station, John together with his friends (be) leaning
for London.
11. The first sight of the boulevard with its bright colours (impress) a visitor.
12. My friend, along with two of his brothers, often (go) for a walk on Sunday
mornings.
13. My friends, as well as myself (be) ready to help you.
14. (Be) he or his colleagues at the lecture last night?
15. Either my father or my mother (accompany) my younger brother.
16. Every evening its either Jane or her sister that (do) the dishes.
17. Either Mary or her parents (be) to entertain the guests.
18. Neither the dictionnary not the newspaper (belong) to me.
19. Neither Mr. Evans nor his secretaries (answer) the phone.
20. Neither expensive lotions nor frequent massaging (prove) successfull in the
treatment of baldness.
21. Neither the doctor nor the nurse (be) here on Sunday.
22. Neither he nor I (be) guilty.
23. John or Tom (be) paying the bill.
24. (Be) you or I supposed to accompany him to the station?
25. Correct spelling, in addition to usage of verbs (be) also essential to good writing.
26. Neither you nor I (have) been invited to her birthday party.

Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences paying attention to the agreement between
the subject and the predicate:
1. The heavy rains in addition to the colds .............. 2. The cat together with the
kittens .......... . 3. The driver as well as his wife .................... . 4. Everyone in the family,
including my parents .................... . 5. The beautiful design, in addition to the
performance of the car ................ . 6. An interest in children, together with a sense of
humour ................. . 7. The President, together with his advisers ...................... .

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the auxiliary to do:
1. ............... the scissors belong to you?
2. ................. either of them want to join us?
3. ................. any of these problems bother him?
4. ................. any of you play the piano?
5. .................. neither of these dresses suit you?
Exercise 6. Use the proper form of the verb in brackets:
1. What (be) the news? 2. The police (be) investigating the crime. 3. The team (consist) of
six members. 4. The crew (be) standing in different parts of the ship. 5. Two weeks study
for this exam (be) not enough. 6. Each of them (come) here every day. 7. Everybody (be)
here. 8. The red and black blancket (be) washed today. 9. Either they or I (be) going to help
you. 10. I as well as my friends (be) ready to start. 11. Neither of you (be) right. 12.
Neither my parents nor my brother (be) at home last evening. 13. Larry and I (be) both
here. 14. A glas of wine or a cup of coffee (be) very enjoyable now. 15. A number of
students (be) absent yesterday. 16. A variety of questions (be) asked to him. 17. There (be)
two black sheep in the field.

Exercise 7. Translate into English:

1. Vetile sunt proaste. 2. Cletele este n sertarul de sus al dulapului. 3. Familia mea nu
pleac n Fgra acum pentru c aici vremea este nc rece. 4. Guvernul se ntrunete
mine s discute msurile ce trebuie luate. 5. Echipa de fotbal a uzinei joac cu colegii lor
de la Galai. 6. Clasa noastr pregtete un spectacol folcloric. 7. Informaiile lui sunt mai
totdeauna greite. 8. Sfaturile prinilor se dovedesc deosebit de valoroase. 9. Grupul de
strini care ne-a vizitat de curnd coala ne felicit pentru succesele noastre. 10. Marfa a
sosit la timp n portul de destinaie. 11. Acustica acestei sli este excelent. 12. Se pred
statistica la colile economice. 13. Gimnastica menine sntatea omului. 14. Atletismul
este un sport larg practicat n ara noastr. 15. Coninutul romanului a fost ecranizat. 16.
Forma este slab ns coninutul este bun. 17. Sfatul meu este s te duci personal i s-i
spui totul. 18. El crede c banii i aparin numai lui. 19. Venitul lui a crescut necontenit n
ultimii ani. 20. tirile au sosit acum o or i informaiile pe care le cuprind sunt
mbucurtoare. 21. Acest mijloc de cercetare a luat extindere n ultimul timp. 22. Familia
noastr este plecat n perioada verii. 23. Comitetul de redactare a hotrt s publice
lucrarea. 24. Jumtate din orchestr este compus din noi absolveni. 25. Comitetul s-a
ntrunit sptmna trecut. 26. Vitele sunt sus pe dealuri. 27. Familia se trezete devreme.
28. Numai dou ore de studiu nu sunt suficiente. 29. Pot s atept; patru sptmni nu este
mult. 30. Numrul de seminarii pe care trebuie s le pregtii ntr-o sptmn este destul
de mare. 31. Numrul de cri pe care trebuie s le citim pentru examen este considerabil.
32. Marea varietate a subiectelor prezentat ne-a pus n dificultatea de a alege. 33. Doi
tineri din Verona este o comedie de W. Shakespeare. 34. Banii sunt pe mas. 35. Nici eu
nici el n-am fost acolo. 36. Majoritatea copiilor au plecat n excursie. 37. Cunotinele lui
n acest domeniu sunt slabe. 38. Arhiva noastr e plin cu asemenea documente. 39. Nu
doar fraii lui, ci i el e bolnav de pojar. 40. Scara e foarte alunecoas. 41. E careva
acolo? E tata i mama. 42. Trei ori zece fac treizeci. 43. Informaiile publicate n acest
ziar nu sunt niciodat de ncredere.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English, paying attention to the
agreement between the subject (expressed by indefinite pronouns) and the predicate:
1. Nici unul din autorii dramatici nu se poate compara cu Shakespeare.
2. Nici unuia dintre prietenii mei nu-i place s citeasc att ct mi place mie.
3. Nici unul dintre noi nu ar fi fcut o asemenea greeal.
4. A reuit vreunul dintre voi s citeasc tot materialul?
5. Oricare dintre metode d rezultate bune.
6. Nici unul dintre ei nu are dreptate.
7. Fiecare brbat i fiecare femeie urmeaz s ia parte la alegeri.
8. Vrea vreunul dintre voi s m ajute?
9. Fiecare dintre aceste scrisori urmeaz s fie rescris.
10. Fiecare dintre noi este gata s te ajute.
 11. A uitat cineva s semneze?

