LEARN MALAYALAM

I N 30 D A Y S

BY
Vidvan C, L, MEENAKSt-lI AMMA

IBALAdI PUBLICATIONS
ROAD
103, PYCROFTS
MADa~s-aaool4
 RAJ 8UAVAN
Camp: Rashtrapathi Bhavan
New Oelhi

March 8, 1976

Daar Sirs
I am extresely happy that Balaji
Publicatidns are bringing o u t '

of aatiunal I n t e g r a t i o a
Language series, They a r e u s e f u l f o r
people speaking,ope language to
learn other languages. This is a
pioneering work f o r n a t i o n a l .
i n t e g r a t i o n , and I must c o n g r a t u l a t e
you.
C

Yours sincerely
(Sd)K. K. SHAH

Ma. Balaji Publieat ianr

53, Oil Monger Street
Madras-600 014
V. R. NEDUHCMEZHlAN Fort St. George
MIHtSTBR FOR EDUCAT1ON Madras-9
AHD HEALTH
8th July, 1970

,I am g l a d La learn t h a t a baok
antitled ''TO LEARN ~ Q ~ J A Y A L AIN
M 30
DAYS" w i l l be published by the
Bala ji Publications, Madras-14.

T congratulate bhe publishers

forhavingtakencommendable e f f o r t s
i n b r i n g i n g out t h i s b o o k i n a s i m p l e
but e f f i c i e n t w a y . 1 hope and trust
$hat t h i s baok w i l l bemade u s e o f
'by the English-knowing people f r o m
other parts o f the country and
foreigners. U
 FOREWORD

,$ To karn s Iangustge is to enter a new world and r1:-live

one's life with the zest of a new childhood. This is al' the
more true of the tourist or the new student: of nationi,lisrn
or humanity,
Kerala is a world of beauty and variety, of land as wdl
as of tbe people, and ofie can enter into the soul of it el sily
with even a smattering of the language of the country. In
[his book-lef Sn~nathiMcer~akshi Amma with a few deft
touches, enables the English-knowing tourist, scholar',or
o@cial to attain by imperceptible steps to an understanding

' of the essentials of the medium o f I he thoughts and feeli&s

of the people.
With minimum or with practically no grammar at all
and with the just absolutely necessary basic vocabulary, thb
author has evolved in the reals of language-teaching a r
admirable system o f her ow11 which is simple as simple can
be and yet is egcient in the main,
The Balaji Pu biications are to be heartily congratulated
for their great swvice in the cause of national solidarity and
integration as betwee11 the linguistic nerve-centres of the
k
r love, m a k i ~ ~Kerala
nation i t is a labo t ~ of g nearer and
dearer to the people of the other parts of India and the
world, and will certainly also help to bring the other parts
of lndia and the world nearer and closer to the life of
Maiayalis.
The 30 days or rather the 30 quarter-hours of the
Scheme, with a quarter of an hour a day for 30 days. would
furnish one with a veritable key to one's converse with the
 6
5

Malayalis. It is, indeed, desirable that the author and t h ~

publisher continue their co-operation yet further and supple
mcnt the key with adequate foJlow-ups, so that the desire
born of acquaintance may find its due fulfilment in greater
ixltimacy and the resultant richer harvest of a cultural q&
I "

national nature to the nation and the people.

K.APPADURAI, M~A, (BNG), M, A. (T-)

VISARAD (HINDI), L'. T.
Full Time Member
Madras Tamizhagarn Official Language
13-6-1970, (Legislative) Commission.
 To learn a language is by itsdf an art, and alt are not
gifted with that faculty. Nevertheless, once you develop a
taste for that, it becomes easier, and a second habit with you.
Unity of our country is seemingly jeopardized by the
artificial barriers created an account of the numerous langu-
ages spoken here, and more than that, the linguistic divisions
of the country. A common lingua franca is the only solution
to this problem. The solution suggested h'as fast brought
another problem. What shouId be the common language?
There is English at present, but a few seem to be apathetic
to the adoption of English as the linguu~fr~ncu of India.
They have their own reawtls. Nowevcr. for the present,
despite the opposition of thcse people to English. they too
depend on that unique window of world culture to ventilate
their feelings! Let i t be so, and let us be happy to that extent
to know that hypocracy is often defeated by practicality
Here is a noble attempt on rile part of Balaji '~ubli-.
cations to solve the problem in a different way. ,Learning
;I language in thirty days may seem some what
ambitious a scheme. Balaji Pubtications, coming under
the National Integration series, do ilot give you a rise
promise nor do they p i ~ tyou undcr an illusion. From my
persoilal experience, I. can say that I could learn a language
fairly well through one of the Baluji P U blications; Cred itgoer
to the Publishers, but not exclusively to them!
Tn ,fact to an Inditin student any fndian language i s his
own provided4 he forgets the barricade of its alphabets,
After all a!,\habets are the outer garments of a language,
 Thanks to the Roman script supported by a code of
transliteration, this barricade is removed to some extent, and
by the time one finishes the first course, by an easy reading of
the book, he will be convinced of its great use in knowing the
general nature of the language. tt is then up to him to go
'

slow, chapter by chapter; for a few days, to acquire a working

knowledge in the new language. Forget about the alpha bets
f ~ rsome time to come, Cultivate the taste of learning
the vocabulary, syntax and a few primary principles of
gmmrnar. Within thirty days you can talk a little and
understand much of the language you want to master.

To a South Indian, any South Indian language other

than his mother tongue, is the least alien. A Malayali
+ learning Telugu or Kannada finds himself quite at home with
that language within a short time, if only he knows the
fact that the Sanskrit loan words in those languages do not
undergo any change excepting a Iittle, and that with regard
to the &fExts indicating gender, number, person and case,
The indigenous elements OF all the South lndian languages
are common, and the worry is over by the realisation of this
fact. Thus a Malayah cannot: but view Telugu or Kannada
as his own mother tongue.

Still easier is the case with a Tarnilian to learn

Malayalam and vice versa, Practically they are one, if
viewed sympathetically. Even the alphabets, let aione the
stack of indigenous words, are similar. Far g Tamiliaa it
is a question of pronouncing Sanskrit words as Sanskrit
words to know Malayalam thoroughly , for which purpose
he has to learn the additional alphabets in Malayalam.
-A Tamilian who is familiar with the Grantha script would
Gind that Malayalam script i s but a variation of it.
 In the case of nun-Indian foreigners, a language like
Malayalarn will be a difficult knot to untie. To them it
will be more difficult than Tamil or Hindi. From the
experience I have had with my foreign students learning
Malayatam, f have noted that their main difficulty is ir!
the matter of pronunciation, and the subtle distinction
maintained by a few letters coming under consonantal group.
Even to them these series would prove to be a Messing in so
far as they help the students in the diacult matter of
pronunciation by giving appropriate English equivalents.
The publications under the National Integration series
are well-planned. By an easy reading of the book one can
quickly inculcate the spirit of learning a new language.

May f congratulate Mr. Janakirsm, the Publisher of

the series fur the ingenuity with which he planned tMs
most difficult but highly useful series in such a simple
MaBDCf,

Dr. S, K. Nayur.
 PUBLf SHER'S NOTE
My idea behind the publication of the National
Integration series is not to enlighten either the linguists or
the linguisticians. X had the common man in my view
when I planned this ambitious project,
I f,

Language is a problem to us, but no more it should be

as long as these series are available to you. 2: can assure
my readers the utility of the series if they care to follow the
lessons consistantly and regularly for 30 days during their
leisure hours. f am encouraged by thousands of customers
from ali over India and a few from outside to pursue the lint
taken up by me, of course with some diBcuIty at the begin-
ning and with ease later on, when I: found that more and
more arecoming foward with the queriesas to the availabitity
of hooks on other languages in the series.
The present one "Learn Mabyalam in 30 days" comes
under-the series. 1 have to thank the author Vidvan C. L,
Meenakshi Amma for her sincere and hearty co-operatian in
my endeavours to bring out this volume. Di. S. K.Nayar
has been a.source of inspiration to me for a long time in my
attempt to publish these series, and I am grateful to him for
rendering me all necessary help in my humble, but wrnest
attempt. Dr. Nayar has been ab!e to revise this work
thoraughiy in the manuscript stage, and many additions and
alterations are stilt to be made according to him in this
work, f: assure him and my readers that T would carry out
his instructions in the next edit'ion of the work.
However, despite the care taken in reading the proof, a
few errats have crept in and we request the students to refer
to the errata and make necessary corrections wherever
needed.
 CONTENTS

Page
freface I..

Foreword
Introduction
Publisher's Note
Alphabets
How to pronounce ... 16
Conso~~ants ... I7
Rules of pronunciation .. 18
Signs 06 Vowels *
.
. 19
Conjunct Codsonants
Words (Nouns)
Parts of the body
Places
Time
Week Days
Seasons
Months
Directions ...
Household I.,

Famiiy .I.

Feelings **

Edibles *.I

Vegetabtes 1..

Fruits ...
Animals
Birds
Education
Postal
Industry
Professionists
Piurnbers ...
Measurement .*.
Colours A ..
Metals .+*

Sentences I . .

Interrogatives I . . .

Sentences with Interrogatives .*.

Imperatives -4.4

About the House ...

In the market . . a

Conversation ...
Grammar ...
Voice ...
Short Exercises
Glossary of important words
A short note on the history of Matayalam Language
and Literature,
 FIRST PART

ALPHABETS
mmmm3a
A kgaramala

I . Vowels
rrurmssnd
Svaradfial
m a W 8 BD 1 Sg i
9 u w' 8 C 1
* e * e m n @ a i e o
a 6 D au
Note : m, S @ 8, firs 9,3
a 4 U, r, e, 1
an short vowels and the rest are long excepting a*
ai and e9 au wbich are known as dipthongs. Apart from
these 14 vowels there are two signs to be associated with
any one of these vowels They are I, and r r , usually written
with the first ietter to indicate that they may go
with any vowel. Thus m o am and mt ah are to be
smdied along with the vowels although they are not
strictly speaking vowels, They ate called mrnrclu~~a~
aausvHram and N%W$) 0 visargarn respectively.

8 and a~ 1' have long vowels but they seldom appear

In usage. Even 1' occurs only in one word in Malayalarn
and that is borrowed from Sari?krit,
 HOW TO PRONOUNCE

cBlb a as A in America
W a as a in Father
$32 i as i in It
1 as ee in Sweet

as r in Rhythm
m I' somewhat like '1x1' in clue
@ as a inany
4 elongate the vowel e

sa Q as in Only
653 o ' elongate the vowel o

mt ah as h in halt.
Note : The sign of am, aousvzram, is 0 , which
has the value of the pronunciation of the English letter
m. The sign of ma, the visarga, is : which corres-
ponds to 'h' in English. Anusviiram and visarga can be
added to any vowel and therefore both of these are
studied in the alphabetical chart associated with the first letter,
m a, which has the value of x in algebra and which stands
fur any vowel
 ,& cn Rel
ka kha ga gha
1JJ s (6W

~a cha ja j ha

m Lfl s w
ta tha da d ha

:-- All the consonaats are written adding a

vowel m, a, when only they are capable of being clearly
pronounced. Strictly speaking these consonants are to be
understood without adding any vowel to them, as a
consonant is defined as having no independent entity in
pronunciation unless a vowel is added to it. Thus consonant
b, ka, is to be represented as a",k, and the others idso
likewise,
 '
-
RULES OF PBONUNCIATION
Aff the alphabets in Sanskrit are found in Malayah
and their pronunciation is exactly like that of Sanskri
alphabets. In addition to the Sanskrit alphabets, the threl
letters 1, 9 1 and g found in Tamil and otbe
Dravidian languages strictly follow their counterparts i~
Tamil or Kannaba,
cn na the dental, nasal in Maltlyalam is used for th
pronunciation of fia in Tamil, the alveolar nasal, whic!
never occurs at the beginning of any Mafayatam ward
me pronunciation of alveolar fia is identical with .
in the English ward, no. When na, the dental i
dupiicated it is pronounced either as dental or alveola
according to the context. The general rule to pronounc
alveolar da i s that it is to be pronounced as alveolar d
when cn, n, is found occurring anywhere in a wor
excepting at the beginning. Thus the words rnm
nah9, mcn nada, G ~ C Dcaila, mmo maham ma
be given as examples. Therefore throughout this book n
particular diacritical mark is given to alveolar m n;
as is the case with Malayalarn letter cn which represen
both dental and aIveolar,
o $a when single has its original value, and whe
duplicated oo r f a takes a different pronknciation whic
i s identical with the tt in the English word attention.
Note: Many words in Malayatam end in half g
which has the status of a vowel, although it is half of
vowel only. Half of g u is represented by a cresce
mark above 9 as g* uv* This particular half vos
has a special significance in the Malayalarn grammar, ar
therefore the students of Malayalarn language sboould p
special attention in its writing as weII as pronunclati5n,
 SIGNS .OF VOWELS

m a, the first vowd, has no separate sign in

Malayalam. As dready stated 41 consonants are written
with .vowel m, a, latent in them. To have no separate sign
is itself a sign as in the case with Tamil and Sanskrit,

Vowel. Sign. Example.

