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South-East Asia and the Pacific Rim Super Grid

for 100% RE power supply

Ashish Gulagi, Dmitrii Bogdanov and Christian Breyer


Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland

Neo-Carbon Energy 4th Researchers Seminar


October 19-20, 2015
Agenda

Motivation
Methodology and Data
Results for the Energy System
Results for Hourly Operation
Alternatives
Summary

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


2 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
South-East Asia and the Pacific RE potential
Huge potential for all renewable energy sources that needs to be unlocked
Growing interest in renewable energy technologies with big investments
Various government policies to spur renewable energy investments and targets
for renewable energy, feed-in-tariffs are driving deployment of renewables in
South-East Asia and Pacific Rim
One of the fastest growing regions in the world in terms in electricity
consumption and population
Large population do not have proper access to electricity
High electricity demand in the future
Need to stop the dependence on not sustainable fossil fuels for electricity
generation
For the South-East Asia and Pacific, 100% renewable energy based system is not
a dream but a reality with high cost competitiveness

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


3 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Current status of the power plant mix

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


4 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Agenda

Motivation
Methodology and Data
Results for the Energy System
Results for Hourly Operation
Alternatives
Summary

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


5 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Key Objective
Definition of an optimally structured energy system based on 100% RE supply
optimal set of technologies, best adapted to the availability of the regions resources,
optimal mix of capacities for all technologies and every sub-region of South-East Asia,
optimal operation modes for every element of the energy system,
least cost energy supply for the given constraints.

LUT Energy model, key features Input data


linear optimization model historical weather data for: solar irradiation, wind
hourly resolution speed and hydro precipitation
available sustainable resources for biomass and
multi-node approach geothermal energy
flexibility and expandability synthesized power load data
gas and water desalination demand
efficiency/ yield characteristics of RE plants
efficiency of energy conversion processes
capex, opex, lifetime for all energy resources
min and max capacity limits for all RE resources
nodes and interconnections configuration
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
6 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Methodology
Full system
Renewable energy sources
PV ground-mounted
PV single-axis tracking
PV rooftop
Wind onshore
Hydro run-of-river
Hydro dam
Geothermal energy
CSP
Waste-to-energy
Biogas
Biomass
Electricity transmission
node-internal AC transmission
interconnected by HVDC lines
Storage options
Batteries
Pumped hydro storages
Adiabatic compressed air storage
Thermal energy storage, Power-to-Heat
Gas storage based on Power-to-Gas Energy Demand
Water electrolysis Electricity
Methanation Water Desalination
CO2 from air Industrial Gas
South-East
Gas Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
storage
7 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Scenarios assumptions
15 regions
2 regions in Australia (East and West)
4 regions in Indonesia (according to major islands)
2 regions in Malaysia (East and West)
Mekong countries

Key data
~646 mio population
~1629 TWh electricity demand (2030)
~256 GW peak load (2030)
~13 mio km2 area
~10 bil m3/a water desalination demand (2030)

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


8 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Scenarios assumptions
Grid configurations
Regional-wide open trade Connections
between countries
(no interconnections between regions)
Connections
between regions
Country-wide open trade
(no interconnections between countries)

Area-wide open trade


(country-wide HVDC grids are interconnected)

Area-wide open trade with water


desalination and industrial gas production
Scenarios

Assumption Regional-wide Country-wide Area-wide Area-wide open trade


open trade open trade open trade Des-Gas
PV self-
X X X X
consumption
Water Desalination X

