SIGNAL WORDS

SIMILARITY & DIFFERENCE

Just as Like Alike Likewise Similarly In the same
way
SIMILARITY
Both.....and..... Neither.....nor..... Also Too / Either As
well as
Whereas / While On the other hand Although In contrast
DIFFERENCE However On the contrary But Unlike Despite
Unlike
Exercise:
USE THE LINKERS FROM THE BOX AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING
COMPARE CONTRAST SENTENCES. THERE ARE SOME EXTRA.
Example: In the universities students dont have to wear uniforms
_______________________
_________________________________________________________________________ (High school)
In the universities students dont have to wear uniforms whereas high school
students do.

1. Life in the city is usually fast and furious

____________________________________________________________________ (village
life)
2. The way we learn a second language is very different from the way we learn
our mother tongue. We learn to speak our own language before learning to
read or write it.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Turkish people bring money or gold to a wedding as a gift to the happy couple
______________________________________________________________________ (English
/ Present)
4. Smoking and drinking are both harmful habits. When you start smoking, it is
very difficult to stop
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(addictive / cause serious illnesses)
5. Cats and dogs are very different pets. Cats are generally much cleaner
animals and are independent
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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6. England and Germany had a similar culture and customs. For example, they
______________ ______________________________________________________(celebrate
Christmas and Easter)
7. Bodrum and Marmaris have a lot in common. Bodrum offers sun, sea and
night life
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. The black sea region is known for its green scenery and wet weather
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________ (North of England)
9. Greek and Turkish food cultures are similar in many ways with one important
difference. The Greeks eat all kinds of meat
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ (Pork)
10. ______________________________________________________________________
Turkish and native teachers in K.H.U. work the same hours and attend the
same meetings.

USE OF LINKING WORDS

WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRAST:

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH + CLAUSE

+ NOUN / PRONOUN / V-
DESPITE / IN SPITE OF
ing
DESPITE THE FACT THAT
+ CLAUSE
IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT
BUT / WHILE / WHEREAS / ON THE OTHER
+ CLAUSE
HAND
HOWEVER / NEVERTHELESS / NONETHELESS + CLAUSE
ON THE ONE HAND + CLAUSE ON THE OTHER HAND + CLAUSE
.
IN CONTRAST TO + NOUN
ON THE CONTRARY + CLAUSE
HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVVERB + CLAUSE

EXAMPLES:
- Although/Even though/Though she works very hard, she gets very little
money.
- Despite/In spite of having no experience, she got a very well paid job.

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- Jack likes reading while/whereas/on the other hand/but his brother hates
it.
- Richard is a brilliant entrepreneur however/nevertheless/nonetheless, he
went bankrupt.
- Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that, the university has one
of the best libraries in town, the students dont make use of it.
- Peter is not a liar. On the contrary, he is one of the most honest men I
have ever known.
- In contrast to Istanbul, Ankara is a very clean city.
- Tourism has good and bad effects. On the one hand, it brings money to the
country. On the other hand, it ruins areas of unspoilt beauty.

EXERCISE: CONBINE THE SENTENCES USING THE WORDS IN BRACKETS.

1. Farmers work hard. They earn little money. (Despite/In spite of)
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Sue is hard working. Her brother is lazy. (while/whereas/but)
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. He has been studying Chinese for four years. He cant speak it properly.
(Although/Even though/Though)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Most students go to private courses. They are not successful at university
entrance exam. (Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Linda studied day and night. She got the lowest mark.
(however/nevertheless/nonetheless)
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Reading is easy. Writing is difficult. (on the other hand)
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. The school administration cant decide what to do. It has to accept students at
levels high or low. They are concerned about the quality of the school. (On
the one hand... On the other hand)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Jane is very generous. Her brother is very mean. (On the contrary)
_______________________________________________________________________________

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9. Paris is very expensive. Ankara is cheap. (In contrast to)
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. He is hardworking. He cant get a passing mark. (However + Adjective)
_______________________________________________________________________________
11. You talk quickly. I can understand you. (However + Adverb)
_______________________________________________________________________________

WORDS EXPRESSING SIMILARITY:

