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Lab report1
Subject :
Applied chemistry
Submitted to:
Submitted by:
Shaherbano
Roll no:
(58)
Purpose:
To determine the alkalinity of water sample as tap water and distilled water by titration.
Theory: (intro)
Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater
treatment processes. Raw domestic wastewater has an alkalinity less than, or only slightly
greater than, that of the water supply. Properly operating anaerobic digesters typically have
supernatant alkalinities in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/L.
Alkalinity is the measure of the resistance of water to the lowering of pH when acids are
added to the water. Acid additions generally come from rain or snow, though soil sources are
also important in some areas. Alkalinity increases as water dissolves rocks containing
calcium carbonate such as calcite and limestone.
Alkalinity is sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably with basicity. For example, the pH
of a solution can be lowered by the addition of CO 2. This will reduce the basicity; however,
the alkalinity will remain unchanged. When your body is highly acidic your body will leach
alkaline minerals to balance your pH. This means it draws calcium from your teeth and bones,
potassium from your muscles and nerves, magnesium from your arteries, and sodium from your
joints. Unfortunately its not looking to release any of the acid toxins that your body is storing in its
fat cells. So in the end, our bodies hold onto the acidic toxins and we loose valuable bone
supportive minerals.
We all have a delicate pH and our bodies prefer a slightly alkaline environment. When the foods we
consume push our pH toward acidity our bodies find alkaline minerals stored internally to cure the
imbalance. While our bodies are amazing machines and have the ability to do this and keep us in
healthy pH range, the process of repairing this imbalance requires a severe loss of the very minerals
you work hard to supplement daily. Even more scary, acidity is a silent killer, causing inflammation
in the body which is the root of all disease. Alkalinity of natural water is determined by the soil
and bedrock through which it passes.
The main sources for natural alkalinity are rocks which contain carbonate, bicarbonate, and
hydroxide compounds. Borates, silicates, and phosphates also may contribute to alkalinity.
Limestone is rich in carbonates, so waters flowing through limestone regions or bedrock
containing carbonates generally have high alkalinity - hence good buffering capacity.
Conversely, areas rich in granites and some conglomerates and sandstones may have low
alkalinity and therefore poor buffering capacity.
PH indicators:
Chemicals:
Procedure:
1. Take 50 ml of water sample that is tap water in a flask and note the initial PH of the water
sample. Add six drops of methyl orange indicator in the sample (water), note the initial
reading of the burette containing H2SO4 (N=0.02)
2. Start the titration till the color changes and note the reading of the burette, Calculate the
methyl orange alkalinity using the formula alkalinity = (final reading - initial reading) X
100/50
3. Now add six drops of methyl orange in the second water sample that is distilled water
note the initial PH of the water sample . Note the initial reading of the burette and start
the titration till the color changes to gray and note the final reading.
4. Start the titration till the color changes and note the reading of the burette, Calculate the
methyl orange alkalinity using the formula alkalinity = (final reading - initial reading) X
100/50
Formula :
N1 V1 = N2 V2
N1 = 0.02 20/50
N1 = 0.008 50 1000mg/L
N1 = 400mg/L
Final pH of water =
Formula:
N1 V1 = N2 V2
N1 = 0.02 4/50
N1 = 0.0016 50 1000
N1 = 80mg/L