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Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica

REPORTRAPPORT

Stability of implicit-explicit linear multistep methods

J. Frank, W.H. Hundsdorfer and J.G. Verwer

Department of Numerical Mathematics

NM-R9623 1996
Report NM-R9623
ISSN 0169-0388

CWI
P.O. Box 94079
1090 GB Amsterdam
The Netherlands

CWI is the National Research Institute for Mathematics


and Computer Science. CWI is part of the Stichting
Mathematisch Centrum (SMC), the Dutch foundation
for promotion of mathematics and computer science
and their applications. Copyright Stichting Mathematisch Centrum
SMC is sponsored by the Netherlands Organization for P.O. Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam (NL)
Scientific Research (NWO). CWI is a member of Kruislaan 413, 1098 SJ Amsterdam (NL)
ERCIM, the European Research Consortium for Telephone +31 20 592 9333
Informatics and Mathematics. Telefax +31 20 592 4199

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