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English, paying attention to the
agreement between the subject (expressed by coordinated nouns) and the predicate:
1. Nici Dreiser nici London nu au un stil uor.
2. Nici John nici Ema nu sunt acas.
3. Nici el nici tovarii si nu sunt de fa.
4. Att fratele tu ct i prietenul lui au plecat acum o or.
5. Att eu ct i ei suntem pe deplin mulumii de acest raport.
6. Noi, ca i ei, am fost ncntai de rezultate.
7. Calul, ct i clreul s-au lovit n cdere.
8. Or el, or eu vom face acest lucru.
9. Nu numai tu, i prietenele tale au apreciat c expoziia a fost reuit.
10. Nu numai florile, ci i iarba s-a ofilit.
11. Nu numai profesorul, dar i elevii nii trebuie s fie prezeni la ora 4 p.m.
12. Nu numai Pmntul ci i celelalte planete se mic n jurul soarelui.

IX. THE ATTRIBUTE

Exercise 1. Point out all the attributes and state by what they are expressed:
1. The lilacs in full flower scented the air. (J. Galsworthy)
2. The room was hot with a scent of new bread. Brown, crisp loaves stood on the
hearth. (D. H. Lawrence)
3. The streets were filled with the rush-hour floods of people. (O. Henry)
4. It was a very cold day, with cutting blasts of wind. (Ch. Dickens)
5. But at dinner there were plans to be made. (J. Galsworthy)
6. The sun glinted on his wind-blown hair and on the weather-tanned face. (Cusack)
7. The house was an old-fashioned widespread, oak-beamed brick building, with a
fine lime-lined avenue leading up to it. (C. Doyle)
8. The need to be loved, the strongest need in poor Maggies nature, began to wrestle
with her pride. (G. Eliot).
9. Her predilection for french things came from her childish recollections of
schooldays in Paris. (J. Galsworthy)
10. He was always the first to enter the dinning room and the last to leave. (K.
Mansfield)
11. Mary thought of Alices long-cherished fond wish to revisit the home of her
childhood. (E. Gaskell)
12. It was the first of August a perfect day with a burning sun and cloudless sky. (J.
Galsworthy)
13. She had tasks to learn and needlework to do. (Ch. Dickens)
14. What a night to wander out in! (J. Galsworthy)
15. A few early fallen oakleaves strewed the terrace already. (J. Galsworthy)
16. Yesterday I passed by an elm avenue leading to a beautiful old house . (J. Gissing)
17. The last soft light of the setting sun had fallen on the earth. (Ch. Dickens)
18. The frozen ground was hard as stone. (J. Dodge)

