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    An article on The Celebration of Ashura in Sunni Islam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    13 просмотров10 страниц

    The Celebration of Ashura in Sunni Islam

    Загружено:

    happycrazy99
    An article on The Celebration of Ashura in Sunni Islam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    are ae 42Y28s000 oot Efecy ‘THE CELEBRATION OF ‘ASURA’ IN SUNNE ISLAM Maribel Fiero CSIC, Madrid ToS. Baer, Must scalar show tenn to cone an norton theo fu celdbetion of Air sng the Suna nsovton which would Ive bec enabled in cde to comment the 87 fea, This ‘had impish he moor een ol Ai wader han the jrfel one However i dificult to certsin the character of “Rar fev in aly Pare sch oto be done in his fl aswell atin tha of the scan of “Abr! hone nom- lan ois my pope, wl dere he in carat of thecabraon of ‘Ar smng the Senter in made lam ying ‘pei ateton to a pci pra, taf liberal geadig om oe told atonal a). The ceo thi pace mayo shed ome light onthe developers of “Ae fei {The Ma eval of Ar ake plac the ko, codig toome ans, the thf berate fe oath ofthe Main Inna send, die snpled et by nlotnry nsng in the orks of gb The origin of this fa se eine in wo deen way in fait Wertre cording o ome tadons the ff "Abr was rated by the Arabia Ging ines According o another We "Ser on teva of Ae! at Mabry Yaya 1 Yoh aaa teas p22. aye yap Ca Tp (phen of Abs Hanan) Ftc yar le (Steen, rant andby abe waa‘ Si Oven Cane LUE $550 in Rath olin blip oma en Caw) ODN gen te ie the nny oe amen arf Ab 9 Spin lb Ha ahi A al Ce DM a a 1 MARIE, FIERRO spread rain, the Prope existed the fs of “Riri imitation Ua Jowsh practice, with which came iat contact after hi aval in Media; ster on, Maammad ordered the Maisto perform the bligatory last in ranadn and this month, consequently subwitaed the dy of ‘Ara. AC some tine during this development, the Prop waned 0 distinguish the Melis fof ‘Adae from that ofthe Jews so he ordered thebievers to fas the Sth of muharam instead the TOth and from this arses the sil om which day “Abia” falt "The Jewish practice followed by the Prophet was cle the Day of Aonement or Yor Kippur, the tenth day ofthe fit mooth of the Jewish calendar; the ides of "atanement” wat preserved inthe Min festival ina eration which sy thatthe fa ol “Aisa expiation| (define) for 2 whale year, Once ramadan bec the fined pero for ligatory fas Adie remained, a mentioned a day of supeerogatory fas in the legl chery. However, i mained a special place aong Mastin festival 4 hyd ai shown inthe fl ye ‘Ata eh. Nein, Ceod id a adn mann (ve, Le uh 52h sh brn aes? (vcs D 7 79,14 8908 Salta Ab Solel een rs 19a), 8 he ry ed oh form a nS ‘thst be Rb nae nes ied ne tea ‘Schnader AS rd py ans toe he ‘oun bth a At at nb ve Td See Rab p21 Thea on ha hal mara ic a 185d fest dee at gh ott etl as iS a Ta “Se Cone i, Mai Sena in ofS tm, 2 on Ce M03) Sn A i dt ol Bee 0/10) {tau 20 Tein ry hen qe eer ng Al [Gaikecop of ke an eth ne Cdn nears bondi te allen UA weak fa cnt he eine Qi anit “THE CELEBRATION OF SREORAT IN SUROME SLAM 195 Where do these dl come rom? Ther are sever explanations about the exelleces “Aira, wsuslly coonated with theft that God be- stowed karimat on his prophets on that dey. So, for example, on “Abie day Adan snd David were orgiven, Nahar nde, Abe fhm was saved fom the ir, Solomon wa give is mall the sea was Avie for ho chide of Trae and Pharach war downed, Jn a znd into the sky, ee Ieis worth noting that very seldom Mstin| Sources record the event that it genevly aged