Industrial Gas X

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


9 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Scenarios assumptions
Financial assumptions (year 2030)
Generation costs
Capex Opex fix Opex var Lifetime Technology Energy/Power Ratio [h]
Technology
[/kW] [/kW] [/kWh] [a]
Battery 6
PV rooftop 813 12 0 35
PHS 8
PV fixed-tilted 550 8 0 35
A-CAES 100
PV single-axis 620 9 0 35
Gas Storage 80*24
Wind onshore 1000 20 0 25
Hydro Run-of-River 2560 115.2 0.005 60 Efficiency [%]
Hydro Dam 1650 66 0.003 60 Battery 90
Geothermal energy 4860 87 0 30 PHS 92
Water electrolysis 380 13 0.001 30 A-CAES 70
Methanation 234 5 0 30 Gas Storage 100
CO2 scrubbing 356 14 0.0013 30 Water Electrolysis 84
CCGT 775 19 0.002 30 CO2 Scrubbing 78
OCGT 475 14 0.011 30 Methanisation 77
Biomass PP 2500 175 0.001 30 CCGT 58
Wood gasifier CHP 1500 20 0.001 40 OCGT 43
Biogas CHP 370 14.8 0.001 20 Geothermal energy 24
MSW incinerator 5240 235.8 0.007 20 MSW Incinerator 34
Steam Turbine 700 14 0 30 Biogas CHP 40
Capex Opex fix Opex var Lifetime Steam Turbine 42
Technology CSP collector 51
[/(m3 a)] [/(m3 a)] [/(m3 a)] [a]
Water Desalination 2.23 0.096 0 30

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


10 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Scenarios assumptions
Financial assumptions (year 2030)
Storage and transmission costs
Capex Opex fix Opex var Lifetime
Technology
[/kWh] [/(kWh a)] [/kWh] [a]
Battery 150 10 0.0002 10
PHS 70 11 0.0002 50
A-CAES 31 0.4 0.0012 40
Gas Storage 0.05 0 0 50

Capex Opex fix Opex var Lifetime


Technology
[/(m3 h)] [/(m3 a)] [/(m3 h)] [a]
Water Storage 65 1 0 50
WACC = 7%
Energy
Capex Opex fix Lifetime
Technology consumption
[/(m3 km)] [/(m3 km a)] [a]
[kWh/(m3 km)]
Horizontal pumping 15 2.3 0.0004 30
Vertical pumping 23 2.4 0.0036 30

Capex Opex fix Opex var Lifetime


Technology
[/(kW km)] [/(kW km a)] [/kW] [a]
Transmission Line 0.612 0.0075 0 50

Technology Capex [/kW] Opex fix [/(kW a)] Opex var [/kW] Lifetime [a]
Converter Station 180 1.8 0 50
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
11 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Scenarios assumptions
Full load hours
PV fixed- PV 1-axis CSP Wind
Region
tilted FLH FLH FLH FLH
New Zealand 1430 1765 1541 4122
Australia East 1733 2316 2261 3500
Australia West 1764 2397 2424 3782
Indonesia Papua + Papua 1465 1816 1300 1182
New Guinea
Sumatra 1445 1746 1193 440
Java + Timor Leste 1683 2203 2008 1225
Indonesia East 1503 1869 1467 394
Malaysia West + Singapore 1485 1835 1298 454
Malaysia East + Brunei 1489 1810 1373 170
Philippines 1503 1929 1585 1799
Myanmar 1539 1843 1591 847
Thailand 1495 1794 1360 1559
Laos 1439 1677 1248 934
Vietnam 1456 1764 1287 1838
Cambodia 1512 1810 1340 1230
FLH of region computed as weighed average of regional
sub-areas (about 50 km x 50 km each):
0%-10% best sub-areas of region 0.3
10%-20% best sub-areas of region 0.3
20%-30% best sub-areas of region 0.2
30%-40% best sub-areas of region 0.1
40%-50% best sub-areas of region 0.1
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply Data: based on NASA (Stackhouse P.W., Whitlock C.H., (eds.), 2009. SSE release 6.0)
12 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi reprocessed by DLR (Stetter D., 2012. Dissertation, Stuttgart)
Scenarios assumptions
PV and Wind LCOE (weather year 2005, cost year 2030)

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


13 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Scenarios assumptions
Generation profile (area aggregated)

PV generation profile Wind generation profile


Aggregated area profile computed using earlier Aggregated area profile computed using
presented weighed average rule. earlier presented weighed average rule.