SIMILARLY / LIKEWISE + CLAUSE

ALSO / TOO CLAUSE + TOO / ALSO
AS / JUST AS + CLAUSE
BOTH AND / NOT ONLYBUT ALSO / NEITHER
NOUN NOUN + CLAUSE
NOR
LIKE / JUST LIKE / SIMILAR TO + NOUN
AS WELL AS + NOUN / V-ing
IN THE SAME WAY + CLAUSE

EXAMPLES:
1. Human can find problems with cars,likewise/similarly a computer can
find problems with them.
2. People can use body language and communicate; an animal can also/too.
3. Both Finland and Norway are cold countries.
4. Not only Izmir but also Adana is a developed city
5. German is a European language, just as English.
6. The organisation helps people in need as well as raising money for local
charities.

SAMPLE BRAINSTORMING:
COMMUNICATION

TODAY SIMILARITIES IN 2050

Common Mobile Phones Much cheaper
Popular and More common

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 Cheap Will still be popular
Laptops

TODAY DIFFERENCES IN 2050

Popular More developed
The Internet
Worldwide used Much faster and cheaper

TODAY DIFFERENCES IN 2050

To talk, to see and to do jobs
To have conversations Home Telephones
at the same time

SAMPLE OUTLINE:
Although some tools of communication like
THE THESIS mobile phones and laptops will keep their
STATEMENT popularity in daily life, the internet and home
telephones will be much more different.

One obvious similarity in communication will

BODY PARA 1 probably be the popularity of mobile phones
TOPIC and laptops.
SENTENCE Support: same popularity because of their
price and mobility.

On the other hand, the first significant

BODY PARA 2 difference in communication will be the use of
TOPIC the internet.
SENTENCE Support1: more developed
Support2: faster and cheaper

The second impressive difference in

BODY PARA 3
communication will be the different use of
TOPIC
home telephones.
SENTENCE
Support: to talk, to see and to do jobs

To sum up / To summarize / In conclusion /

Taking everything into account, there are both
similarities and differences between
communication today and in 2050. As can be
CONCLUDING seen above, communication in 2050 will be
SENTENCE similar to that of today in terms of mobile
phones and laptops. Unlike this, there will be
remarkable changes in the use of the internet
and home telephones, thanks to developing
technology.

SAMPLEESSAY
TODAY`S COMMUNICATION in 2050

People have always been involved in technology to develop. As a result, the

contribution of technology to the modern world is undeniable. It is obvious that the most

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significant development has been in communication. Today people benefit from different
means of communication a great deal. It can be clearly predicted that there will be a lot
of new inventions in 2050 and with the help of them, people will have more opportunities
to communicate with others. Although some tools of conversation like mobile
phones and laptops will keep their popularity in daily life, the Internet and
home-telephones will be much more different in 2050.
One obvious similarity in communication will probably be the popularity
of mobile-phones and laptops. Today they are very popular and widely used because
of their price and mobility. In the future, people will still be using them in daily life as they
will be cheaper and more common. To give an example, today most young people are the
real users of mobile phones and laptops. Since they have already been familiar to them,
in 2050 they will have been addicted to these small devices while communicating with
whoever they like.
On the other hand, the first magnificent difference in communication will
be the advanced use of the Internet. Even though it is used worldwide now,
technological changes will make the Internet develop considerably. For example, it will
enable people to go on day-trips or holidays to faraway places even to other planets by
virtual reality. Today the Internet is still popular in education. However, as it is going to be
much faster and cheaper, students will get more benefit from the Internet in class
environment and communicate with teachers and students all over the world by video-
conferencing.
The second impressive novelty in communication will be the different use
of home telephones. Nowadays, they are mostly used to have conversations, but in
2050 people will not only be talking to and seeing each other but also doing their jobs at
the same time in their houses using their home telephones. As an example, a
businessman will be able to run his business and make deals with other companies using
his audio-visual home telephone without having to go to his office.
To summarize, it seems that communication in 2050 will be similar to that of
today in terms of mobile phones and laptops. Unlike this, there will be remarkable
differences in the use of the Internet and home telephones thanks to developing
technology. To me, while mankind keeps improving himself, changes in communication
depending on technology is inevitable.