N o : One diEculty with Malayalarn is thatthesignof g u
has no uniformity with all the consonants. A few
examples are given below:-
Short Long Short hng

a0+g=GLd a*
Kh +u=Lhu kha
~"+2=E.! a
(3+u--gu &a
W0+@=W -
J,

Gh+u-ghn gho
rnU+~=6Y3, 6%
b+u-htr fiii

Short Long
5u+2-S -3
14-u =tu tu
oQ+g=o, 0,
th+u-thu tbu
WU+!g*;rtCCk m*
$+-flu dD
CUp~+*"CU09, a,
gh-cu.=dbu g h-ii
mv+g=m fin3
o+u=4u
Short Long Short Long
 Shurt Long

r+u=pu rii

The following are consonants with independent pronun-

ciational entity, They are half of the consonants shown
against them:-
 Conjunct Consonants

The most difficult task in learning Mabyalam Is fd

when you write the conjunct consonants. Combination! of
a number of consonants is. represented in script by certain
principles in writing, which can be learnt by slow degrees
only, and that by familiarising yourself with such conjunct
letter. An exhaustive fist of conjunct letters is out of
place; only a few models are given below:-
dhV+&=tm
k+ka=kka
do+&=&
c+ca--cca +
r ya ;=rya
sU+B==:3 a"-)
a-gg
t + p=..tta 1+la .= Ila
mU+m--m CU+CU==QJ
t+ta- tta v+va% vva
LP+nJ=&.j
P Cpa=PPa

dB~+w=kfbJ
k+ya= kya. For all letters fioaUy joint with ya, J sign
would do.
e. g. dJcya, mJ gya, mJ fiya, hJJ pya, m& Yya, mJ
sya, nnf hya, I

For a!! letters finally joint with ell va, J sign

is to be given.
&O+CU=&J
k + va= kva.
&A cva, WA gva, fl(>~ hva.

--&& or 6 rka- Same principle when a lettel

& or ok-!-6 hgioiwitb o or m t or & r .
e. g. rppa @ rgga &muc. rsa. Wher
0 ra or rn ra comes jast the sign
is like pra, QJ vra, @ kra.
I1ZI''+DJ=UIS11 4ca.
a"+ce3. or I z i b b lka or tka. The same method
'

( is to be followed when wVI or m ut ir

mu or ID%+&,
followed by any letter.
cib or mu+&=& hka~fika,
m ~ + m ~ s 6t.am m or &+a=c@o nra
m u + s = w ~p h m U C C U ) = m gga
Mu+#-cm) nta MV-f-m=m)nna
mG+n-l=m mpa
m + ~ n = 3 ntha
a

A70rt,: 111 the above examples mu, n, stands, for any

nasal. Therefore the group of rhe nasal is to be determined
by the Ietter with which it is joined.
hm, are two peculiar combinations in MaiayaIam,
They are apparently the camhination of ono+@, hrna and
mum hna, but their pronunciation is pecutiar. They should
be pronounced as mha and nha respectively.
p.~omory"
brahmiivuv-to be pronounced as bramhnvn".
mnm? vahni to be pronounced as vanhi.
WORDS (NOUNS)
(Words of two letters)

Head

Net *

Field

Forest

Pot

Wage

Lord Krishna

Elephant

Mather

Cow
 (Words of three letters)
I

Donkey
Cbju mu
Pa Ila kkuO Palanquin

Chilli
& 16) &mu

Ka ta ku" Shutter

Sorrow

Lotus

Marriage
m&m
Sa rkka ra
 PRONOUNS

-I

We

You (Singular)

You (Plural)
cud
A van He

She
am a a
A var ney

That

This

Thase

These
 VERBS

Came

Go
&s?&&
Ku ti kku ka To drink
m7 m dh
Ti nnu ka To eat

To walk

To run

T o jump
&g$lcs61&
Ka li kku ka To play
ag7rna
Ku li kku ka To bathe

To see
am3 rn
No kku ka
ms7dmrfk
A ti kku ka TO beat
&5?&6!&
Ka ti kku ka To bite
mI7 97 &ta d%
Vi li kku ,ka To call
rn#a:,$%#ERk
KO tu kku ka To give
CWaS~c"
A ta ykku ka To dose
an"&
Tu ya kku ka To open
m7 g.& d,
Ni lkku ka To stand
~ o i m d h
Mu xi kku ka To cut
dl m'l &a 6
Ci ri kku ka To laugh

&To kill
 PARTS OF THE BODY
mcuavmsand
Avayavad fiaj

.rn(03 (Do 1

Sa ri ram
OB M a

D E ham

Head

Face

Tongue

FY~
,,Mouth
&YtPU Q>

Ka {u ttu" Neck

Tooth

Chest
 Lip

Rand

Ear

Back ,

Finger

Thigh

Chin

Eye brow

Forehead

Hair
fa 3.
Mv ttu* Knee (joint)

Nail
 PLACES
crunelmd
Sthala&&a{

Place:
~3 mo
Grzi mam Village
033 q &lo
T3 I@ kku" Taluk
Crtlo Mll13 M v
Sam stha nam State
d 3 6mo
Pa f f a gam Town

Country
CSWD d o
La kam World

Way, path
6)m m3 nJU
Te ru vu" SEreet

River

Sea
&3 5"
Kg tu' Forest
 TIME

Second

Second (One sixtieth. of a

M397a aahika)

One by sixty of 24 hours

Hour

Sun

Ca ndra n Moon
rn wo
Na kgha tram Star

Night

Dusk
 Dusk
m~ 3 RMO3
Ma dhya &am Noon

Noon
CLiO m7 mo
Pa ti n
Midnight
m&c03~fl
A rdha rzi tri

Morning
am 8 a o cl.a d t r o a a
Ve lu pps a ka lam E d y morning
QSHW & am
Vai ku nna ram Evening

Duration of 3 hours;
One eighth part of a day
 WZEK DAYS

mow&
R5 yar Sunday

ad:, Q,j
Co vva Tuesday

Bu dha n Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday
CLJD (0s
Vij ra m
ma Ln7
Ti thi
 SEASONS

Summer
Gal m Ra
Ve na1 Summer
CL1 Clu m o
Va sa ntam Spring

Spring
ID Y dm3 -0

Ma l a kka lam Rainy Season

a fiTtMP;1 &a3 fa@
Ma Riiu kg lam Winter

Rain

Sun (Sunlight or sunshine)

Cloud
rnt~6)61aib
Ma la kkgr Cloud
A3 OQU
Ma rrum
#7 m mB
Mi nnal Lightning
a 57
1 ti
 MONTHS
momamcia
Masabfial

August-September
dh m7
Ka nni September-October

October-Navern ber
c g w 7 &a
Vg sci kam November-December
wm
Dha nu Decem5er -January
m & ro*
Ma ka ram January-February

February-March

March- April
Grn So
Me tam April- May
!gS hlo
I ta vam May --June
sll Lg mo
Mi thu nam June-Jul y
& & S & O

Ka rkka ta kam July- August

 DIRECTIONS
o?cedadbcib
Dikkukai

East
am m u
're kku" South

West

CU 5 6)81u

Va ta kku" North

Corner

' Left

Right

. Down
Sie

Middle

In

Out

Circle
 HOUSEHOLD
culg c r u o m c n u l y c z r
Vi tu sam bandhiccava

House

Building

Room
m hU
Ka ta kuu Shutter
w3 ml aa
Vg ti1 Door
a m &
Ja nal Window
ctsr 53 cab
Ku ti 1 But
dfi
House of the Lower
W ~ f e

House of the lower

People
060 53 mo
KO ttn ram Palace
 Broomstick
m ml
A ri ppa Seive
m g m s
A fu kka la Kitchen
'PFbd 9WU
A tu ppu* oven
(113 @ o
P i tram Vessel

Ladle

Fire

Fire wood
6 el0
Ka lam Pat
& ml
Ka ri Chrri;caal

Cot

Bed

Pillow

Mat
 FAMILY
dhgomo
Kutumbam

50 m o
Ku turn barn Family

mm
A mma Mother

Father
m q m
A mmG mma Grand mother

Grand father

Grand father
&I7 00 ly na
Ci XXa ppa n Father's younger
brother
g9 Ib&
Bba rya Wife
e aim3 i Q u
Bha rta vuV Husband

Male
 Female

Child

Son

Daughter
a d EJ d
CE tta n Efder brother
ctnam7wd
A ni yan Younger brqther
a d 4bn
Ce cci
CSAl s m 7
Ce $a tti
s m?rn m
C8 f a tti a mma
1 Elder sister

Efder sister-in-law

Maternal uncle

Aunt

Father-in-law
'rn M I l O 0 7 m MD
A mma yi a mma Mother-in-law
rcnacncnnmhlcib
A na nta ra va n Nephew
cnmm&Jn3,
Ma ru ma ka n Nephew or son-in-law
nrm9J7wcib
A ii ya n Brother-in-lap9
6 mj
Ka nya ka Virgin

Husband's sister or
Brother's wife
112) am0 m o

San td Sam Happiness

Happiness
C&3 d o
Ka pam Anger

Anger

Laugh

sorrow

Weeping
qm o
Soe ham Love, friendship

Lovc

Luvc, friendship
m ~ ?m m c
r
Pi na kkam Enmity
 Enmity

Compassion
md 6I.h
Su kham Comfort
@a wo
Duh kham Sorrow
P -0

Bha yam Fear

Fear
8)aU) IDAa
Dbai ryam Boldness
8BCn IP3 UUJo
Nai rs byam Disappointment

Difficulty '

#a3 w
Va 118 yma Gloom
 EDIBLES
~(eflr~~and
Bhakthyah ha1

Milk

Curd

Buttemilk

Butter

i
mD@7 .
A ri %Pice
8af3 Qu
Cb XU* Cooked dce

wheat
 Flour
n ~ a m o ' l
Pa cca kka ri

Egg
Sg&Q g? &a 03
KO li kka l i Chicken

Bread

Sale
$2 (117 3 mu
U ppi li !$a tuu Pickles

ang go pickles
mo m m o a 09
Na ra fihii kka pi Lemon pick1es
 VEGETABLES

0
am m
Ve qta ykka Lady's Finger

Coconut
a3 6uQ
M8 fiRa Mango
aJ &-a
Ca kka Jack fruit

Onion
Q ta761113m
Mu ri 6th kka Drum Stick
U D CU g&
PB va ykka Bitter Gourd

Ka yppa kka Bittei Gourd

rLJsCUmm
8;t fa va la hfia Snake Gourd
c8xm2m
KII mpa \ a hda Meto 11
m mm 6F13
Ma tta hba
 FRUITS

' hJ 90
Pa lam Fruit
m3 9 & J!P<

'Va la ppa lam Plantain F ~ U I L

a3 m.l Y o
Ma mpa lam Mango Frui
d m a 90
Ca kka ppa [am Jack Fruit
Q m7 m7 arso gy 9.
Mu nti ri hhg ppa lam Grapes

Ck xu aa ra 6t5a Lemon
q t t m n ~ 9 a
B tta ppa lam Banana
a m QJ a
NB lntra ppa lam ~&ana
a h $ @ d &
Ka yta ca kka Pine-apple
rncb)rohomm
Ma dhu ra na ra hfia Orange
 ANIMALS
$<n6mcca
Mygailhal

Animal

CW'lo U o

Sim ham .

Leopard

tLi mrl : .!

Pa nni Pig

, Bear

Bull

Cow

Ku ru kka n Jackal

Dog, in some places Bitch

 Monkey ,

Horse

Camel

Ass

Rat or Mouse
cL$a
Pt1 cca Cat

Buffalo

She-buffalo
@" CLJ~

Kta vu"' Calf

m a l MD m7 w3 gU
Ce mma ri ya fuU Sheep
 BIRDS

Bird

Peacock
& w7 raa
Ku yi J
1
Cuckoo
wa .zdQ
Pra vu' Dove
a3 a
'Ka kka Craw

Chicken

Owl

Owl

Bat
rs!m
Ta tta Parrot
~831~7
Ki $i Parrot, also Sparrow
& &d
lg
Ka lu ka n Vulture

Swan
 cuI8~"p(ruo
Vidygbhyasam

W? S J O 0J3 CrUo
Vi dya bhya sam Educatioa
N? 8J5) ma
Vi dya la yam
n_l S.
Pa Iti kka tarn School
* Y r n d S l
E iu ttu pa {ti School
rPmr W J O
A ddhys pa ka n Teacher
mu mu
OUjD
V% ddhya ru*
& -3 &Ia*
Ka In la yam
m &&&l3Ub3a
Sa rva ka 1s dii la University
&J wo mr, w j o d & d3
Pra dha n& ddbya pa ka n Headmaster
~7 C&O &7'
Vi d y ~rtthj Student
cu7 SJO &I7 m
Vi dyii rtthi nC Girl Student
a Q
Fu sta kam Book
a a1 t~

Pa rl kSa Examination
czJIP? a 0 4 el*
Pa ri kba pha lam Examination Result
g m, m clr? a j o BJO me
U nna ta vi d y ~b h y ~sam Higber Education
m clr w7
A va dhi Leave
m hl 037 m3 ws
A va dbi kka lam Hof iday
-7
Vi 4ra mam Rest
& 5 El3 (QIV
Ka la la ssu" Paper
ad3 @&a

CU dyam Q uestian

U tta r i m Answer
 POSTAL
mrz~3d
Tapfl

Post
rn h13 eJ3 ~7 mu
Ta pa Ia ppi s Post Office
csa ma ma7 iEU0 m o
Mi5 1 vvi 1 sam Address
mtm
Va rtta News