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


14 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Scenarios assumptions
Load (area aggregated)

Synthesized load curves for each region

Total load (2030) Total load (2030)


- excluding PV prosumers

Key insights:
PV self-consumption reduces peak load by about 5%
Daytime demand is substantially reduced throughout the year
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
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Agenda

Motivation
Methodology and Data
Results for the Energy System
Results for Hourly Operation
Alternatives
Summary

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


16 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE Total ann. Total RE Generated
LCOC LCOS LCOT
2030 Scenario LCOE primary cost CAPEX capacities electricity
[/kWh] [/kWh] [/kWh] [/kWh] [/kWh] [bn ] [bn ] [GW] [TWh]
Region-wide 0.068 0.044 0.002 0.022 0.000 111 925 793 1790
Country-wide 0.067 0.044 0.002 0.021 0.000 110 920 786 1783
Area-wide 0.065 0.044 0.001 0.019 0.001 107 892 749 1734
Area-wide
0.052 0.038 0.001 0.012 0.000 155 1348 1193 2807
Des-Gas*,**
* additional demand 96% gas
Total LCOE LCOS Total ann. Total RE Generated and 4% desalination
LCOE*** primary prosumer Cost CAPEX capacities electricity ** LCOS does not include the cost
prosumer prosumer prosumer prosumer prosumer prosumer for the industrial gas (LCOG)
*** fully included in table above
[/kWh] [/kWh] [/kWh] [bn ] [bn ] [GW] [TWh]
0.064 0.039 0.028 12.9 132 150 233
LCOW: 0.57 /m3
LCOG: 0.103 /kWhth,gas

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


17 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Self-Consumption South-East Asia super-region area-wide open trade

2030
RES COM IND
Electricity price [/kWh] 0.130 0.131 0.125
PV LCOE [/kWh] 0.028 0.037 0.038
Self-consumption PV LCOE [/kWh] 0.035 0.044 0.045
Self-consumption PV and Battery LCOE [/kWh] 0.063 0.073 0.069
Self-consumption LCOE [/kWh] 0.063 0.073 0.068
Benefit [/kWh] 0.067 0.058 0.057

Installed capacities RES COM IND


PV [GW] 65 37 47
Battery storage [GWh] 81 46 44

Generation RES COM IND


PV [TWh] 101 59 73
Battery storage [TWh] 26 14 14
Excess [TWh] 16 8 10

Utilization
Self-consumption of generated PV electricity [%] 80.8 83.9 84.2
Self-coverage market segment [%] 12.5 11.9 10.8
Self-coverage operators [%] 62.8 59.9 54.2
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply Source (electricity prices): Gerlach A., Werner Ch., Breyer Ch., 2014. Impact of Financing Cost on
18 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi Global Grid-Parity Dynamics till 2030, 29th EU PVSEC, Amsterdam, September 22-26
Results
Benefits of electricity and industrial gas sectors integration Area-wide desalination gas
3000
2.8% relative integration benefit
Total Electricity generation RE

2500 76 TWh absolute integration benefit


Ind Gas Sector
2000 Key insights:
integration benefits: decrease in total
(TWh)

1500
Power Sector electricity demand and total annual
1000
levelized cost
500 decrease in total electricity curtailment
0
losses decreased by 32% (39 TWh
Independent sectors Integrated system absolute) and in total capex by 4.2% (59
bn absolute)
180
Desalination Sector 4.8% relative integration benefit
160
8 bn absolute integration benefit
Total annual cost (bn)

140
120 Ind Gas Sector
100
80
60
Power Sector
40
20
0

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


19 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Import / Export (year 2030)
Area-wide open trade

Key insights:
Net Importers: Thailand,
Malaysia West and Singapore,
Malaysia East and Brunei

Net Exporters: Myanmar,


Vietnam, Indonesia-Kalimantan
Sulawesi

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


20 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE (year 2030) region-wide open trade

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


21 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE (year 2030) region-wide open trade

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


22 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE (year 2030) region-wide open trade

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


23 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE (year 2030) area-wide open trade

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


24 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE (year 2030) area-wide open trade

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


25 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE (year 2030) area-wide open trade

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


26 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Total LCOE (year 2030) area-wide open trade

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


27 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Components of LCOE area-wide open trade and area-wide desalination gas
Area-wide open trade Area-wide open trade desalination gas