Exercise 2. Point out the attributes. State how they are expressed. Translate the sentences
into Romanian:
1. I handed in the application to the secretary.
2. In the light of after events one cannot but sympathize with them.
3. Will it be a step forward or a step back?
4. This is a one-act play for you to translate into Romanian.
5. They recalled that never-to-be-forgotten day.
6. Last year we had to compete with a for-months-long winter.
7. Continental people prefer a bread-and-butter breakfast.
8. I dont like his dont-talk-to-me-or-Ill-contradict-you air.
9. People in glass houses shouldnt throw stones.
10. The shortage of time is a barrier I have to overcome.
11. People with asthma have difficulties in breathing.
12. This a rumour without foundation.
13. One of the bridges across the Danube has been damaged by the storm.
14. The tree near our house is very old.
Exercise 3. Ask questions on the underlined attributes (the interrogative words for use:
what, which, whose, what kind of, what sort of, how much, how many) :
1. I have no intention of going there.
2. The library of our institute is fairly good.
3. Ive read only the first three chapters of the book.
4. It was a cold autumn day.
5. The question was discussed at the meeting of the Board.
6. It was a room larger than mine.
7. The trees covered with snow stood white and quiet.
8. The experts conclusion was enclosed in the file.
9. Ships built for the transportation of oil are called tankers.
10. They wanted an office boy, with a good school record.
11. The big beautiful bridge across the Danube has been finished this year.
12. He had a great desire to travel.
13. The student speaking to the teacher is my brother.
14. The second lesson begins at eleven oclock.

Exercise 4. In the sentences below replace the relative clauses by infinitive phrases:
1. I have a lot of letters which I must answer.
2. Sorry, I cant come earlier but I have a lot of arrangements which I have to make.
3. One of the problems in some urban areas is that children have no parks in which they
can play.
4. Your father is the person that can advise you on these matters.
5. Our teacher showed us the way in which one solves the problem.
6. He was the first man who flew across the Atlantic.
7. The Queen Elisabeth is the largest ship that has crossed the Atlantic.
8. The captain was the last person that left the sinking ship.
9. There is no more work that we need to do tonight.
10. Here are the books which must be returned to the library.
11. The best time when you can see him is in the morning.
12. This is the coldest winter that has occurred within living memory.

Exercise 5. Express the following sentences differently using a pseudo-participial adjective

formed from the noun shown in italics:
MODEL: His face was framed in a great beard. He had a bearded-face.
1. You have shown great enterprise in setting up this firm.
2. The newspapers reported all the details of the case.
3. Conflicts often arise between countries that are neighbours.
4. We live in an ancient town with a great wall round it.
5. Dresses with designs of flowers on them are no longer in fashion.

Exercise 6. Express the following NPs differently, using a compound adjective as modifier
of the head noun.:
MODEL: A story so frightening that it raises the hair on your head. Hair-raising
story.
1. An activity that consumes too much of your time.
2. Cakes that have been made at home.
3. A speed that takes your breath away.
4. Troups that are borne (= transported) by air.
5. A plain that has been swept by the wind.
6. The performance that has won an award.
7. A device that saves a great deal of labour.

Exercise 7. Combine the two words at the beginning of the following sentences in one of
the three ways: i. using the Saxon/Synthetic Genitive; ii. using a phrase with of
(Prepositional Genitive); iii. as a plain sequence:
1. (hour, work) I must do another .................. this evening.
2. (education, diploma) Recognized teachers must have either a(n) .............. or a
degree.
3. (memory, lapse) During his recital the pianist had an unfortunate ...................... .
4. (hand, rail) No ................... was provided.
 5. (party, politics) I find it difficult to get excited about ............... .
6. (summer, day) It was a beautiful .............. .
7. (wine, glass) What a pity I have broken that .................... .
8. (room, ceiling) The .................. was crossed with ancient beams.
9. (today, newspaper) I read something fascinating in ................. .
10. (brake, tea) Most workers insist on having a ................. .
11. (hair, breadth) He escaped by a ..................... .
12. (matter, root) The ...................... is that he never had the slightest discipline
instilled into him at home.

Exercise 8. Replace the relative clauses by an active or passive Infinitive + preposition:

1. We have a few matters which we must deal with.
2. That is a noble goal which you should strive for.
3. I have a few more matters which I must attend to before I can leave.
4. There are still many things that I must take care of.
5. There is no one here that we need to be afraid of.
6. Right now he has many problems which he must cope with.
7. The best person whom you should talk to is the factory manager.