Particulars
m d 3 IFb ml n43 wq
Ta pa 1 Si pa y i Postman
rm7
Ka mpi Telegmm

Note: For cover, card, register, money order, usually t

same English words are used.
 . . INDUSTRY
CU J(Um)300
Vyavassyam

CUJ fll Nu3 W o

Vya va s3 yam
803 9 3 a3 $7
To ti 18 li Labourer

Labour

Wage
nJ 6m7 Q S &a0
Pa pi mu fa k h O * Labour Strike
m7 mr, rrl)O J
Ib .n mo
Ni rii ha ra vra tam Hunger strike
Q 29
Mu ta la li Proprietor
ua crzl go
Sa mpa lam Salary
amo 99 mil 0 ~ 3
a
To ji 1 Sa la Factory
 PROFESSIONISTS

am3 *7 (pil
To li 1
amo 97 (pa m:,
To li 1 kka r
rerrP3m&0(11C@
A la kku kg ra n
am g a m 5 t?B
Vc l u tte ta n

Carpenter

i? Barber

I Goldsmith
 KO Xia n
d=rcscuacrll I Blacksmith

mo -3 3 60m Ca
Ha yz jtu kit ra n Hunter
mmtu oh d
Vai dya n Physician
d&a 7 &I33 m cl3
KF ~i kka ra n Farmer

Agriculturist

Business
6)B& G)IFIIRQ 91 d
i
Kai tto li 1 Handicraft 4

6)M K?J'J@@u
Ne yttu" Weaving
t
mrn w u m co t@
Ne yttu kL ra. n Weaver
@ tmd
Tu nnal Sewing
ggm raam3ad
T u nna I kka ra n Tailor
clr &"t
Va kki
 NUMBERS
m]obu~&d
Samkhyakal

CTt)o WJ
Sam khya Number

To count

Quarter

Half

Two

Four

Five

Six
 Seven'

Nine
nJ mu
Pa ttu" Ten
rmrl om3 mu
Pa ti no nnu" ~ievelr
d @ W U
Pa ntra pXu" 'Twelve
4m7qma~
Pa ti rnii nnu" Thirteen

Fifteen

Sixteen

Seventeen

Eighteen

Nineteen
 Twenty
gmd ~ r nm 3u
IE ru pa tto nau" Twenty one
gm.hJ-7
T ru pa tti ra ptu' Twenty two
Note: Thus for twentythree onwards add qlm~' rnrtnnu',
mDeJu niilu" etc to ~ ~ d a r m ? to get up to
irupatti
Twenty nine.
Q @"
Mu ppa tue Thirty
Q(y ml awa m a
Mu ppa tti yo nnu" Thirty one
Likewise add raatu. mannu to niuppsti, to set l ~ p i o
C

,thirty nine.
C"" a a"
Na Ipa tu" Forty
cwadd@"
A n pa tu" Fifty

ne)Y*@u
E lu pa tu" Seventy

E p pa t u g Eigbty
amo 6 nu
To pna ru* Ninety
 Hundred
007 mw:, ma0
Nu ggi yo nnu" Hundred and one
w? m o
IsrQ
A yi ram Thousand
a1617 c~oWI
Pa ti na yi ram Ten thousand

Lakh

Crare
4 =A*
Fii jyam Bra
 MEASUREMENT
-aodU
A avu"

$3 mu
A \a vu" Measurement

Length

3 readt h
ad3 m o

Po kkam Height

1
@
Tfi kkam
Weight
d% Mo
Ka nam
wa mo
Gha riam

Big

Small

Much

Lit tic
m7 oa
Ni barn
N &o
Va rppam
@ au White
Ve !ta ppuu

" 9 pj*
Ka ~u ppu' Black
m"lwo
Ni lam Blue

m d m ao
Ce ma ppu" Red

4
Fa cca Green

m m
Ma Ciia Yellow
on OJ?' gU
Ta vi ttuO Brown

BQ
U ta Purple

5
 METALS
@aonnmd
Laharifia]

CSWI) m a
Lo ham Metal

Iron

Copper
n ~ 7a a
Pi cca l a Brass
.ggg MI*
i: yam Lead
rruJ g o o

Sva rpqarn Gofd

Silver
@ m 093 clho
Tu tta nB kam Zinc

Bronze
SECOND PART
SENTENCES
SENTENCES OF TWO WORDS

m @ rfh37
Na Ila ku fti Good boy (or girI)
a w g m
Ve l u tta ku ti ra White horse
Q &I $u
Mu jIa mo tru" Jasmine bud
~7C11CTUrnaa
E tra di va sa riha 1 H o w manydays
&Qmmr d g 7
Ka ru tta pa ffi Black dog
m:, a@ nro
Na Ie vii Come to-morrow
mm7 SgJ
A ri i Ita No rice
QM @ a rik 57 M A .
Ve Ilam k u t i k k u k a Drinkwater
9 Q $ & m
Pu la o lu ku nnu River flows
rn m & &@7
A mma ku 11 ccu Mother bathed
 SENTENCES OF THREE WORDS

m&JTta moqg
Acchan ns\e varurn Father will come to-morrov
m 1 m m n_t@7@sm7rria cszloaam?
Nr'Afiaj Pallikkaiattil p u p ? Did you go to school?
o w & IZJrnd330 cuow7&!m
Aviir pustakarn vayikkunnu They read book
WU) n-333 nJ35m-o
Rgdha partu parunnu Rad ha sings a song
nnGJ3cr21 ~ r m r n e _ rm m
Talfan innale vannu The goldsmith came
yesterday
d@ d3d mmm
Padit p ~ l tarunnu The cow gives milk
q m j & ~ & 2 ' 9 & - ag137mn-n
~
SGryan kiiakku" udikkunnu Sun rises in the east
d$-FJr?a c n 3 ~ 7@j&3ub7&cmr
,Caridran ratri praksiikkunnu Moon shines at night

Rsrnan parikvayiI jayiccu Rama passed in the

examination
mcuw7m c z l ~ 7 d ha d 3 & m 0
Avadfiikku vittil p b k a ~ a m (l) must go hame
during holiday
omgm &rm?ca sogm
Veiutta kutira at unnu The white horse runs
czsm"l rn7*~3& cumo
Vakkil tiiikalalca varum Lawyer will cume on Monda
gmo al!&uci8 ~ r n "
Xnnu budhan agu" Today is Wednesday
&aldrnlma 6)rrJqjo
Kuabhattil mala peyyum In (the month of) Kumbha
it will fair
aa6agg0 O J ~ R ~ ) %@
?
Mesaykku viti illa Table has no breadth
(TabIe is no broad)
me7 db79am03u apdknm
Nadi kilakkbttu" olukunuu River flows towards east
9aU6>.alo7au hl"dsasnau
ZtuU ceriya vif8pu" This is a small house
h_r"lsl&w?m3 uslsurmam g@
Rtikayil pa Ecaslra ilIa There is no sugar in the shop
@ma0 g(173of3 ~&97-
UXsavarn innale kali 5 5 u Festival took pface yesterday
antg&mo
103w Q r n o
Radha Nrtham veykkunnu Radba i s dancing
 INTERROGATIVES

Which

What
na, n17 as?
E vi te Where
ELB, Qa300?
E P P 1 When
na) am am?
E d i a ne Bow
fl@ @ @A3 fT@'?
E ntu ko ntu' Why
OIQ mu?
A ru" Who
9 493
E Era How many

By whom
 SENTENCES WITH INTERROGATIVES
J
cs-113~ @ cuo&~mua
Cddyar9pattiluZ 1 a vrikyariha t

mlmgas ma$' ne)culesauomU?

Nifi iialute nqu" eviyey3puU? Which is your native piac
C D ~ ~ @ B ne)m3mu?
Q ~S( I B ~
Nifihajuje psru" ent;0puV? What is your name?
*magdtbe q r ~ 7 m s 3
Addeham tvite? Where is he?
ma& *n_l?tns?
Avan evite? Where is he?
mauock &@cll7tiss?
Aya\ evite? Where i s he?
1 9 1 ~ ~ 7m@mu
~ s ' gsr$"?
Avite lru9 ugtu"?-. Who is there? or who w

IEFIOCU~~~S @n~3&a?
Avite aruQ pokum? Who will go there?
m?m.00&~ ~q&moo emu?
Nihfiat kku" etra pustakadfial Row many books have yot
ugtu"?
* The word 'he' given three synoyms here, Each hs
its own significance, moagdo addaham literally meat
that body', which is used in honarophic sense, mmc
avaa refers to a person of lower age, status and castr
m 3 ~ ) 3 a 3aayiil is used indifferentJy to denote equafitj
friendship or any one who does not command respect frox
you.
r n 7 m 0 3 wdaUC ~ C fi)&35=?
I ~
Nififial arkku" pena kalu ttu? To whom did you givc the
pen?
mrum n@mtncr, 9 ~ 7 0 swm?
Aval efiriane ivif e vannu? Wow did she come here?
cruqmqas &s q@"mamu?
Sitayufe kula ~ t u "apu"? Which is Sita's umbrella?
(m1wm7 Qaatjo- ~ o e ~ c j ~ ?
Tivaqti eppa 1 puyappef urn? When does the train start?
@@" aQ&u acumo?
Itu" 3rkkuq vaqam? Who wants this?
 IMPERATIVES

@u7tns 0.40
Xvile vii , Come here (to menials &
youngsters)
~cu76)5Cum
Tviie vara . Come here (with affection
and love)
galas ~ucm3e4~
Ivite vannalum Come bere (with respect)
shocrurorm7cPa
Kasgrayil irikkii Sit in the chair
@Q&a czlo~?$@
Pustakam vayikka Read the book
adcnammv q y ~
~enako~tu'eluta Write with the pen
dml&srsmr7a3 ado#&
Pal likkotattif pbkG Go t o school
@!3m
Ugu kalikkn Eat rice (Take meals)
&53@
Vel {am kutikko Drink water
6)&3-(21@

Pstram koptuvara Bring the vessel

m7cn7m dh3m-9
Sixzirna k%giTr See the cinema
 ABOUT THE HOUSE

@a" R B ) ~ ~I U
O~ S ~ ~ M I Q
( ~ 74-5mm")
~
1tu" enge vit8pu" This is my house.
(vi{uQ+ap~").
mm7prp. COOGLJ~~07~ezgsr$u
Atinnu" x121uumuyika\ugfu". It has four rooms.
am lg07tW3~ SCYI~~~J~CM2WU,
Oru muyikku" rantu' One room has two windows.
jannalukal ugfu"
m m 1 slmaagrmr~p*m g m @ w l a ~ m ~ .
(mgmgw7d+csrgm~)
a

Ari veykkunnatu" atukkata- Rice is cooked in the kitchen.

yiigpu" (Atukkalayil s a QUO)
mm mol rnirn,l~crro.
Amma ari veykkunnu, Mother cooks rice.
mooM 2ff~ma.
Ran ugpunnu, 1 eat (rice)
rwa$&.@o?w?eJsrg%
Jd
Acchaa mugiyiSu~tu". Father is in the room,
mo?wm'! M ~ w ~ M ~ ~ o w ~ .
Aniyatti vayikkukaysp uv, Younger sister is reading.
rsmg7 & ~ ~ C ~ & W ~ ~ C I P ~ .

Cacci kulikkukayii~u".
, Elder sister is bathing.
odsd cdocru?.
(erg@(ru7&
Cattan apprsil pbyi Elder brother went to office.
 IN THE MARKET

Cantayil

n_ryrtnrnmg5lgu mom w?a?

Vi3lutanafiliaykkuV entagu vila?
What is the price of brinjal'
cugmmm12;lso & 7 a ~ l omm@omdcn>,
Valutanafihaykku" kilo ampatu paisa.
Brinjal is fifty paise per kilo,
mymmm r r ~ ~ r m ~ c s a i r n ~ ?
+
(wa4" W ~ D )
ValutanafitTa nallataga? (nallatuv+lpo)
I s the brinjaI good?
6
b m3
0 mmo!
Oaxlarn taram! First class!
mlb7; om dh1aa3 m a .
gari; oru kilb tara. Alright, give one kilo,
pma, n g ) S m - D q *
Its, etuttukoll a. Here, please take,

(b~l -t*mu)
Veptaykkayute vilayentuu? What is the price of Iady's
(vila+ entu"?) sager?
afbl&fEg&q&' c u 7 a f&gmaomu,
Veptaykkaykku" vila For lady's finger price is high
k3tutalapu0.
q(@curno?
Etra varum? Row mucb would it be? (Literally-
How'much would it come to'
 CONVERSATION
r n o a w ~ r n ~
Sarnbh~igagam

Sam bha qa gam Conversation.

m a -XU0 lssa &.
Sam sa ri kku ka. To talk, to converse.
rnIm00m maw3som o m 3 m 1 m ~ ) r i m01q~gm3?
b
Nifi iial kku Mafayat am samsarikkiin agiy u m ~ ?
Do you know to talk Malayalam?
&061a?9rS611 1 f m 0 7 ~ 3 0 .
Kugaccokke aliyarn. (I) know a little.
ne)mosnou m'lssagcs admu?
Ent3 gun n.i6Aalute p8ruV?
What is your name?
q p d o an~csma? sarn&7m~m& qmosnao .
Enhe pans? JinakirIiman enn~gu'.
My name? Janakiraman.