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


28 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Installed Capacities

2030 Hydro Hydro


Wind PV RoR dams Biogas Biomass Waste Geothermal Battery PHS CAES PtG GT
Scenario
[GW] [GW] [GW] [GW] [GW] [GW] [GW] [GW] [GWh] [GWh] [GWh] [GWel] [GW]
Region-wide 114 541 27 38 24 31 3 5 824 9 925 12 27
Country-wide 114 536 27 38 22 31 3 5 822 9 851 11 25
Area-wide 119 499 28 39 20 32 3 5 802 9 465 3 19
Integrated 257 809 27 38 19 30 3 5 873 6 517 120 7
PV PV PV PV Battery Battery Battery
2030
fixed-tilted single-axis prosumers total system prosumers total
Scenario
[GW] [GW] [GW] [GW] [GWh] [GWh] [GWh]
Region-wide 5 386 150 541 653 171 824
Country-wide 5 381 150 536 651 171 822
Area-wide 5 344 150 499 631 171 802
Integrated 5 654 150 809 702 171 873

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


29 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Resource utilization area-wide open trade and area-wide desalination gas
Area-wide open trade Area-wide open trade desalination gas

PV total capacity
PV total capacity
499 GW
809 GW, +62%

Key insights:
PV utilization is increased substantially in area-wide desalination-gas scenario
Overall utilization of PV and wind resources is very low

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


30 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Resource utilization area-wide open trade and area-wide desalination gas
Area-wide open trade Area-wide open trade desalination gas

Wind total capacity Wind total capacity


119 GW 257 GW, +116%

Key insights:
Wind utilization is increased substantially in area-wide desalination-gas scenario
Resouces in Vietnam intensively utilized

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


31 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Regions Electricity Capacities area-wide open trade
Area-wide open trade Area-wide open trade desalination gas

Key insights: Key insights:


Area-wide scenario shows high PV capacities which are Area-wide desalination gas scenario is dominated by PV
dominated by PV single-axis and complemented by PV single-axis and wind being the main source of
prosumer PV installations electricity for seawater desalination and industrial gas
production, especially for importing regions

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


32 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Storages

Storage capacities Throughput of storages Full cycles per year


Battery PHS A-CAES Gas Battery PHS A-CAES Gas Battery PHS A-CAES Gas
2030 Scenario [-]
[TWhel] [TWhel] [TWhel] [TWhth] [TWhel] [TWhel] [TWhel] [TWhth] [-] [-] [-]

Region-wide 0.8 0.0 0.9 40.3 265.9 2.3 20.9 104.1 322.5 267.4 22.6 2.6
Country-wide 0.8 0.0 0.8 38.1 265.5 2.3 19.2 102.7 322.7 267.4 22.6 2.7
Area-wide 0.8 0.0 0.5 28.9 261.7 2.3 10.1 82.1 326.0 270.1 21.8 2.8
Integrated 0.9 0.0 0.5 43.8 285.6 1.3 12.9 21.4 326.9 211.0 24.9 0.5

Thermal energy storage share is negligible because of climate conditions being


unfavourable for CSP power plants and lack of competitiveness of TES with other
storage technologies.

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


33 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Storages Capacities area-wide and area-wide open trade desalination gas
Area-wide open trade Area-wide open trade desalination gas

Key insights:
Excess energy for area-wide open trade desalination gas: higher in absolute numbers, but
same relative ones (3% of total generation).
Hydro dams are very important as virtual battery, batteries in a key role for prosumers but
also on the grid level and gas storages for balancing periods of wind and solar shortages
A-CAES important for region-wide and country-wide scenarios, however trading within
regions is lower in cost than A-CAES
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
34 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Agenda

Motivation
Methodology and Data
Results for the Energy System
Results for Hourly Operation
Alternatives
Summary

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


35 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
GW
Net importer region Thailand

Key insights:
Thailand imports 22 TWh of electricity from the grid
(neighbouring regions)
own generation is based on PV (prosumer, single-axis)
batteries and A-CAES charged during daytime and
discharged in afternoon (only batteries) and evening (both)
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
36 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
GW Net exporter region Myanmar

Key insights:
Myanmar exports 15 TWh of electricity to the grid (neighbouring
regions)
Energy mix is mainly based on PV (prosumers), hydro dams and
biomass
Batteries shift PV-based electricity in the afternoon and night
Hydro dams and biomass is used flexibly in hours of no PV
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
37 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Energy flow of the System of area-wide open trade desalination gas (2030)
Energy Flow of the system in TWh