Exercise 9. Rephrase the following sentences so as to contain compound adjectives

functioning as attributes:
1. She has a cabinet for files with two drawers in her office.
2. He has given Mary five dollars to buy him the book.
3. Their daughter is ten years old.
4. Tom always looked good when he was young.
5. We made a complaint at the last minute.
6. There has been a delay of two hours.
7. The committee wrote a report of 100 pages.
8. The restaurant provides meals that are cooked excellently.

Exercise 10. Fill in the blancks with the right preposition before the gerund used as
attribute:
1. He didnt explain his reasons ................. leaving early.
2. He has no intention .................. writing to her.
3. Theres really no excuse .................. not phoning her.
4. He wont tell me his reasons .................. leaving her.
5. Mrs. Barton has a lot of experience .................. teaching young children.
6. There is very little possibility ................ finding a substitute now.
7. Peter found a new method .................. solving the problem.
8. She has shown very little interest ............... learning more about this subject.

Exercise 11. Find the proper place of the attribute in brackets:

1. He was a handsom man (dark, olive-skinned, with clean, strong, chiselled)
features.
2. There was something in her gestures (very charming, gay).
3. The child is my son (playing, fair-haired).
4. A flat as yours was shown to us (the same size).
5. The letter gave much pleasure (from my parents, long).
6. In the middle was a vase (of the table, of flowers).
7. She put on a dress (new, woollen, black).
8. A girl stood in the doorway (with dark bleu eyes).
9. In front of our house there was a garden (with all the lime trees blooming).
10. The news was welcomed by everybody (of your coming to spend a fortnight with
us).

Exercise 12. Point out the appositions and state whether they are close or loose:
1. Have you read Chavy Chase, the oldest English historical ballad?
2. It was Saturday, so the boys were early home from school, quick, shy, dark little
rascals of seven and six (John Galsworthy).
3. The evening star, Venus , the brightest of our planets, twinkles in the west.
4. Nurse Lloyd was openly and bitterly his enemy. (A. Cronin)
5. She was dressed in grey, the colour of a pigeon feathers. (J. Galsworthy)
6. London is crossed by the river Thames.
 7. Do you know the old saying First come first served?
8. All meats-beef, pork and lamb- are reach sources of protein.
9. King Richard, the Lionhearted, ruled England during the second half of the twelfth
century.
10. The Aurora Borealis, a wide band of coloured light, is frequently seen in areas
close to the North Pole.
11. They, the professors, were right in their judgement.
12. In consequence, neither Freddy nor his sister Amelia had had any knowledge of
that final decision.
13. In Chaucers time London, the capital, had the population of only 40,000 people.

Exercise 13. Analyse the attributes in the following text:

The stranger came early in February, one wintry day, through a biting wind and a
driving snow, the last snowfall of the year, and carrying a little black portmanteau in his
thickly-gloved hand. He was wrapped up from head to foot and the brim of his soft felt
hat hid every inch of his face save the shiny tip of his nose; the snow has piled itself
against his shoulders and chest and added a wide crest to the burden he carried. He
staggered into the Coach and Horses more dead than alive, and flung his portmanteau
down. A fire, he cried, in the name of human charity! A room and a fire! (H. G. Wells
The Invisible Man)

Exercise 14. Translate into English:

1. Penelopa, la sugestia Melaniei fcu diferite ncercri de a marca mesagerii
naripai. Confecionar brri din fire subiri de mtase incolor i inele de aur, pe care
bijutierul palatului grav datele sosirii i plecrii psrii. Eforturi inutile (P. Pardu)
2. La parterul cldirii unde locuia baronul Papp ntr-o odaie foarte frumoas i
spaioas se instalase clubul Partidului Naional rnesc. Baronul o mobilase elegant i
modern: mese de fumat, fotolii adnci de piele viinie, un dulap pentru cri, deocamdat
gol. Pe jos aternuser un frumos covor persan. (T. Popovici)
3. n odaie zcea pe jumtate ridicat n perne un domn miop cu ochelarii foarte groi,
cu ram de oel, nclecai pe vrful nasului, cu un enorm volum n faa lui, pe care-l
rsfoia cu mare atenie. (M. Blecher)

X. THE OBJECT

Exercise 1. Point out the objects in the following sentences:

1. What are you reading? I handed him the book to see for himself.
2. I wished him good night and walked out of the shop.
3. He asked me a few uninteresting questions about my holidays.
4. Im glad Ive explained to you the reason for changing, he said.
5. I deem it my duty to call a special meeting of the shareholders.
6. You must forgive me coming at such an hour.
7. At breakfast I announced to Mary that I was going on a journey.
8. Meeting you has been a great pleasure.