Euitey 8 pu" svadadarn?

Which is your native place?
cla)~d~ C # J W u b a (B~3ClV3Sm)u.
Efqe svad5garn madrss8puU. My ,native place is Madras.
m'lwo@esmogu oe)o~lnsmrosnu?
Nififiajute n3tuU eviteygguu?
Which is your native place?
 c,g)t;rAo mago ~ d h c n ~ m 7 d BEqqrzr3.
;
EJl$ ngtu' kaialattil; sluva.
My place is Kerala; Alwayc;.
c . s r p ~ c U O~ m ? & s m o m ' J ?
0

Aluvir eviyeyziguw?
Where is Atwaye?
marno 6)&~a7d366~ 1gm9~nsi3077~~.
AIUVB koccikkuu atuttaguo.
Aiwaye is near Cochin.
q m m m CBQ~ l m u ?
EAiane li dikkuv? How is that place?
WWNU G~J~L~CU~CW~~~~WL~~QGITO~.
Aluvi~ or u sukhav~sasthalam&guUt
Atwaye is a health sanatorium.
~ c r m o r nmm'isam
~ a7cxmmm?
Ent@uu avitatte vissgata?
What: is the speciality there?
mum7615 63m m a ~ ~ q w v .
Avife oru nalla pulayuptu".
There is a good river.
cle)mosrra" amJ a w q 6 ) s oh~mv? A

Entapuo 2 pulayute peru"? What is the name of that river?

anlmlauot3 *mu o&gl$ama?
Periygr ennu' KB$fiftupfb?
It is called Periyar. Heard about it?
a ~lh~m'lwodb qm3d +m~mvmrcnIoo?
Periyax ennal entapu" arttfiam?
What
..-
is meant by Periyar?
4
arz-rmlml *m>mfh mialm, qm" mcmIa0,
mid ~ r r n o m - 3me?, atlrcp7~3cai* m o d
w e ~ l wmcl ne)onmh..
Perlya ennaI valiya ennu" arltham. Ar ennal
nadi. Periyar ennal vaIiya nadi ennarttham*
Periya means big. Ar means river.
Periyar means big river.
G l ~ I r r > ? ~ EfQQg'm3
3& ~ r b h f D ~ ~ ~ ~ ) I 2 l
ms73
Q O O ~ o CUM~M,
Periyar %go K ~ r aattile
t Egxavurn valiya nadi?
Is Periyar the biggest river in Rerala?
mmm: ahlrn7w~o~rn~ mm$as
m3g7agl qooo.~. me~?m,
Ate; periyiiriigu" 5a6 ha\ upe n ~ t t i l e
e ~ x a v u mvaliya 3 p . f .
Yes, Periyar is the biggest river in our place.
G3@&61%; m ~ ~ 3 ~ 0 3 n 9 3 d 1 6 a
rsndbslmarogsni;"?
3katte; malayalabhii!ayiI et ra akgaxahfiaiuntu"?
Alright. in Malaydarn language
how many letters are there?

rnwwo2m7f&3ra-m~eammam~mU
md3mmmOa 9q0.
Malrtyalattil g k e ampattonnu" akgharahhal uptuv.
In Malayalam there are fifty one ictters.

Ampattomb? Tamilil vajare kugavapalld!

Fifty one! In Tamil it is far less.
A ~ S ;malayalattil tarnilile
elfa akgrtra8iloturn upfuQ.
gSti[te samskrtatfite e11ii akgaran&iium uqtu".
Yes; in Mdlayatarn all the TamiI letters are them*
Moreover, all the Sanskrit letters also are there,

~ p p tan~llum
1 samsk ftavurn aghifiiral
maiaynlarn ;?a thiccuvcnnu~ayay~mal!~,
Then1 if (one) knows Tamil and Sanskrit, (one]
can say that (he) has studied Mafayah,

btehfialre? ma?a)alarn pathiccgla

hbyolm pa! hiccennu pagayavil.
Wow is that? lf only one fearns Maiayalaxll, be
can claim that he has Ieaxnt Maiayalam,

It i s easy to learn Matayalarn for

one w ha b o w s Sdnskrit a;ld Tamil
Atu iariysgu"; tamilil5yurn
samskrtattilayum va kkukal ,
a n i k k i l v ~ ~ u maiiiya
m \attifug$u'
That is right. Majority of the ward
Tamil and Sanskrit are in Mabyal
aawaprm7rmU~ a t t n p c* u ~ o ~ c b m ~ ~ m o ?
Malay81attinuu praty ekam vy8kara~amup{a?
Is there separate grammar for Malayid

Tirccayayurn; I$ vyfikara pamiyamad iial

rqnu hi nibha1 psthikkgn pokunnatua.
Certainly; it i s the same grammatical rates
you are to learn I
GRAMMAR
CUJ3&(06mo
Vy3Skatagam
CASm
ruleg6R1ad
Vibhak t ikal

There are sevtn cases in Malayafam. The vocative is

ocluded in nominative and therefore it need not be con-
sidered as a separate case. It is formed either by prefina
@r*nhe or aIle m o or~by elongating the final letter.

The names of the cases and their su&es are given

blow*
at*l@m?&oa W ~ J ~ Q @e3t%ik%6mo
(Cases) (Suffix) (Example)
1. rn?~Qub*l& rnornmrlr* a b w e l r n o r n ~ ~ h l d m e
nirddeiika mmm SinguXar Plural
Nominative ~ m r ~ o u amomci3 rclomcmgrb
case taw Rzman RImaxlm~r
The noun
form as it is
No. sum
2. ~ c t n 7 Q ) o
hfl?& bB) @DtTlBCn tUOBI1Cm3fi)(P
Pratigrshika e Ramane Rgmanm8re
objective cast
8. me(rU3
29% agv, 633$U I D D P I S ) ~ O $ ~~7mam~mma$
Samyajika otuv u Rsmanatuv Rarnanrngrotu*
cbomomogu cbomcmaams$u
Social case ROimanofu" Ramanmgrotu'
4 , gcpg~b')&33 gv;mu
UddiilSika uQ; kkQ
Dative
5. w mJ6;
a7rtk a&3mjV
Prayojika irl; kaptu'
Instrumental

6, W o m J
mu?& as, go5
Sambandhikrr te, ule
Possessive case
7. @~w3mlbh@a, raomrnldB mamcmofild
Adharika if, kal Ramanil ii~rnanm~rii
h w t i v e case mamad

Noter Raman+ te becomes RHmange according to Sandhi

rules R & t beIong ta two different groups and
therefore they shall not from a joint letter unless
they made into one group. Thus t is converted
into g which belongs to ti group-
 Sentences as Examples
2~3nnmsmcu3rtb~sand
Udaharaga,VakyaA ha)

aomd B[~Bm& m h a j d ~ a r g s r r ~ u .
Raman oru nalla manusyan a ~ u " .
Rama is a good man.
gp agttn~39~ w m a 3 m u .
Ttu" , $rule pEnay8pu". Whose pea is this')
hJ$& do833 mmm*
Pa$u' pal tarunnu. Cow gives milk.
mcsghno *mdo rnCflLdW36na'4
Add8h~t111enbe badhuvanu". He is my relative.
11~&a'!dkOa hJ0mm.
Pakpika 1 pagakkunnu, Birds fly*
rm71ln w?a?a.
S ~ t a enne viticcu. Sita called me,
m9mol ne)Ocm mbhti37mam,
R a m ! enne rrtkiikkags. Oh Rama! save me.
a d ! b t ~ C S a m ~ r o &u o q 5 1 & 3 ~ c u @ .
He! palkk~ran pglu kopfuvaru.
V
Oh! milkman, bring milk.
&Q f8QmaCal dk~m3?
A iinaye kagfo? Did you see that elephant?
m3d s c m m e l turnuhJmMBg h13m7 4

Rsrn innale ragtu" paiukkale VB hai.

1 bought two cows yesterday.
m l a m wcrs ~ 1 @ + ? 4 ?
Hinne iiru vificcu? Who called you?
. Ran ava\ajuU pakan payzfiiiu.
I told her to go.
a@G0710gu ng)rrslOSmru Cflls~raCu~ r e l 0 3 ? a g o ?
Ennatuu entanuu niii6aj codiccatuV?
What did you ask me?

Ay21 ku;tiye vatikapf 2puu af iccatu".

I t was with a stick be beat
the child

Ninn~l vanna Ipatt2l?un itu".

This danger is because of yon&
pgp 0 ~ 0 r n r n m 3 m o~ l e l q ~ c wqj.
ib
Itu* ennekkoptuU ccyyfn vavya.
This cannot be done by me,
qaclao mdboO B ) N ~ O ~ ?
En re pustakam eviie? Where is my book?
wgmos mm?m)~rnumau?
Arufe vaqi~iyagu atu'? Whose vehide is that?
ad57w?& 6 0 m ~ .
Pena pettiyil ka aum. Pen will be seen in the box,
r t l q a n ~ c ac n ? g p a
n~~?@cerii
Pafikkai rag fupBr nilkkunnu. Two persons stand at the gate,
(zr6#7av?& &crzlrg*.
V a ~ t i y i l ka yag fi Get into the vehicle.
am7 am@rn?m%~ m 7 .
Tuqi veitattil mukki. Cloth dipped in the water.
 The meaning of cases
c u ? r s * l ~ d m g e scsramio~
Vibhakxi Rtipahxialu!e artham

1. Nominative-The noun form as it is. Usually the subject

of sentence will be ih the nominative case.
g, & t a o m d ' r a o ~ m a mQdhoCna RImaa Ravaqane
ko'onu. ama an -killed Ravana. Here m o m 3 (Rama)
i s in the nominative case.
2 Accusative or Objective:- The object of a sentence
(usually the direct abject) will be in this case, as,
W-3 CI%a~~r(n7&'a q b o &aka$m.
Laksmi Saraswathikku* pustakanl kotuttu.
Lakshrni gave a book to Saraswathi,
Here book is the direct object, and hence in the
Malayalam translation of the sentence, acr;~&~
pustakam is in accusative case. Remember t
names of inanimate objects when used in th
accusative case do not take a case ending su& ia
t
Malayatam.
Thus ~LJCI&)&O -t q - n d Q a m m pds~akam+e--
pustakatte is incorrect.
In the former example m~fllmamRiivapaqg is. in
the accusative casc, as if is the object of the
sentence, a

3, Social-This c a s is very peculiar in Malayalam. Both

direct & indirwt objects are dsnoted by the Social
case. m u d mcljamoSu ~JC)F~I~BQ. Nan avana~u'
parasiiu. 1 told him. In this example, *him' in
English is the abject, and is in the accusative: case.
In Malayalam r n f l l ~ r n 3 5 ~avan~iu*is in the
social case.
4. Dative-This also refers to indirect object like
lgIDLUCIOU 4(72b)&0 6 1 b 3 3 e . Rgn avanuu
 pustakam kbyuttu, I gave him a bwk tmmr
avanu" is ia the dative case. The use of dati
d s e i s ]?of restricted to this sense only. It: is at
used to denote a particular place, time peria
rar7namgja erz~~crztl TjruvalIaykku pavi We
to Tiruvalla- denat ing a place.

Vebicle wi!l come at ten o' clock.

Here the time is denoted.
an-lma ~ w r n grn3rm90
~ &30.
VEnalkku venalkku rnsmpalam kitturn -
Eve
Summer (you) wilt get ripe mango-fruit?. Here tl
season or period is indicated.
6. lnstrun~ental OF Causative-Either to indicate a thi~
Instrumental to some thing or to show cavse, tt:
case is used, aah3d trop~udenotes instrument
m~7~)&36!3$0 ms?a. Vatikogfuatimv, Be
with a stick,
~d a1 shows cause*

Malay81 vanna tar;luppuU.