Key insights:
PV is the major energy source (prosumers contribute significantly)
Wind energy and biomass are further major energy sources
Low fraction to be stored or traded within regions via grids

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


38 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Agenda

Motivation
Methodology and Data
Results for the Energy System
Results for Hourly Operation
Alternatives
Summary

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


39 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
LCOE of alternatives are NO alternative

Key insights
PV-Wind-Gas is the least cost option (with existing hydro)
nuclear and coal-CCS is too expensive
nuclear and coal-CCS are high risk technologies
high value added for PV-Wind due to higher capacities needed

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply source: Agora Energiewende, 2014. Comparing the Cost of Low-Carbon
40 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi Technologies: What is the Cheapest option, Berlin
Comparison to latest IEA report on SE Asia

Key insights:
IEA does not assume any major change in the energy mix
IEA uses outdated (much too high) PV capex numbers, since in 2015 the PV
capex is around 1000 /kWp (<< 1600 USD/kWp in 2030)
IEA numbers include subsidies for coal and gas, due to no CO2 price and heavy
metal emissions (reason for coal decline and PV and wind investments in China)
Country-wide scenario for 100% RE is 67 /MWh for 2030 compared to about 73
USD/MWh for IEA mix for 2040 (assuming 80 USD/t for coal and 10 USD/MBtu for
gas) with substantial higher risk for stranded investments
Policy recommendation seems to be careless!
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
41 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Agenda

Motivation
Methodology and Data
Results for the Energy System
Results for Hourly Operation
Alternatives
Summary

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


42 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Summary
100% Renewable Energy system is reachable in South-East Asia!
super grid interconnection decrease average cost of electricity to 65 /MWh of the total
area from 67 /MWh (country-only and region-only) scenarios
integration benefit of gas and desalination is about 2-5% (generation and cost ) due
more efficient usage of storage and flexibility options
in 2030, for region and country scenario PV technologies dominate in the electricity
sector in most regions of South-East Asia apart from Australia, where wind plays an
important role in all scenarios
hydro dams can be used as a virtual battery for solar and wind electricity balancing
the shift to power in the gas, desalination, heat and mobility sector will be driven by
higher supply of least cost solar PV and wind sites
despite an upper limit 50% higher than the current capacity for hydro dams and RoR, in
all the considered scenarios PV and wind are more profitable technologies according
to the availability of the regions resources
Recent IEA publication used fully outdated PV capex and represents high risk option
100% RE system is more cost competitive than a nuclear-fossil option!

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


43 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Thanks for your attention
and to the team!

The authors gratefully acknowledge the public financing of Tekes, the Finnish Funding
Agency for Innovation, for the Neo-Carbon Energy project under the number 40101/14.
Back-up Slides
Results
Energy flow of the System of region-wide open trade scenario (2030)
Energy Flow of the system in TWh

Key insights:
For region-wide open trade scenario CSP and thermal storages do
not play a significant role
PV in total is the major energy source
Storage requirements are limited and mainly based on batteries
Biogas used for flexible balancing

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


46 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Energy flow of the System of area-wide open trade (2030)
Energy Flow of the system in TWh

Key insights:
Decrease in the overall losses due to storage
System configuration quite similar to region-wide
scenario, due to limited grid utilization

South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply


47 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Resource utilization area-wide open trade and area-wide desalination gas
Area-wide open trade Area-wide open trade desalination gas

Hydro dam Hydro dam


Total capacity Total capacity
39 GW 38 GW, -2.6%

Key insights:
Full utilization of hydro capacities in all regions except New Zealand
Hydro capacity usage is decreased slightly in the area-wide open trade
desalination gas scenario.
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
48 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi
Results
Resource utilization area-wide open trade and area-wide desalination gas
Area-wide open trade Area-wide open trade desalination gas

Hydro RoR Hydro RoR


Total capacity Total capacity
28 GW 27 GW, -3.6%

Key insights:
Hydro capacity is decreased despite an upper limit 50% higher than the actual
capacity in the area-wide open trade desalination gas scenario
PV and wind LCOE are more competitive than hydro RoR and dams, despite of
the flexibility of dams
South-East Asian Super Grid for 100% RE power supply
49 Ashish Gulagi Ashish.Gulagi@lut.fi

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