to have given ris 0 the Jewish festival of Yom Kippur, a ay of fasting sti sonement ay when foeyveness is rane ll who repent flly. That event as the descent of Moses fom Sins wth the setond Tablet of the Law” Te Juthism there ae other explanations abou te oigne ofthe Day of ‘Atonement: according t9 some sources, in that day Jaenb heard of Josep’ death and mourned for iy tira cone the day othe sircuncision of Abraham athe day of the Akedah, the binding of Teac! Baoase ofthese different explenations there 0 aren bin iam Yard ope 6/154 Buta Ko io 198, nam.) eh orks i fre» nt mena CA, i, Sh mn G41 2 {oe hen sletocnh escent (Sen MU S/S ry en ao foie Tn NS a Mabel a ane tone asa te £ 35 baron Mahal ae sae ‘arial SEH ser 1a ater ee DERI eet ten Bhi Nan * Sd 04 of SUB, (18815 a he Ah Cams 1b, whe “ter ce nao he elt Yur vr nese om Sle whee ou a Assan pn acre hee Into God cd hagson ict Stee ave baer {She tts I. 20saa Dsimalt Be 8 Ca a ron ts trae 7 Ve fod main fh a a Rs ae, Mao 09 * Se Eaten fai re 19878 4 Day Aanenen anive FIERRO sou the mature ofthe day. At Having bar pt it the se ic among the Jv tha ea day of asin, etal, Say wih poe and ofl char» fa conan, same BET owe of monrrng ad llmereicaion sv hs toqeice BES Toten trom food oe din, ve domatded sch ge _TEldnc caning in prayer going withow sep wenring vacklch ad ‘Se and weg” Thi ater nerpreain in Hewings vce, ‘Toni haveffenced he Si elation of Al, which ippened {o beth ay when Hosa was klein Karl the yar 4/60: ‘Ju ainsi hare were hone who vt Day of Atonement by of joy and exer a5 day of rom, 20 in a tere ere ‘sly eompetng notion abot the ok bara, “Ar sy esses thatthe shad 0 aru to upelds moarll conception ofthe das i the ace ofa tendeney to amo wth een hich ised God's eng on marin" some of wich ave aly pointed owt Hating his bo steel ht SP "Aas doe oe seo {0 be asovised with fa This patie appears wot to have been of {rest importance citer inthe popular elebration of he same day ong the Sonne, inspite ofthe fuga sing he at 8 he aly ele sua of Ake 2The popular pracce song the Sunt conned with Ae? seemto hae Jvloedeecly tn Non ln and Egy Therese ‘evel ies dealing nthe moder lean of Aarne {lsd Tunis sat stares ave en rly Sib by Ph Ma {2 the mupereropstory fat recomend he dy haat 20 * 6. Hawtin “The Teva, Acne an “Ar ou Si Ari se 9.18 °c he amen ofa Maren ppg 3 ° “Ahir in the Magi with ipa: Dank Mae sp es ied rg gp 0 Aha re ‘Soe ye ere ain In opranin oo te a oo ple i NowstiDas de 'Afige pina 2d aed by Hd Se are Vk and entero Na nM Sal iyo eh THE CELERRATION OF SASURAT IN SUNT SLAM 197 importance, whereas elmsivingisa widesprend proce the children of ‘he Quranic schools ase money for thet teacher the centre re ‘sted andthe dead emerberes special dishes are prepare, anges re chickens rite offre, marriage and caval are tested in vious Fepion of North Africa, ‘We ind infrration ost sna and ober practices ia the Kitab sl bide writen by scholars who lived ia Egyp Hie Ibo Tapia ( 728/132) and ba a9 (2737/1339). Both of them deere acd conden the “innovation: sntradied inthe edleration of “ABS! fmong the Suniter "hea day of joy and happines alfarah wessri chickens ace sughtered tnd luda are cooked ina special way" aint al qui petforme = the appliation of enna by ose» dy “the women make abo «special Hnencloth to be wed 25 shroud in ‘order to top Munkar and Nakir approaching the corpees, “to perfume with incense a prisoaer is believed to ge him oot of ails = motnen and men bathe a ti and color the eed wt kal ieehat, woe on tir bodies ie considered rake, Ra), "wor aco in th Maio ge plo chan