Exercise 2. Identify the Direct Object in the following sentences and point out the class of
unit which realizes this function:
1. He turned down the application.
2. The only thing that stood out clearly was his mothers face. His sisters Mabel he
remembered more vaguely. (P. Abraham)
3. Not a dollar not a penny of my money will I devote to anyone who could be
guilty of such a crime. (Th. Dreiser)
4. They consider him to be the fittest man for the job.
5. They found their car abandoned in a village.
6. He slammed the door shut.
7. How well I recollect our sitting there talking in whispers. (Ch. Dickens)
8. Soames smiled a sneering smile and said: I wish you luck! (J. Galsworthy)
9. I heard her speaking on the phone.
10. He pointed out that foreign doctors were not permitted to practice in that country.
11. The negotiations have achieved very little.
12. Dont expect a classical rendering of Shakespeares text at this years International
Theatre Festival.
 13. A team of divers have discovered what they believed to be a sunken treasure.

Exercise 3. Make up sentences with verbs which may have two Direct Objects.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. i aduci aminte de numele fetei?
2. nc nu mi-ai rspuns la ntrebare.
3. Ai nevoie de ajutorul cuiva?
4. O asemenea soluie te-ar putea scoate din necaz.
5. Cnd s-a tiat la picior cu ciobul acela de sticl i-a fcut o ran adnc.
6. Rspundei la toate ntrebrile testului!
7. mi dai voie s-i pun cteva ntrebri legate de acest caz?
8. N-a ntrebat pe copii cum i cheam.
9. l invidiez pentru rezultatele sale.

Exercise 5. Make up sentences in which the introductory IT should be the Direct Object of
the verb given in brackets:
1. It is a pity to waste our time (I think).
2. It is wrong to tell lies (I consider).
3. It is likely that it should rain tomorrow. (The weather forecast declared)
4. It is interesting to travel all over the world. (You find?)
5. It is most foolish of them to behave like that. (I think)
6. It is necessary to warn them. (I thought)

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences by adding a Cognate Object, and using it
with the attribute given in brackets:
1. After the excursion we all slept ............... (sound).
2. He laughed ..................... (hearty).
3. They lived ..................... (long and interesting).
4. The young man died ..................... (of a hero).
5. Looking at the baby, the mother smiled ....................... (happy).
6. The old man sighed ..................... (deep).

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences into English using the Cognate Objects of
the underlined verbs:
1. A murit de moarte bun?
2. Cnd auzi asta zmbi amar.
3. A trit o via fericit singur n acea cas izolat.
4. Azi noapte am visat un vis ciudat.
5. Ridic privirea spre biat zmbind cu cel mai fermector zmbet posibil.

Exercise 8. Change the order of the objects wherever is possible:

1. I sent some money to him yesterday. 2. Bring the book to me! 3. They offered flowers to
Jane for her birthday. 4. I brought it for you. 5. I will hand the paper to Mr. Johnson
tomorrow. 6. Send it to me as soon as possible! 7. Please, introduce him to your friends! 8.
My sister made a dress for our cousin. 9. Pass the salt to him! 10. He left some food for us.
11. After I paid the money to the cashier, I left.

Exercise 9. Place the Indirect Object and the Direct Object correctly in the following
sentences:
1. I read (my brother the letter).
2. He owes (my former landlady, some money).
3. The mechanic sold (a friend of mine, his car).
4. Bring (me, not my brother; the book).
5. Dont give (anybody, it).
6. The boy told (everybody, in our block of flats, the news).
7. I handed (the principal, the application).
8. I shall explain (this, you).
9. May I introduce (you, my mother)?
10. Mary suggested (the subject of a new short story, her brother).
11. The young composer dedicated (his first song, the popular folk singer).
Exercise 10. Rewrite the following sentences replacing the Indirect Object with a
Prepositional Indirect Object:
1. John gave me a book. 2. We bought Ann a gift. 3. The reporter sent his editor a story. 4.
They offered the students a discount. 5. The salesman showed his customer the newest
model. 6. Her friends gave the bride a present. 7. Kates mother gave her a beautiful dress.
8. The student sang us some beautiful songs from his country.9. Would you please, bring
me the books, just as soon as possible? 10. Make me some coffee before I leave, please! 11.
Fetch her a chair! 12. Richards cousin, John found him a place to stay over night.