Chill caused by rain.
6. Possessive-Indicat ive of possession. Exampies almac
given. See pages 84, 85 & 86.
7. Locative indicating location, place, surface et;c mennix
in, on upon and at.
an~~7mr7d-pettiyil-ln the box &g.~?a&m
m. KaIlil natanou. CYaIked on the stone. &ml(
aw07. K ~ n t l i lkayari. CIimed u p a the hi
us1mm3 adam patikkal annu. Weat
the gate.
linportant notes on the use of case-s&as

Remember, in Malayafam the accusative

(,objective) case endings are not usually added to
inanimate - objects. For example. We shall not say,
timadew e r nm d 0
3~m ' urn? m a onnwam,~
rr~-1. Patturopaye kotuttu" patinaiicu teiifiayt:
uappi. Bouge fifteen cacunuts, giving ten rupees.
It i s not idiomatic. 6ma%ggj dm?
c m q camam c z l a m l . Pattu ropa ko$uttuU
patinaricu teirr3a vaii Ai is the correct form.
 PRONOUNS WITH CASE ENDXNGS
m&m3mmgas ~ I ~ a 1 ~ 9 o ~
Sarvvanama6fiaiute Vibhaktthi RGpafihag

First ~erson-gmrmrn~mn~rd
(Uttamapurugan)
r n ~ dR a n d
ingrrIar-*hQJnJm~ Plural-ngflfllm*
ekavacanam Ibahuvamnlsm
1 , sm3&
Ran
2. *am mms@
Enne Rafifiale

4. qrn7mu
Enikku"

6 @ado mm@os
En re maiifiatute
 Second Person-m~~m
(Madhyamapurugan)
m9 ni - you

Third ~ e r s o n - ~ ~ m h d ~ ~ ~
(Prathamapurugan)
cworerd avan (he)--Masculine 4% l o PulliBgam
Singular Plural ,

, rsnr#d mcu&
Avan Avar
'2, laramam mmmm
Avane Avare

4. ~mcra~orrenbhlmav (~lbfll&u

Avwnu* or avanau" A&Irkku*

6. mmoa3a mmrnfi)~
Avanre Avartrle
7, mmcn7&, frncurrjbFA rn#cp7@3
Avanii, avadkal Avaril

Third Person-Beminine gender

~~0m~rnnsld-ou~~9~10
Prathamapurugan-Stri Ii rigam
mcuc~ avai - She
mow&
Avar
arracumfa
Avare
rn~~silmo~~,
mcuam39u
~varofu*,avatatu'
 mcu&u
Avark kuv
5 * tmrugolaa, wmrucpo~.
m o j s r ~ m ~ 3 ~ " ItMlhJ6)(bam361%u
Avalal, avatekkoqtu' Avarsl, avarekkogtuc
mamas
Avarute
mwa3@a
Avacil

atu* - That
m@o

mcu
Ava
rnCUQCP)
Avaye

3. mrmlmmogu,
mlm7ccmo~"
Atinof u", atinUtuV
ctmrw@$"
Avaykku'
6 mtm*la&o mwGls
mmlmsrs
Atinbe, atinufe Avayute
7, mmlma, mm7akrva mmwl&
Atil, atinkaI Avay il

~ o t e @av,
: iEuO, this, is to be declined exactly
mgo,&tug*
 GENDER

There are three genders, masculine ( q H 7 am a 1,

feminine OW.) and neuter gender ( m g
acn a) in Malayalam .
Generally, Mafayalarn folfaws the same: rules of
ramil in determining the genders. Sanskrit loan words used
In Malayalam also behave like Malayalam Words in the
matter of gender. g a t vlklah, tree, in Sanskrit is
masculine whereas v l k ~ a m ,tree, as adopted and
&opted in MalayaIarn.is a neuter gender like its counter-
part in genuine Malayalam m o o maram. Of course the
names denoting animate things in Sanskrit are either
mascuiine or feminine as the case may be. ,
Masculine geader-a~'bmo-Pu~gam .pr

Almost aU masculine genders l i d in the suffix ma3

:Qta iike mhjd, m&cill, aa~lcia,msiiocia, rmqraod+

The suBxes are ~a 1, @ i, a?cci, dm17 rti, 37 ffi.

Masculine Feminine
s
tr
r
a c
u d Avan mcu- Aval
a m ~ Pdaym
d R J W & ~ or ~ e r w ' l Pulaccl
or Pulay
Neuter g e n d e ~ - - ~ ~ o ~ & ~ ~ ~ c f l ~ - ~ a p ~
Suffix of neuter gender isam.
d q a Palam, we10 kalam, mlao nifarn,

Note: It should be noted the suffixes alone cannot beid

one to determine the genger of a word in Mafayatam.
'#c meaning of the word i s more important than the
ending. As the gunder is determind by looking into
the group it belongs ta word5 denativg any male,
whether belonging to higher group or lawet group,
men or animals, birds or repti!es, are masculine.
Same is the rule to determine the fetemine gender.
63157 Ktlf fi child is a cornrnm gendzr. m*
d q (male) or m u d peg (fcm:~lt) is prefixed as an
adjective to differentiate the gcnder, if needed, Thw
for male child, mdh37Apkrrfti & female child,
amm~Bc&gTipepkutti are coined.
The rdes stated a b v e are nut the least exbustim,
 ADJECTIVES

Only a few examples of adjectives are given below.

The rules to make adjectives from other words are too
elaborate to be detailed here.
awgm
vel utta p a h White cow

-
A Q r n 0&OEJU

karutta k ~ f t u " Black coat

c
ow (@)d
-
raptu raps Two rupees

-
-0 wfabm-
nugu paiukkal Hundred cows

cem tmmara Red lotus

-
odorib a%0m71bo
pan matiram GoId ring

valiya v ~ t u " Big house

-
dmmt mo~~ahm
ci manugyar
tta Bad men
 There are two numbers in Malayalam, R ( B ~ N P ~ ~ O
akavacanarn, singular and meQmncmr, bahuvacanam,
plural.
Singular Plural
avan mmd avar

Thus am& ar, & ~ o kat, mod mgr are the usual
suffixes far denoting the plural,

It is the general rule that plural suffix is not used to

show the plurality of inanimate objects.
& o m rniifiila-mango fruit

dm cakka-jack fruit
ad r a pa-rupee
Words like the above do not take plural s u B ~The
pturality is determined by the adjectives they take,
E.g* ~ Q Q m o m hundred mango fruits
nOgu m2t"llZa
 VERBS AND TENSES

Present tense

srsraa3 adocqmci.
Ran pbvunnu I 80

Note: a d 3 pT) is the root, to mean tc go. @m unnu is the

SufEx indicating present tense. Thus a d o
pa+unnu becomes r s n ~ o a j mpbvunnu
~ or ~sriloshmb
pukunnu. cu va in every verbchanges ta dk ka, and
therefore both adocymb and ( B u Q & ~ (pbvunnu and
pbkunnu) are used alike.

m~ 2 mezms to become, or to be, m+gm a+

u n n u + m q m b Svunnu. adjaw& povuka means
to go. Thus the present cantrnuaus is formed
by adding larg~m avunnu ta the main verb.
cm;pqmp iivunou is further shortend to -mu BQU'
in the common parlance. *mu gquU is more frequent
than the grammatical form, @@qC171> or w&m
avunnu or lkuxlnu in literature.
 wrncril rn7$md Raman mif ukkan Gkunnu,
m o m d rnl5md mmmL. RHman mitukkan igu'
momrid mTt~mmam" -(when joined)
Raman rnigukkanaqu".
Ail Se11te11cesn~ean- Rama is clever.
Root Sufix word meaning
a176 tin gnn, mlmbma tinnunnu Eats
gsna LIQ + * 2mm uggunnu Eats (rice)
dhosna k l y ,, tfh3mm klpunnu Sees
6 3 3 ~6fU0
~ ,, 63Wm afunnu . Runs
&3sU car' ,, dWm clfunnu Jumps
am5"' tef uu ,, ~rm5cna tafunnl~ Searches
d 9 5 " pat" ,, n335m pitunnu Sicgs
Somc verbs take a glide rn kku when this suffix is added.
&27 k u { i - & g l a m ~ Ku tikkunnu-bathes
cag7 kali,-&g7mm Ka] ikkunnu-plays
cu72i?7 vi{i--r2172'bam Vi1 ikkunnu-calls
r n 7 w oil--ml&m Nilkkunnu-stands
nr3& v i l d l ~ m Vllkkunnu-sells
m7m vi$a-oj'l~rtssamb Vjbakkunnu-gets hungry

Past tense
qm&3~o-Bh6tak~lam
g~ i and @ tu aie the usual suffixes for past tense.
a d ~ + =aadow?
Pb + i = p d y i 'y' is a glide
 becomes m ? m tinnu, Tn
the ease of 9- uptu the
rule of assimilation, i. e.
converting a letter of a
different group into one's
own group, takes place.
ta, the dental when joined
with Q the cerebral became
!a, the cerebral, The rules
regarding Sandhi are too
numerous to be exhaus-
tively treated here. There-
fore, different types of
examples are given below
for reference.

Future tense
@~CZ~?&W~-B havikalam

90 urn is tbe suffix for future tense.

3-g ~ + G ~ l 3 a $ also
0 n ~j o ~d3&0.
Po +urn+ pbvurn also pbkum.
 ~~c~+~~+cuIIso.
+
Var urn+ varum.

More examples of verbs in three tenses

Root Present Past Future Meaninl
mm mmwm m m m WCtlrn~o
i ~ a agayunnu aga3Bu apayum
to approach
to come near.
mQe, mDaa#m ma- (FMIW~v
aYa ayayunnu ayafigu ayayurn
to become loose.
mm rnlPQrn mlbm
arb arayunnu rtrasiiu arayum
to become puwder,
met mwqm ma- O W ~ O

ala alayunnu alafiiiu alayurn

to wander.
SP w'wm g9w
ila ilayunxlu IliiEu ilay urn
to creep.
m $Wwm @am B@Wo
ura urayunnu urafifiu urayurn
to rub,
clWm ,fbaqcrra dhlbqo
kara karayunnu karaidtiu karayum
to weep.
 wilwo
kalay urn
tg ahandon.

ktr rayurn
to reduce.
drn$&o
cavaykkerm
to masticate.
rmsqx'm m s m msqo
htayunnu tafa8 fE'u taf ayum
to prevent,
&a9 @(sQ'.
tula ttalayulm
to row.

naoayu-rn
to get drenched.

nJ0
para patayum
to speak*

mafay urn
to hide.
CUR)
vara varayrom
to draw,
am
vara
h~2' CU2qa
val a valayum
to bend,
fl179
vi\a

w" 9maRBm
uraykkunn u
w 'a
uraccu
$Q")g;EBo
uraykkum
ura
to say.
a m 4QP "dm%! hnmaaso
cuma cumaykk unnu curnaccu cumaykkum
to cough.
(m9 ~ ' ~ & B B o
tila tilaykkum
to boil.
w'lm arlnng;ymo wLl?(ma cz~?mg#o
vita vitaykkunnu vitaccu vitaykkum
to sow*
m70 ~ I O S O -

vifa vtfaykkurn
to shiver,
6 5 &SMo
kata katakkum
to cross.
djlls s&7sdssam &15m db?~d)610
kila kitakk unnu ki tannu kitakkurn
to lie down.
@a g;k?m&t30
tufa turakkurn
to bore,
@C)& 0

tura tubakkum
to open,
 natak kum
to walk.
d m cL.ilOmC(ID ~(OmP
para papakkunnu parannu parakkum
to spread.
ale
para parakkum
to fly.
nj?0#@0
pirakkurn
to be born.
mC)#@o
marakkum,
to forget.
CLI~U~CW~
viSakkum
to feet hungry.
dboqpm h 3 m Q A~WO
kayunnu kaii6~ kayurn
to get heated. .
aloqyo
c8 yum
to laan.
maw0
mayum
to vanish,
aJ3nJm elm dDCZJ0
csvunnu cattu cavum
to die.
&am0
kakkum
to protect.
 106
ms7o;ym ms;j7- ms7qp0
atiyunnu atiiiidu atiyurn
to fall to the ground
or bottom.
rwbm?q~mamml- mrn7~0
apiyunnu agiiifiu apiyum
to decorate.
mw? m e j l q o
ali aliyum
to melt.

eri

ne)o?c$t5
eriyurn
to throw.
aslqa
otiyum
to break,
Wwa
oliyurn
to bide itself.
8~7&30
o\ikkum
to hide,
c b 0 ~ ~ 0

kuaiyunou kunicci kuniyurn

t~ bow,
 dm7a
u m 7 ~ m
papiyunnu papitu paniyurn
to work,

mutiyurn
.to finish
4awo
mu~iyum
to be cut off.

mulikkum
to cut off.
~ s ? @ o
agikkum
to beat.
@a7 gm?&so
iri irikkurn
to sit.

katikkum
" to bite.
&g?csao
kalikkum
to play,

kitikkurn
to drink.
&g7mo
kulikkum
to bathe.
elm7 dmr7dmrn d m ? q
cati catikkunnu caticcu catikk urn
to cheat,
t137m7 d 7 ~ 0 7 d 3 6 1 ~d~71 m
~ 14 d'ia7&0
ciri cirikkunnu ciriccu ciri kkum
to laugh.
culgl?&m m1@7q cz172?&630
vil ik kunnu vi liccu vilikkum
to call.
d9~crsd d'im
ciyunnu cl5 5u ciyum
to decay.

u'fum
to plough,

dl9m dIY@, &?yo

pi iannu pi1utu pilum
* to pluck.
tglb%&fao
atukkum
to approach,
O Q m o
arukkum
to cut off.
99-0
titukkum
to wear,
*$-a
elukkum
to take;
msmo
tatukkum
to prevent
 m m m m rmm@ L
lJ mm&lo
tagukkunnu taputtu tapukkum
t o get cooled.
a;)d~3(am ed3qm0
m d 3 ~ m m
porukkunnu poruttu porukkurn
to tolerate.
to jive.
WQ ~ t mQQ@
a ~ CUQ&a ~
vap varukkunnu varuttu varukkurn
to fry.

vetu vel ukkunnu vel uttu velukkurn

to grow white,
to dawn.

arum
to be cut off
itself
eso
if urn
to put,
6)&$0

kefurn
to extinguish.
rnnJQm,
per unnu

Gltnqo
teyum
to be worn out.
rnQrnMlu &&rn#&rn@ @'a;Ego
taiy u" taiykkunnu tayk kum
to sew.
 dnlgdjro
oiukurn
to flaw.
snwo
u~adiiurn
to steep.
@6W*
tutafidurn
to begin
~ ' i q m o
tilahdum
to glitter.
6ldJ36uYj~
pofitlum
to go bp,
clrm6o-qm (zrmm1 flleW)me
vaqafi6 uonu vapafi fii va~afi'i2um
to salute.
msm -97 WSQ
gf unnu ati aturn
to shake, to dance.
ea90
wrn
to run,
elgo
kit turn
to get*
B&%o
ket turn
to' ,bind.
dogo
csf urn
to jump,
 Qm6!?$o
IteQturn
to wander.
4030
pagum
to sing.
wBe
u!lqum
to eat (rice)