cA nd fnew Fr de raj Pena ens a nie Oerie pa 2 (ida OO 79 pp. ep Da dR es “Edin eggs page Ree Ae 8 O95, p27 ° te Taming elms, 0, Une Me a Tg Salen pt eigen, Maj fate igh ton At pgs Dov Rp Tons PB la vo Ca 94909, 2030. eed by easter aomerb 3 ne Ra iy sabia ayo ga (8904140 ree deing perineal ata po os GAL nt Ab ae geet WA oc oes gpa he apr pao ong lah abl AS Mare Se 8 nib FIERRO people se wo ask forgivene (at) from each other “iva adayof itera spending on one's houtebold an relatives deus‘ a and pregency, ofaasgving to the poor al the phan” “The srvral of some ofthese practices in spite ofthe robin of the fg iste by Lanes "Iris commen cst ofthe Mu lis of Egypt wo give what they ean lord in ln during she month Mobarram,epecily oni fir ten dav, ad mote epecally om the tench day °F“ dah which i the eater of the people of Cairo to prepte om the day of Asoo,» ical habeas, ad prepared with whet seeped in water for wo o thee days then eed From the huss, boed and swerened over the fie with honey or tread; or it 9 compored of rice intend of what, gencraly, no Srondh isin ct ace added 10 1 ys Zi 9 ol, Ba BF, 07 ® caer din che nev lta: Abs Came Lor sedate api per airtel lind be head fa xp hn pie mmr Torah ag UB Na eed CR cS yh hs i iW Lae Aca fe enn and Cnt of er prion tendo a 9B The thm bel aa 7/1 ee late rman dy Se da his {nga Utne rc Vln ns Bea HN pp 5182 here ‘eS i ep oa * i. Had Seremban Ye Yr: Thre fox Rp fi MB and 8p hot a oo aloen we ctr esl nen ping whl ede ‘whew ped oversigh ndcoked early with we 19 cick pea 13 cules aed oven a cokes pry wh a) ak calcio py aan sp shu ele ‘Soden rkapsi fpeonar Sok rcatinte ayo Rare or el owe THE CELERANTION O SARURA? I SUNN SLAM 199 2. Some ofthe poplar practices of Abie? have en sen st iit Vion of the Jews. According tab UBhiri and Sana lt ask ‘il and lab abttan were performed by the Jews of Medina sad Hy- ar R Braschi se inthe slaughtering of chickens» probable i Asece ofthe kappere, a cstom practi om the day before the Day of Atonement aon the eve othe New Yer or ri dng) in which the snr ofa pero are symbolically tradersed toa fowl, ually 2 cock hea; sometimes plants were wed (eg, bens, pex)®. On his pat Lae say hat che custom of giving al “sem o have een co pied from the Jews, who are acastomed to abound in almgvng and father good works during the ten days commencing with ther New Year's day and ending with the Day of Atonement™: TWiracommionfeatere among the fageh who condemn thee prc: tices to coer that cey orignted ata means to counteract the Sit Celebration of "Abies. On he par, alMagrizi (848/144) mates ‘hac the Ayybide singled ve ‘Alia a + joyfl fev by way of Wher spending, special sets, asta and visting the harman, according to the canons of the Syrians imposed by aFEBEAE bY in the days of ‘Absimaik b Marwia, che ain of aL HABA beng to inl the followers of ‘Alb ABI Tab, If al Magrizs ita be be "Se Uri 190 adn 0 on mah pat, be Be we few Pach 90}, 33.30 oe ston agen ys a cn Bop one p 6 net 2 hanes ath Topi hin cn elo in hn vi amin apr anda pail li 12629, 5 29 le wen (pais Sy ompae Qian min ohh Aa ted Seam i fos, able nr Tan 7 S975, Th indo mt es ae meee! a npg etre Sa sie sce nl hes Hie Ce Line oh 3 200 anime FIERRO sve dae would mean tha alsendy in al Hai’ time ‘Abie wae celebrated bythe 55 ara day of mostring and thi ont that onent {had no sacl sgaiicance a2 joy fetal forthe Sonniter" Following the idea underlying the text of ak Magris ober Sunsite choles inst onthe fat tht te sbove mentioned races of “Alara? were “innovation” and that wadtions were invented in det tos por them