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the Direct
and Indirect Objects:
1. Nu vrei s ne cni ceva la pian?
2. S-i citesc un pasaj din cartea asta?
3. i-a comandat un palton bleumarin.
4. i-am pstrat i ie dou prjituri.
5. Unchiul Sam i-a adus bomboane de ciocolat.
6. Lui nu-i place s-i mprumute crile nimnui.
7. A trimis felicitri de Anul Nou tuturor fotilor si colegi.
8. mi sugerai soluia asta?
9. Biatul mi-a repetat coninutul scrisorii cuvnt cu cuvnt.
10. Te rog dicteaz-mi traducerea cuvintelor noi!
11. I-am gsit soului meu o cravat foarte drgu.
12. S-mi lai i mie puin friptur!
13. Mie mi-a promis romanul, nu ie.
14. D-i, te rog, florile acestea surorii tale din partea mea!
15. Studenii i-au explicat decanului necesitatea stabilirii unei ore practice
suplimentare.
16. Descrie-ne peisajul vzut acolo!

Exercise 12. A large class of verbs can be used with a Direct Object which is followed by a
Prepositional Object. Fill in the blanks with the required preposition:
A. 1. Excuse me, I have mistaken you ............ somebody else. 2. My teacher spends a lot
of money .......... books. 3. You must help your little brother .......... his homework. 4.
Can you convince them ......... the truth? 5. Mother blamed Pat ......... the broken vase.
6. Mother blamed the broken vase ........ Pat. 7. The government supplied food ........
the homeless. 8. The government supplied the homeless ......... food.
B. 1. The young boy had to provide ........ his family. 2. I was indignant ....... his conduct.
3. The commission consisted ....... four members. 4. Only think ..... it! 5. I waited for
him a quarter of an hour. 6. I cannot agree ..... you ..... that subject, nor can I
agree ..... your proposal. 7. He stuck ....... his opinion. 8. Look ..... child while I am
away. 9. At this age he did not want to depend ...... his parents. 10. Would you
care ...... a cup of coffee?

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Plecarea noastr depinde de vremea de mine.
2. Nu trebuie s te superi pe el. Ba da, m-a indignat remarca sa.
3. Cer insistent o explicaie.
4. Nu pot s fiu de acord cu purtarea sa.
5. i cuta un serviciu cci nu mai voia s depind de prini.
6. Pot conta pe ajutorul tu n aceast problem?
7. Inspectorul ne-a felicitat pentru toate aceste realizri.
8. El se laud totdeauna cu succesele sale sportive.

Exercise 14. Define all the objects in the following text:

I found some matches, climbed on the table, lit the gas lamp, then settled down to
read. Since I had arrived at the house, found all serene, seen my mother, I was completely
reassured. I was wrapped in the security of childhood... For those moments, which I
remembered all my life, had already passed out of mind the day they happened. Aunt Milly
was violently opposed to my white-collar job. Thats all it is said aunt Milly in her
loudest voice to my mother. He is just going off to be a wretched little man in a white-
collar job. Dont complain to me when he finds himself in the same office when he is forty.
No wonder they say that the present generation hasnt a scrap of enterprise. (C. P. Snow)
Exercise 15. Translate into English:
1. Mam-sa i ddu o mulime de sfaturi: ce s spun bunici, tuei Emilia, i explic
n ce fel s aeze geamantanele n tren. Lucian veni cu un ceas mai devreme. Srut mna
Anei i rmase stingherit n mijlocul camerei mici. Noi plecm, spuse Andrei. Mai
avem o droaie de lucruri de pus la cale. (Titus Popovici)
2. Nu, repet el, nu! N-am ratat clipa, n-am ratat nimic. Noi nu putem rata clipa, noi
nu putem abdica. Nu avem dreptul, i spuse el, smulgndu-se din comarul care prea s
pun stpnire pe el i chinuindu-se s se stpneasc i s neleag c totul nu fusese
dect ameeala unei oboseli cumplite, dup o zi de munc mai grea dect i-ar fi nchipuit
toi cei care-l invidiau pentru libertatea de a-i stabili singur programul i de a se bucura
ultimul de somnul binemeritat, la care aveau dreptul s nzuiasc toi cei din jurul lui i la
ncrederea c viitorul le aparine liber i nelipsit de griji. (Dinu Sraru)