4m0
epwm
to count.
*am0
elutum
to write.
em" m m o
kattu' kattum
to burn.
m"la
ninturn
to swim.
rmld m7mo
tin tinanurn
to eat (ianythifig)

tunnurn
to stich,

w7
tuppi
@do
txrppum
to sp6t out.
a'l@wa
vi\aapuas
to serve food.
6'?&3wv alfhoqm abow Gc&C1qo
koyu koyyunnu koytu koyyum
to reap.
6)dw
ceytu
a b j q o
ceyyum
to do.
G)MQLUU
ney uw
amqm
neyyunnu
a*w
neytu
amqo
neyyum
to weave.
8 d Q o

PeYYum
to rain.
msm~
talarum
to get tired,
mmm
t I rnnu tirum
to finish.

vartlm
to come.
m2mm RIgm30
val arunnu va arum
to grow

arum
to climb.

keg urn
@&3WU m&aog,.Jllmr adham
kolu" kollunnu konnu

@#&a" Gldqr
cel la" cellurn
to go ta,
maJ3gyo
coflum
to say
I%((n3&3a
tblkkurn
to get defeated.
m7g4o
nilkkurn
to stand.
g6YY23&rr ,

ugfgkum
to be there,
m2$2m @a97
tul] unnu tul \ i tujlum
to dance.
&#arm &Am0

kakkunnu kattu kakkurn

to sreaL
m39s
vai urn
to Iive,
nl"l0
vliurn
to fall,
 NEGATIVES
rnlocrslwmdo
Niiedharfipam
P

The negatives in Malayalam are farmed in the fofbwhg

ways:-
(1) Addink J to the root.
e. g. ado& +m3=Qd3&3 paka
Won't go
wmu+ m p m m ~vara
Won't come.
(2) Adding separate words showing negative mtanhg U e
G ~ O & + ~ g j = r ~ n ~ ~ & ~ a )or
' ) &
~ jh ~ 3 & 3 ? ~ .
Paka +iIla= pakayilia or pakilla
B 2-13& +
(BTbIWaU== Qt~i36blP3@~.
Pbka +arutu"= pbkarutuu.
Don't go
Should not go.
~hto&+oc~srs=oLoo~m~
Paka +vaqta- pakaota.
Must not go.
= f113w7061mgU.
r~low?cf36)+mm@u
Vgyikka+arutuv =.vayikkarutuv,
(BtlJ3dk+rsragg=rsU9sbW&g,
Pbka + alla= pakayalla.
Not going.
OW^+^&!= B O W A ~ H
Uy;ahlluka+alla=U~aiTft~kayalla.
SRl illa means no.
QFlbM aIla means not.
Q B C U ~ VQ means to get (have).
U C U ~ O vBpam means must get (bave).
mum23 v e ~ f 8 means must not have,
 VOICE

Both the active voice aad passive voice are common in

MaIayalam, although the latter i s somewhat a later pheno-
menon in the language, and therefore seemingly artificial.
Thanks to the advent of Sanskrit and English, using passive
forms has become natural and normal in MalayaXam.
Active voice
caarnd caowmarn m&om.
Raman Ravapaae konnu,
Rama killed Ravaaa;
Passive voice
coocum& m o m m o d m & $ g l m ~ % .
Ravapan R3mangl kollappe$tu.
Ravana was killed by Rams*
'adg' petu is the auxilary vefb added to the main
verb to make it passive. The passive forms are more
prominent, expressive and natural in verbs taken from
Sanskrit.

Vadhikkuka Vadhikkappetuka.
to be killed,
 116

Active Passive
Present Past . Future
Say.
d 0 q m a . dOW6)WS". dLIO(D)b)ag. hMw6)gs..
para yunnu parayappel unnu parayappet 1u palayappelurn
See.
A06naCI1D. &OsFnOMsmP. dmDSmSa$, dh36mOa50.
kag unnu ka pappet unnu kziqappeytu, kaqappetum
Send.
mqgaa9, r s r a w ~ s ~ ~
miar;asm. mag~agm.
avaykkunnu ayaykkapetunnu ayaykkappettu ayaykkappctum
[I! ri re.

oii, ram ne)YrnrnWSmP. ne)pnnaag. fqP""'W5".

c 1,: t 11nnu- elutappetunnu elatappettu elutappeturn
 SHORT EXERCISES

mm

Elephant is a big animal, It has four legs, They look

like pillars. The ears of it will look like winnowing baskets.
It will be always moving its ears. The elephant has a long
trunk. It catches things with its trunk. In olden days
the kings used to ride an the elephants.

The Jackal and the Grapes

Once a Jackal was wandering, tired with hunger. He
saw a grape creeper at a place. Going u n 9 r the creeper
he looked up. Lo! there is a bunch of grapes at a height!
He could not suppress his greed. He thought he could
get it by one jump. He jumbed at it. ~e could not reach
it, Again be jumped, Could' not. At last, disappointed.
he said: "Hi! I don't want this grape. It is sour!"

Kerala
KeraIa is a beautiful country. The foreigners used to
say that it is the garden of Bharat. It is a country filled with
mountains, valleys, rivers, back waters, fields and canals.
Everywhere can be seen thickly populated places.
Majority of the peopte in Kerala know writing and
reading, Kerala is a state where many people suffer due
to unemployment. There is W e scope to tbach or learn a
profession. Who can Iive with jiteracy alone? If one learns
a profession, he will get a job. IF one learns to read, he is
capable of reading only. By reading can any one fill bis
mouth and belly?
 LE'FTEEt WRITING
~Eluttukuttu"
vaamu

Madras,
16- 31'70,
Dear friend,
Received your letter kindly sent (by you). Very much
pleased to have @own the particulars,
You have never come to Madras! Please do come once,
Let us be together here far some time. Now the summer is
jirst begun here. By the month of May, the summer will
be intolerable: Therefore start immediately.
Hope you wiIt send gitber a letter or wire before you
start, I shall be waiting for you at the Railway Station,
Yours,
SANKARAN.
 GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT
WORDS

[This glossary contains 900 words used i n the preparation of

this book ,, Only the meanings of words appropriate to the
context i i l which they areused in the book are given. Many
words have more than one shade of meaning, and unlees
they arc: demanded by the context, they are overlooked.]
mdhb akam - Room, inside, mind.
rn&+aU akafu* - To be away.
f~m)aue akalam - Distance.
m & p ~ g j ~akattuka
mdhoq& akarruka 1- To keep a way
~ ~ Q Q ~ \ Q ~ oale ytrirnarn - Not artificial.
rna~ akkarn A numerical figure.
momm a k kara - The opposite side ofta
rivet or sea.
At that time.
Iniquity, confusion,
impropriety.
nrmt.&al'l akrami - A wicked person.
mm7 agni - Fire.
~ O W Q aiigam - Body, a limb,
a member.
To accept, to receive,
to approve,
There, jander, far off,
you (honorofic term)
Bazaar, market.
m6mmm a&h ant Thus, in such a wav.
mmmrntlPlBcm ahlane tanne - Just so, yes.
~mam39u afi hattu" - Thither, to that sidi.
mas7 accaf i - Printing.
m4d accan - Father, priest.
m947m accihila - Young beans.
ma&so , accukiitarn
A printing
7, o%ce,
mG@B~~ accukk Btam a I

m@P acchan --I ~ a h e r .

WQU atlhfiru" Five hundred.
m5 afa -- A kind of cake with
gluffillgs.
- A sign, a mark.
- To close, arecanut.
- To split.
- A blow, a foot step,
sole, bottom, metre.
- 7'0 beat, to sweep.
- Frequently.
-- Assauk
- Slave.
- To rat, fall,
to
to-drift .
ms7 m o r n o atisthanam - FO hdatioo.
rwa9&~1rdb atukka1 - Near.
m3-$2 atukkata -- A kitchen.
magma atuk kuka - To put in rows.
m$m af utta - Near, fit, appropriate.
mc,md h 3 W W U
rtf utta kiilathuv
 A fire place, hearth,
oven.
, mea7m atuppikka To bring mar.
mm7qm aqiyuka To adorn.
rnm3mv aqoakkuO The Soft palate.
o~lbrn@~ atat uV Each.
mm3 at8 Lo,behold, there it is*
mm7m7 atithi Guest.
mm'l m a m m atinaubekham
0 After that.
m(m7ibm*l
m1~11m"
-au
at iru"
atirtri
atu"
i Boundary,
That, Demonstrative
pronoun.
ate Yes,
a1bhu tam Wonder.
Extreme, very
Tf not, otherwise.
add aham* He (hanorofic)
addhyakhhan President,
addhyapakan Teacher.
Much.
A person in authorityo
tmm-o anakKam Motion,
Cma
C n
W a
k anahfiuka To move, to stii.
mmmmcllcd anaotaravan Nephew.
m c n 7 ~ m ' l aniyatti Younger sister.
mm7m@ aniyan Younger brother.
(BID~*(D+ d ~ , anukarikka To imitate.
. mmaw? casi anubhavikka To experience,
to enjoy.
m n a ~ o c n h s m oanu8fhanapararn - Ritualistic.
mamebe anekarn - Many.
mma annam - Cookedrice.
mm'l anti -- Evening, dusk.
mmv annuU - That day.
rndrdgp ahpatuU - Fifty,
mrn~n3 anyan - Stranger,
~ C I ) J O W ~ nnyfiyarn - Injustice, complaint
cmaornjocn~~ anyanyarn - Mutual,
(EIWOC~-I&~O zanvabhanam - Search.
c s r a n ~ ~ ~ apargdham
~ o - A offence.
m d m 3 ~ 7 agaradhi - An uflencgr,
mnJMilda apavadam - Blame.
(BlbdDMf0 aplvam - Calamity, danger.
majcs aPPan
- Father, child.
m@o0 appuram - The other side.
aPP0 PPan - Grand father.
caraagpoo aPP0 f - Tbert.
meoml. abhacgi - Ugliness.
mewo abhayam - Refuge.
m
c37 mm7m abhinandikka - f o congratulate.
me'l~aar;u . ~abhiprayarn - Opinion.
mslmdl abhiruci - Taste.
m e 7 ~ r > m abhiprayw
CU&~JOM)O vyatyasam - DiRerence of opinion
m a 7 a o ~ a abhimanarn - Pride, self respect,
rirmrcu~to anpalam -
Temple.
rma~r~@ anpat tan
rnm73& am pi r tan - Barber.
 New maan.
Mother
Maternal uncle.

Father-ia4aw.
Mother-in-law.
Grinding stone.
Mother's mother,
grand mother
mwgp ayaykkuka - To Send, to slacken.
mad aya1 - Neighbourhood.
mgufim~cadayalkkiiran - Neighbaur.
I P ~ ~ W O ~a ~ai - He.
mraqpi ~YYU - Oh, alas.
~ C D ara The waist, loins, half.
mm7 ari - Rice.
mm'lenrg&)adbari vcykkuka - To cook rice;
reracb7q1a ariyuka - To cut into small
pieces.
A sickle.
Be not, must not,
do not*
A waterfall,
Meaning of a word,
wealth
To mean.
 - Ecunomics.
- Washing cfathes,
washed clothes.
mgim&~ alakkuka - To Wash clothes. . ,
rnm&aDrnfm alakkukziran - Washerman.
maahm"l& alaiikarikkuka - Ta decorate.
me~m3m0 ala fikararn - Decoration, figure of
speech, ornament,
af ayuka - To wander.
alarcca -' Roaring,

alaruka - To roar.
alikkuka - Tomelt.
alig.taka - To be melted,
alpam - A little.
af pan - A mean fellow.
alla - Nu, not*
allate - Besides,
all6 - Ts it not so?
ava - They.
svakiigam - Right, Inheritance,
avakzrii - An heir.
avatIrarn -- Incarnation,
avataxika - lntraduction.
avadhi - A term, period, leave,
vacation, limitation.
~ U U J &OW
' ~ 0 avadhikkalarn - Vacation period,
mcz~d avan - We.
Iglb#& avar - They,
mWmOCl30 avassnam - End,
mwoo aval - She.
avi f atte - Belonging there,
to t a t place.
There,
Ilnauspiciuusncss,
Without a remainder,
Mot good, bad fellow-
asatyam - Falsehood,
asabhyam - Unparliamentary,
Vulgar.
asamayam - tJntimely time.
asgddhyam - Impossible.
asukham - Uneasiness.
astamanam
astaxnayam I - Sunset,
The sun to set.
asthi - A bone.
abaEkZram
ahambhlvam Pride.
ahammati
ala - A hole, cn burrow.
at akkuka - To measure.
A measure
Brother-in-law
Beauty;
Bar, tattice,
rivtr-ma~th.
To become loose.
Filthiness, dirt.
am - Room, closet.
arakkuka - To cut, to gaw.
ariyuka - To know.
smaolwu a~ivu' - Knowledge.
ar upatu" - Sixty.
malbe . akharam - Letter.
Isr?B - .The second letter in
the Mafayafam alpha- ,