and make thems pear 5a, Among these ae tains ‘re fnds "who eclours his eyelids with oll on “ABGe day wil avoid ny eye disease daring the year, “who bathes on Ae day wll not evil daring the yes, "who spends liberally on his hooeeold 00 the dey of “Abie, God will hatow plenty upon ki throughout the teminde of the year (en ous ‘ld noi vv als pai fw fe) ym Alina was Ut “aay ss arama. The eration, ‘chic wil reer to. a8 the tradition on Heal spending, deserves further attention 4 The mar ofthis rion, withthe variants | have recorded, into befound with lerent ide In) b,c) and dl gv lection ofthe nid quod several times with mestion ofthe authors who re odd hem ine) and fT give ro mate variants which Thal eer to in the following paragraphs 2) Yanur bla TS ( 254/97, Bye) ~ Sulyin b. Uysyma (2 198/415, Kul, Mec) ~ Gla ab Ut (L «.154/770) = Ibrahim b Molaminad al Mutaia Haman aK after 100/718) Me fammad bal Muottir BabA’ ab famdin’ abKufi” ~ che Poo. Tie eh i nih fiiy he lenin A in she yur S090 we TF Ki Ee Bs wit se EAT le ‘oi a nove "netedioenl Sai Mew 19295 Taping Pe 130, hye utd he AS Sa tr Thee aa ty ln vit whee Ab Haar pr nt th Propet minnie eagen hia’ vok nie pon malar fem 20001 mde, 28 Sees Bh aah I 2 on thee tnt Ho, Tih ai (ol, Hy ea 10 {VIE CELEERATION OF SASORA'BN'SUNNT SLAM 208 pf, th Muni and Ibn ‘Uyayna tate hat hey pt to the tet the tradcon for sity year and found Ua it wosked™ The Taymiyya ‘dasa length with this transmission, apparently because i was the ‘mos dtl to rele aval he transmitters are considered ie in the ‘igi works and appear in the sb enon collections, However, the {bet that there is to Companion mentioned by al Matai (who be Jonge to the generation ofthe Succes) gives room to tha Taysiy2' fefuaion™ Ibn Taymiyys does aot sem o be aware of the variant ‘ofthis transminion recorded by ab-Bayhag where itis Tbehim b Mo- bmiad bal Muna who, without even refering to bir fter, tes the train om Hiberal spending as mere saying CRina wl) ) = Hayram b Sad Sulayman b Miran a Amal (es 148/765, Kila) + Ilvshisn an Nat (4. 96/715, Kaa) ~ “Alga b. Quy a ils (62/68) = “Abdallah. Masa” «the Prophet. According sol Abi Gamra and al Uhr his tration was inte by Sul nin. bs Ahmad Tabara (8. 360/971) in i a Man al kab, se, 4 Yin, GAS 136 Bb Ure agi 646 Ta {PIES Db, tag, 2 Bahama 2 seh Tm, Fat 20,3030 ha A Ca Si, (oeeoth thaw aa ben iach tr Aad of ana {M049 shin ‘Upyact emia sit n] Sai howe st wld senator ote id senses edn propane seen bce ht ‘Gop haba oop Oxo 5 ah 37 The age of Mayra SMe abo ound ree bt ty etn he rp yaaa ohn ae, wa nied mal by 2p sax, GAs) ed a ya Be cee tr eh ita Tain ae ad Ga Oe Rss Pee (an "hn Lay Mn 23 Abi Cr ey UB 87a Sains tba ‘where it indeed appears Ie ieleo quoted by Tan al: Ase ( 695/120) in his Gi? abe inthe chaps fal an nf Hi source ithe ‘work of the Andalusan Razin b Mifawiya (2c 535/114), Katt. id ft lfan’ bye Masts ee Sth al bes,sll unpubl Ii seems therefore cat Razin though th raison was included ether in the Miata or inthe coletions of a}Duhiei, abs, Abs Di id anNasit or a-Tirmidi® Buti is foun! in none ofthe ean ‘versions ofthese works", a canbe checked though the Concordance Among others al Ughit pointed out that: he considers very ed (2§00) tha Ta a-Ate quter ein hit Gt andl eder that Tbe alAgi"s brother kere mentioning ii his ir Git ala, bak sting that che teat ft he fon in bBuhie's ad al Moss ccllctions. In my option i Razin’ work where the explanation of this “ody” ist te found. Two posites can be taken into a ‘count either Razin nce itbecaue he apreed with ts comtenty ‘paring she fc thee was sot mectioned inthe canonical collections rhe found the teadition on liberal spending ia the version a his di pos of one of those collections. The fit poly would be support ty the fac thatthe bad o Heal spending on ‘Adie’ was know in alAndalas since the days of 'Abdareabmin Il (205/822230/852) x1 Tl mention. The second postlisy cou be supported by the fact thar there some evidence on the transmission in aA ofa er sion of abBuhir's collection which war nt the ual one™ Maybe Sea in-law Rei 8s Kp 187 by AB Arn 8 v8 Thee hcl heed ada Hey Fras Zagne uaa, tp > si oben with atin ain in Ai i 3M, [owes rere to Bok M, Cosh ha or hese es pee 2 Set atl op au 16, Spry of Maan BAD ata deg G/T ema: O the niece lar vr 3 THE CELERRATION OF “ABURAT IN SUNT SLAM 203 he extant mamseips of Ravin work wil sed some light on this mater, but unforanatly U war unable to coma thers oe Sutba ba Hab 4 160/726, Wasi, Bags) ~ Aba'-Zabayr Mo amma b Mastin al Maki (120/737) Gabi b. Abllh (.77/ 6 oe 4/712)" = the Proghe, Ibu Abi Games and abUEhiri Imeaton dat Aba “Umar b Abslbare (453/107) quoted the same tcation in ith mad gah lamer cau’ ag “Feria tadaroanal Mactan vy a-ak ai ‘nid fyi ‘on “Umar b a Hab, Uhave aot been able to check this reference athe hed dees at appear inthe only volume published un til now, {9 There ix aao a mar variant which gone man hina di Budde aay ser fare ‘ld nafs fai yom ‘Ar waste Uh “clay yn ii va ena al mustanble (ho i ich 20d wely td spends iberally on bir and bi dependents, ie. on Ae” day, Go wil bestow up inhi estings tn the fr ay of she fa. lowing yen 1) Thee evidence of mann varia which mentioned the practice of libel speaing in connection withthe eve of ABGe (erat lle "Ais uw shall sein the Fllowing paragraph Ful tation we F.Reebl Te bined pach of Mi bp faa wg. ° on har nine GAL 2 Gta su, TAD AA AE aby Tih 8 sb, “ag Ab Can re SE" eel ad sh Ur Lassen, na ash ah wos emcee hee ot te enon othe en aden ob es Ac re cng Wo he Pre dota Ba "Vd by eG Na oan ec win en ‘Uinr b ttn gtesion el tt ee ec © Sei SUIS Tika emmy A Bae Abn A sti bai wh lacie 24 Manel, FERRO 5. According co the ids meaticned seen sale to conclude that, the fdit om Hberal spending was known in Kila and Mecca inthe times of Th "Uyayon (nd bal ofthe 2nd/8thc) and in Bsr around the same time, Between the 2nd/Sth and the 3/t cy the het wat ‘known in Egype (through Yana b.‘Ab) and in Medina. This. ter fac is acted in am ineresting pntage ofthe Kitch abide wre by the Andalusian Mabsmad i Waddih st Qureabt (287 909", Ia itanother Anda, Said b, Has 736/850) sys that is Me- ince teacher “Ablah b. Nal (4. 206/821)" eld him not to transit the hat on liberal spending drng the sight of “ABie a. tesa leat ‘Ara ou of fart wil be considered a ann, On i ac, thind Andalusian, Yahya bo Yahya alLays (8. 234/865)" sates that he spent the ight of ‘Adie in Medina in the company of Malik b Anas (2.179793) and in ype inthe company of al Lays bh ‘Sed 195/79), tb ab Qs (191/406) and Ibe Wahl (197813) and none of them mentioned ord aything ele to that fd ‘we acept this statement it will esn tha te un literal pening 1 Adtri reached Medina becween 179/75 (det of Malik) ru 206° 850 eat of Tin Naf) and Egypt between 197/813 (eat of Tha Wahl) and 264/877 (dead of Yoavs BsAbdali) but i sold al mean that ll shoe scholes new aod ignored ifn abAndaly the ‘adit on ibera spending is quoted by “Abdalalik b Habib (2 258/ 852, contemporary ofthe aforementioned Sid bassin, as potme dedicated to the amv ‘Abdaerahmsin IY, Two concaons ean be aod. Mov nea, Mai 1 VR abo. ot hema om hin ee Ha, Tabb S82 