bet, that (demonstra-

tive pronoun)
tc - ~lright,yet, if be so,
.-am lkunnu - IS, became.
iike - Total,
sruka - To swing, todance,
.W$o iittam - Swinging, dancing.
Wgam gttakkatha - Literature for the
dance diama,
Katbakali.
apu* - Shortened form of the
verb -&mu, Male.
m a ~ g ~ m S &addhy~ltmikam
o - Spiritual.
srqbwum?a iidhrsrika - Name of the seventh
case in Malayalam.
lsrgrn fsna - Elephant.
atrrij-0 fnandam - Pleasure
~~~" Spattu* - Danger.
tq~9n0 ir yiram - Thousand,
q m 3 d Hr81 -- By whom.
WWu iiruU - Who.
q&" ark ku* - To whom.
m~m a! - Man.
@w at -- See -mu*
mOu apu* - Six, River.
SwQ" itattu* - Left-side,
~ S W O i#avam - Name of a Malayalam
month.
SS? iti - Thunder, blows.
m>s7m& itikkuka - To give blows,
2V"a ita - Here it is.
@au itu" - This,
~cmsra innalc - Yesterday,
!Z!2mU innu' - Today.
garn3gp innat am - Up till today,
grnz~w . irupatu' - Twenty,
~rndrn7
m m u irupattiraptu' - Twenty two,
mm*
anmnomv irrlpattonnu" - Twenty one.
irunpuU - Iron,
ilia - No, not.
iva - These.
idtam - Linking, lave,
friendship
I yam - Lead.
ucca - Midday,
unaruka - %wake up,
unarvvuu - Enlightenment,
upfa - Ate (the meats).
QW" ~ t u ' - Yes,
,

g a w a m ~ udfiharapam - Exampl'e.
galmrrre udikkunnu - Riser up.
 ' - Name of a case In
Malay atam
--. High.
- Essay.
-- Pickles*
- Salt
-- Onion.
- Inside, mind.
--- To understand
,to receive inside
' tinu" - Meals.
iSta - Name ofa colour.
e&il ane - Haw.
el tug - Eight,
COW - OiI.
ep patu*
ctra - How much,
- What,

exlnal - But.
enniva - All these.
c p ~ a i. - When.
erurna - She-buffah.
eti - Rat.
evitc - Where,
eluttuu - Letter, writing.
eluttukar - Writers.
cluttupal {i - %h008,
SevenQ five*
Seventy.
Easy,
A. a,
Almost, Somowbat.
whateverBHuwevar.
Which.
Banana fruit,
Seven.
Much.
MUG&, maximum.
Camel.
First class,
One.
Nine*
Together with, q u d
aimi%az,
a, OQe.
Flows.
Current.

Tile, bell-metal.
Race*
A feotivataan l e e s ~ ~ m .
Comezm.
Lasn.
'Iks take a loan*
&st@ kata1 - Sea.
~ 5 7 m ~katikkuka - To bite, ID

d%m katuva - Tiger.

Am kaotu - Saw,
&wo1~7mkaptupitikka - Invent, discover.
ka4guo - Eye.
4&m~U katakuv -- Shutters.
- Story.
- A c~assicaldance-
drama of KeraliP.
dm0 kanam - Volume, weight.
himU . kattuv - Letter.
dm750 kannatam - Kannada Language,
am7 kanni - Name of a MaIayalam
month, vergin.

1-
kauya
~cnslds kanyaka vergin.
%Im kaypakh -- Bitter gourd.
r ~ q ~ kayyu" - Hand,
&a kara - Bank of a river,
sea ete,
e a m ~ ? ~ @ karaccil -- Crying.
~ r a ~ + I karati -- Leopard.
~ r a l kari -- Charcoal.
~ E ~ W karuvgn
O ~ - Black smith.
&&BEB~O karkkatakam - Name of a MaIayaFam
month,
- AgricuIturist.
-- Mud pot, pot.
kala Art*
kalHr opam Form an art,
kalalayam College.
kaXyii nam Marriage.
kalluu Stone.
kavi Poet.
kavu6 iru' Arecanut palm*
Chair,
Play.
To tat, to finish.
Vulture*
Donkey.
Neck,
To become black in
cof our.
ka rutta Black,
karuppu' Black colour.
kakka Crow.
kiltu* Forest.
kapuka To see.
kzira~am Reason.
k3X
kslu" Leg; Quarter.
kayam Asafoetida,
kal a Bull.
karsu" Wind.
kittuka To get*
kili Parrot, sparrow,
kilakku" - East.
- Below,
- Pot.
-- To drink.
- Hut.
-- Family.
- Child.
- Hill,
- Melon.
- Pot, Name of a
Malayalam month.
kuyil -- Cuckoo.
kurnAliuu - Monkey.
kul i - Bath.
ku y accu'
ku yaccokke }- A littie.
-- To diminish
- Short corning,
deduction.
-- To mark, to write,
to refer to.
- Jakckaf.
- Moreover, beyond.
- Sanskrit play staged in
Kerala temples.
- Joined, increased.
- Mixed, joined.
- Together with.
- wage.
-- Work writing.
 Artificial usage.
Agricuf t ure.
Agriculturist .
Building.
Heard.
Country Kerala.
Pertaining to KeraBa.
kera11yabhBga
c?&m@7~~11@~npl -- Language of Rerala.
a&oom& kelkkuka - To hear.
mh3a'l kocci -- Name sf a place,
~dk3=jd%& kotukkuka - To give,
616333fio koy taram - Palace.
sak06np koptu" - With.

6 ~ 6 3 ~ 0 kollam - Year, N 8 ~ e 0 f n
place,
mao&p kolluka - To kill. .
~&oG? kr>ti - Crore.
QA3nJo kapam - Anger.
kali
G~OI PI - Cock.
dbg5'l a&g kautilyan .- Aut hur of Arthasastra,
a treatise on Econom i
cs in Sanskrit. .
- Handicraft.
mag kramtm - Order.
@@ow3&0 kramadhikam - Beyond b i t ,
@OWU klavu' Calf.
~rorl3rd kgurakan Barber,
WSJO gadyam Prose,
rnaj9(m7&cb gadyakytikal Prose writing, prose
works.
mspam gadyaiakha Branch of prose
literature.
gavesakanmar
~~~23*1~lr83m3ib Resarchers. .
O C ~ ~ ~ C gUtampuu
~AJ* Wheat.
@CnD@a gatram Family.
W3mp grii mam Village.
W?%Q grigrnarn Summer season.
wmo ghanam Weight, volume.
dm cakka Jack.
A ~ ~ M P cakkapalam
O Jack fruit.
asm can ta Market.
candran Moon.
aJW ca mpu A particular type of
literary work in which
verses and verse-like
prose are intermingled,
cantram History.
carya Mode.
catuka To jump.
caya Tea.
ciiy am Colour.
coyakkgran Wasberman.
c~\a Hut.
cifi barn Name of a month in
Matayalam.
 d?(a7 ciri - Laughter.
- Step father, Father's
younger brother.
- Some.
- Some*people.
- Lip.
40. curukkam - Few,
dm-o 'sl~?w&
curukkam cilar - Few others.
admaw cemappue - Red colour.
ontm.p cenpub - Copper.
arzlqdh ceyy uka - To do,
q a ~ " l cevi - Ear.
Qdcla" ceyutuv - Small.
ma-1~&~3 cerukatha - Short story.
- Lime.
- Elder sister.
- Elder brother's wife,
- Elder sister.
- Elder brother.
- Tuesday,
- To ask, to.question.
- Question.
- Cooked rice.
~mm3 janal
. B C M ~ jannal - Window.
s1~7&a& jay ikk~ka- - Tci become victoI.ious.
22-0 jayam - Victory.
" E O ~ C U ? ~ ~ jlvitam - Life*
- We.
 Sun, Sunday.
Gold smith.
-Nu tapuppu" Cold.
rmm t atta Parrat.
~ ( F E B ~ D O tatbhavam Corrupt form of a
loan word.
Post.
Same form of a loan
ward -
mm7gg. tarnilu" Tamil language*
rmrn7~7t~kalma
tamikikarikkuka To Tarnilise,
mmmb tarunnu Give.
mw tala Head,
cm~lll t avi Ladle.
mclr?g" tavittu" Brown colow.
mot-uo@u tayavatu" Joint family in matri
lineal system.
rm-7 tali Chin,
mDmCb tgmara Lotus flower.
m3qmY tgliikku' Taf uque .
m31i)~ tale Below,
tin kal Moan, Monday.
ctnlmbb t innuka To eat.
tar7magj tiruv~llla A place name in
Keraia.
Train.
Fire,
Certainty.
Cedainly, ,
 - A great Malayalam
poet who wrote Ramin-
yanam & Mahabha-
ratam. and who is
known as the father
of modern Malayalm.
@S tut a - Thigh.
@Smd* tutati &uka - To begin. -
@SkA tutarcca -- Continuity.
g~s&~~moatn? eufarccayayi - Continuousiy.
ga~m7 Eugi -- Cloth.
@.mcsmbbs euttanakam - Zinc.
tunnal - Sewing,
~ r m t s a m o m dtunnalkkaran - Tailor.
Q O ~ & turakkuka - T o open.
@aa0 tul~sm - A balance, Nameof a
month in Malayalam*
ttrkkam -, Weight.
8mm" tekku' - South.
8mlIWTZf0 teruvu" - Str~t.
iilctnWrsrU telufiku* - Tclugu language.
o r m ~ * l c y ~ teiivuv - Evidence'
amglqcuoauy teliviiyi - As an evidence,
- Coconut.
: ammd tairu' - Curd,
sm~07aB tolil - Profession.
61tmos'ldmo& tolilkknr - Professionalists,
amlo97eras'! tolilrili - Labourer,
 ... Ninety.
- South.
-- South India.
- Kindness.
- Vision, phiIosaphy .
- PhilosophicaL
- Place, direction,
cardinal,
- Day.
- Territory.
- Anger.
- Body.
- That which pertains to
Dravidas, a Sanskri-
tised form of the term
Tamil.
dhanu - Name of a month in
Malayaf an,
dhairyam - Courage, boldness.
nalakkuka - Td walk.
na#ukkua - In the middle.
nattuu - Owl.
aadi - River,
,narnpiitiri - Brahmin of KeraIa.
mculmo nav~ nam - New.
rnrzllcntP7m7~7d
navi naritiyil - Ta a novel method.
*H naIla - Good.
m&eU ngkku' - Tongue. -
 Country,
Regional language.
Name.
Naming ceremony.
To name.

A distance equivalent
to more than a mile,
two fifth of an hour.
Hunting.
~rnbaos7 nayiiti
mowagdb3md nayhttukaran Hunter.
m3qU niiXuu - Four.
moo@ nZIle - Tomorrow.
rn7-a nighaqfu - Dictionary.
amiBtkr nififial - Y 0.u.
cn?m?m nimidam - A Second,
m7Wm0 niyamam - Rule.
-
cn7r63nnorpn~rm0niraharavratam Hunger strike.
m7gp nilkkuka - To stand
=n7&agm?& nirddesika - Nominative case in
Malayalam-
Calouy.
You (Singular)

Length,
Hundred.
Century.
 Hundred and anel
Breast, chest.
Weaving.
Weaver.
mmqj" neyy u" Gbee.
61C0001 nerfi force bead +

am30 nEf tarn Ach ivement.

Banana fruit.
nairgdyam Disappointment.
nokkuka To look at.
naval Novet,
Day time.
pakibi Bird.
pacca Green,
paccakkari VegehMes,
Snake gourd.
West,
Town.
Bitch, dog.
Striking of work.
hja'ia& pathikkuka To learn, to read,
dml.mcib pag Qitan Scholar.
Fifteen.
Ten thousand.
Fourteen,
Sixteen.
Eleven.
~ i g teen.
h
Seventeen.
u r n 3q ~ c g p p ~ patim8muU - Thirtwn,
~~" pattu* - Ten,
ad@mo&d@~pattonprstus? -- Nineteen,
QLsaWU gaawa~tu" -- Twelve.
t~lc'm7 panni - Pig.

t~~lg~@&@Im& par~rnarbikklblra - To refer to,

urnle~ parippuw - DhaI,
pad~rrmam
~ ~ 7 6 r n CI~ a g - EvoBution.
caam'lmamskrs pari~~rnatada -- Stage of evolutiont.
~!cb"t parikfiha - -st, examination.
aaZbqma6a63a ~parfkAhHp1alam - Result of the test*
(edm pala
, ,
- Many.

paiu - Cow.
~ @ ' 3 &ITPI
!i -- Churca, Mosque.
ap&+@so pal likkt'itanma - Scho~t.
C L E P ~ Q palakkram -- FemiEadty, oKdaea
a% palam - Ripe fruit,
~ ~ A Y ~ R T I paiamtamila'
B ~ ~ ~ Q -- Qld%mi!,
ma& payakkuka - To fly.
doqa parayuka - To say, to tell,
to talk*
&aspa pa% - Pidd.
aos" pmu* -- Song.
~om%mo pilira - Midnight.
am* patram - Pot.
dam$$& pavaykka - Bitter gourd,
a3wu pala' - Milk.
doaornd pislkkaran a Milkman.
piccal a I Brass*
h17m3np pitam* - I Father.
Enimity.
Then, afte:.
To be born,
~1617~11) putiya - New, fresh.
But, house, building,
Tffs s m w *
Brow,