tha Nii cdo a ag Sesh iw ng ol cn See Qi yi Main 1, 10a. Tn de A ath {THE CELEBRATION OF ASORA' IN SUNNISLAM 205 raw from tie fact, Fy, ‘Abalmalie never vse Ia, soe mst fave lard that fai ele in Haz or in Egypt and thie confirms the termina ane qom fs spreads thore regions, Secondly, “Ab sltulk b Habib considered a wound hal, tia his poem he vite the Unayyad ani to follow i This attude implies tha daring it ‘ike Habit mela who were ansising hat traiton athe ‘words of the Prope and who apreed with the pactze Teas been possible to establish the eminent qe ofthe exis nce ofthe adie for Kf, Bisa, Higse: Egypt and aAnles,To es "ahish the rerminus pst quo is mare dif mater, The evidence of she ids 2) a6) could be inteprte in the vente that twa for rated in Kifa a the ine of Hrahtm an Nak and Foran Mec amma b. a Manta, iin the 2nd bal ofthe le) Mh entry This sas the ime when ea8Q38b. Yisul (95/718) was governor of Ki {2,50 mayhe al Magriai wo ight fer all when heated tht the prse ‘ices connected wih ASSraeaoyfl fel originated inal aga time. Homever the oly see coocluvon with the walle datas at the train on liberal spending was well know herween the cv of the 2nd cenary andthe bgiaing of the d/h etary, enjoying the suppor of some Sunni scholars 6. According to some versions of), Maharamad by sk Muntatc ‘wussmited the Wadtion om liberal spending without racing it tak to the Prophet, hat ia mee saying, Ar the same time, {have pointed fut thatthe tadcon i usually accompanied by a fds whore some ‘of the eansmters ay that they pu the tacion to he ts an found 1 to be ere This cold mean iter that I) the peactce of bea ‘pending on Akira war anew one or test Was new enablised 2d wa thus in need of being pase in ode oan suppor 2) i was fold practice which war Beng chllenged and was thus in need af Hubs Nai (0 ih dation lhe “Wiser soe wer Nal b Hib to ec the 206 Manin. FERRO proofs ofits being commendable so, Mohammad b. ab Munrair sated bry ming “kine pupal man seu al ‘lb yum ‘Aling” apd the saving was eventually tenslormed inte 2 propa radon "The firspility car ead ws to cepe the view of schol he Ibe Tapeiyya and aMagrisi who thophe that this and other pe ties were invented in the 2d fal ofthe 1s/7uh century in order to make of "Abid joyful fetal and therefore an inal fo the fallow ers of Haya b “Ali "The second port lade ws om the contenry co amine thai sens am ld practice that started to be challenged bythe end of the 1 Dah center. ‘What follows are some geneal remarks on the posible origin of the practice of Her spending. Tn fim there ra clone elationship between fesivalsand chat ings" The Pemateuch imi that the needy be remembered when the festivals ae celebrated". Almspving brings to the doee many blsing and among then there ie atonement fr sic Abhough char doet rot appea to bea specific practice ofthe Day of Atonement is 0 on the eve ofthat day “Ie icutomary to send isto the poor, aad 2 {hay to ak forgvenes fom one another and to appease each ote According 0 the teadiion ) Hberal spending took place on let “Alta om the eve ofthe 10h of mara. However Ihave not found say reference wo liberal spending on one xs Jew practice ce the Day of Atonement ors eve © Enya ny * it Th see nin she ei re 8) Wc A Had foot f Ent oman Tee Les 1907p 9 (es cen ate Sie ig hemp a ones al heme * na yom Tepid “pal among eeo “Daring gon pero conto fe meen Beret Bio Rosmen oa bed eh {VE CELERRATION OF ARUBA IN SUNT BLAM 297 1 the hl ert here are many aions whch se chat ‘ns for the Mos ops ot ow elon lt

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