Leopard.
4Wao pustakam - Book.
cads00 Pug- - Page, back-side,
'Fa start.
Bebind, at the back,
River.
Spaiag amson.
Cat.
To be ineluded into,
-mQ
od@%~
~90~'
periya
"

-
I
Woman, girl,
Big, large:,
 Big river, name of a
river in Kefala*
Q~JS'~ pef i Fear.
admu p8ru" Name.
~dot18610 pokkam Height.
6 1 n f 3 ~ f ~ l Q WputuvHyi
7 In common,
ad3 Pa Go
aubbbdk pakuka To go.
ahJ3Q3U puttu" Buffalo.
eh~ama parr Not enough.
fi)ohj pai Pie.
h~~rtr~m?& 0 po~rSibikam Mythological.
~&3ll00 prgkaiam Shining.
~ b u~7mn~t
o prxkgdikkunnu Shine,
um?wonnl& pratigrahika Name of the accusa-
tive case in
MalayaIam
WW- pratyayam Suffix.
btlarrnpbo pratyakam Separate.
g a r n i b earen pratyska bhalia Separate Language,
aU33Ma prrtdbanam
Q J " ~ ~prad ~ ha~ns J ~
dad3 ddayapakan Headmaster.
fpJGW3acn0 praybganam Utijity, use.
Name of a case in
Malaydam.
t9W3Bo pravgI lam Coral.
~0bl7rno p r ~ cnam
i Ancient,
&pumrn Q grad h~nyam Importance.
~ ~ ~ r n ~ f t prgrarn
& bham Beginning,
prarambbadaba -
prBvuU -
prsrnarn - Love.
phalam - Result, fruit.
phalamayl - As a result.
bhandbu - Relative,
bhud han -- Wednesday,
bhakti -- Devotion.
bhaktiparam - Devotional.
bhayam - Fear.
bhnrttisvu" - Husband.
bharatam , - Mababharatam, t odia,
bh5ratlyarn - Indian, Pertaining to
Bhwratarn,
Indian language.
Wife.
Emotion.
Lvric.
Language.
One o f the earliest
prose works in
MalayaIam,

~ j f f e i e tn opinion.
Different.
Earth,
Geography.
S e n s ~us.
~o
Son.
CP&I~O makaram - Name of a month in
Malayaiam .
Daughter.
Yellow.
Snow.
Winter Se890x1.
Made*

Mode aud method.

Pearl, bell.
Ha zr.
Pearl-coral combina-
tion of Malayalam
and Sanskrit langua -
ges-A hybrid
language.
aff$33cill map g ~ n C Washermars,
a(m 0 matarn - Religion, Opinion.
rnrorWa~3rum5matapracaxakar - Missionary, one who
propagates religion.
mrtnhlc~0 mar aparam - Religious.
dlGIFlClSllRo matetaram - Secujar.
m ammm
9'1A7(8,w matetarak y tika] - Secular works.
mmmm rnattafiiia - Pumpkin.
mwju maddhyam - N iddle,
mwjdhafiJo maddhyakslarn - Medievat.
a&uj&3W maddh yakaia
a1@?90 tamiiu' - Medieval Tamil.
omgp masrrlmassu" - 'Mind.
a ~~ 3 7b rnanassii~kuka
e - To understand.
mm#fmosw& manassilakkuka - To make one under-
stand,
mmdu &rib manuSyan - Man.
arw7d mayil - Peacock.
mwwo@eonPr ma1ayaia b b $ a
mawag The Malayalam
~ r n ~ o 'malayala
t moli language.
mmarvoaum malay2 yma
rnmm3@ujo malayii j a - Commentary in +

mpm* ~WkhyHnam Malayala m .

mo ma la - Rain.
mlsma& rnaiakkar -- Cloud.
awm3u0 malakkafam - Rainy season.
mflQ maf Fu - The other.
cna~d?wd rnarruciiar - The others.
m m p ~ ~ u mabattuO - Great, big.
a3mQ rnZilfia - Mango fruit,
;PC~IVO mgrnpalam - Ripe mango fruit.
a3nj0 rn8vuu - Mango tree, flour.
mH rram - Change,
mik acca - Major, important.
mik kavanrm - Majority, almost.
rnithunam - Name of a month in ,

MalayaIarn.
- lightniag.
- Name of a man th in
Malayalam.
- Fish, star.
- Three fuuah.
4-6 mukkuka - To dip.
Q a o rnukham - Face,
QaJ o mukhyanl - Important,
1gs7 mu1 i - W air.
Q ~ & @ mut tacchan - Grand Father
Grapes.
Thirty.

Th~ryone.
Jasmine.
Chilley.
Complete1y a

Room,
To cut.
Nose.
Owl,
Three.
Corner,
Reason, cause, basis,
original.
Original language.
A caster of metals,
a brazier,
A ninlal.
Cloud.
Same of a month iin
Malayalam,
Address.
rnelli. - Above, beyoad.
mega - Table.
mottua - Bud.
moii -- Ward, language.
mu rum -- Butter milk.
rak 8a - Safety.
rakgikkuka - To save.
racada - Cornpsition,
racikhlca - To compose,
rap ruP - Two.
ratnam Pearl jewel.
xiltri Night.
raman Sri Rama.
tarn%yapam Story of Sri Rama,
an epic.
riivagan The king of the
demons.
r&Strarn ,- Country, nation.
radtrl yam Political.
rapam Form.
rapamet ukkuka To take form,
formate.
laghu Simple.
laksarn Lakh.
fakirni Goddes of wealth.
labhikkuka To attain, to get.
lakam Wotld, People.
la ham Metal,
vakuppuu Department.
am?& vakki j - Lawyer. I

cusmu vatakku" - North.

cus? vati - Stick, Staff.
mQu vat tarn - Circle, round,
~crzr74~ vanpicca - Big,
var~~am - Colour.
hte~ vala - Net.
valathu* - Right.
wed@" valutu" -- Big
"-'WW vallHyma - Gloom, trouble,
disgrace.
-mu va &attu" - On one side.
CU~Q(P valare - Many.
Whi?4 valar~ca - Growth, development-
clls& @a03 valarcca
*mu m u ~ ~ i y a t u '- Well developed,
ma31128 vavvsl - Bat.
CZrtruCXha vasantam - Spring seasan.
mtqctn(aoo vastuta kal - Facts.
cuol val i - Way.

-3 va - Come..
~ 1 3 ~ 0 v&kku" - Word,
clromlm% vstil - Door, Shutters.
a380 vitdam - Plea, dispute.
w383r~~& viidikkuka - TO plea, to maintaib
an opinion.
~ ~ 3 w ~ b r~ &
n d~h y ~ f ? l * - Teacher,
aomm vartha - News.
CU~W VBya Mouth.
WY vala - Plantain
w ~ v ~ ' 9 0 vfilappalarn - Plantain fruit.
w l ahm7ms vikasitam De~ela ped .
hi?&m?m
*L*-
earn vika~itabhaia - Developed language
N?OW? vibhakti - Case,
cu7~~t.00 vid~bam - Foreign country .
cl~lesublmd vide hi yar - Fareigners.
CU~BJ vid ya - Education, knowledge
c u ? ~ ~ ~ vidy&bhysisam
a j ~ m ~ - Education,
mIe~3'lPiol vidyartthi - Student,
h l ? j~3 m 7 m ? vidylrtthini - A girl student,
m7aj3er3wo Vidyalayam - Schuof .
w'l m3976 vina li ka - One sixtieth af nii lika
a second.
To compose, to write
(a book)
To divide.
Finger.
(U?QQDu)o vi rbdham - Enrnit y.
m? c u m l ~vivarikkuka
~ - TO de scti be.
m7cumm0 vivarapam - Descicri pt ion;
Translation.
Holy, pure, '

The Holy 'Bible.

Par! icutars,
ht?ammm vikB9ata - Speciality.
 Espccially ,
Rest:
Subject, topic.
To call, to acco8t.
To believe.
Belief.
DiEcuJty.
Firewood,
House.
Width.
Name of a muath in
Matayalam.
Lady's finger.
Butter.
Sunlight, Sun.
Washerman.

Early morning,
Friday* Sif ver*
Water.
White.
Early morning.
Qdj@kl" veiuppuO Whiteness.
crclrcnd vanal Summer.
a w d h 71 9 7 6 verpici35u
~ ~ ~ Separated.
ahlmJ vekya Harlet, courtesan,
a61wd7dko vaidikam That pertaha to
vfdCL8,
 Vedic thems, biblical.
subjects.
amme rib vaidyan - Physician.
f ndustry.

Well established,
rzl&nmnm?&ala vyavaharikkuka - To term.
Colloquial language.
Grammar.
Thursday.
Cexltury .
MoIasses.
Correct, right, yes.
clbralao 8arirar: - Body.
ubm3 Bani - Saturn, Saturday.
Sound, term.
Correct1y .
Stone.
Inscription.
Physical,
Grief, Sorrow. .
Numeral.
mcpmoao santb ham - Pleasure.
Message.
Messenger poem, a
type of poem in wbicb
a lover or husband
separated, sends a
message to his lover -
sandhya - Evening.
mmmU sampattu" - Wealth .
mo m m 7 a sanbandhika - Possessive case.
cru.mmol au
sambandhiccu* - pertaining to,
related to*
m>*somm= sambbabanam - Conversation.
mama samayam - Time.
rnq~hn~ samiiham - Gathering, society.
mmm~ sarnpannarn - Rich.
r r u m m m o m 7 sarnpannamakki - Enriched,
rmacomro sampradgyam - Mod, manner.
cru0~m3a7& samyagika -- Name of a case in
Malayalam,
crumnu~m'l saraswathi - Goddess of learning.
cruwiam Nigh caste
leaom?&a0 savarp gaj8tikat - communities.
mu?amnltlm savibgkata - Speciality.
c r u @ t & ~ 1 3 ~ l b 3sarvva
a kalabsla - University,
m h r n 3 ~ ~ 7 s~msgrikkuka - To talk,
~ Q ~ C F I O samskr tam - Sanskrit language.
rru0qm samsk y ta - The staging of
rnoscfho37 mmongtakl5hinayam Sanskrit plays.
mo(ljJmd@ samskcta - Sanskrit words.
m3
ir
o padabdal
rru r!&jrnT&
m l m ~arnsk~tikarikka-- Saaskritise.
CrUamZtldMo samsthanarn - State.
m7 O M Q sirnham - Lion.
cndmo sukbam - Comfort, welfare,
~~~~3~ sclkhavasa
WEJO sthalam - Health sanatorium.
 o sulabham - Plenty.
CndOSd siiryan - Sun.
nu'lcnlrn sinima - Cinema.
mo-7 sakrsi - Witness.
C~UO&WJU s3 kilyam - Evidence.
cn>oq$nn7&0 sarnahikam - Social.
n u a m m l l & sampattikam - Financial.
~ W r 0 7 m ~ a si~hityam - Literature.
CT\ZDWO
, ,
sthalam - Place.
C P Q ~ O snEharn - Love, friendship,
liking.
TTUJQBWC svadebam - Native place,
T~UJBDRIO svabhgvam - Character.
CW~ll)hlh)r)QUb svabhava-
~ 6 ~ 1 3 0 0 vi$aqaAhal - Characteristics.
TTUJWO sva\ am .- Self.
~UJOW?C~
m m ' l svfdhlnakakti - Influence.
m~owclmno svayattam - Self attained.
cru~7&mI&a& svrkarikkuka - Toreceive.
so337 rotti - Bread.
A SHORT NOTE 0 THE rnST0RY OF
MALAYALAM LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

Malayalam belongs to the family of Dravidian

languages. Tamil, Telugu and Kannada are the other
cultivated languages belonging to this family. Of the four,
Tamil is considered to be the oldest, the mast cultivated and
well developed,
For a long time the term Matayalarn originally denoted
only the country and sat the language. It was quite wently
the language acquired the name 'Malayzblam'. Msafayayma,
Malayam rnoli and Malayam b Iga were the other nam-
t
by which the language of Keraf were known before.
Scholars differ id their opinion as to the drigin of
Malayafam as a separate language from Tamil. Sdme say
that she is the daughter uf Tamil, othek say that she
is her sister and,a few 'others rna~ntainthat Matayalam is as
old as Tarnit, These ifferences of opinion are due to the
lack of proper understanding of the term Tamil, and its
significance, When you say that Tarnil is the elder sister
or mother of Malayalam, it does not imply that
modern Malayalam b the daughter or younger sister
of modern Tamil. Tamil has been used as a general

h
tepm to denote the anguaga of the south in common.
The ancient Tamil as undergone many changes, and
the modern Tamil and, modern Malayalam are the
outcome of the evolutions of the ancient Tamil. Ma!apalarn
is believed to be an off shoot of medieval Tamil of the 8th
century A. D,, and this fact is proved by many insrip-
tions and other materials, now unearthed, belonging to the
centuries successively following the gexiod of medieval .
Tamil. However, it may be dearly stated that of aB the
four cultivated South Indian languages modem Tamil is the
closest to Malayafa~r~
Malayalam as a Ianguage got separated from its
parental tongue, the medieval Tamil, due to many reasons,
saciological, political, geographical and to some extent
geological too. Among them the most important i s
sacioIogicat. It is often said that the Narnputiri Brahmins
and caste Hindus of Kerala got thc!nselves allied, physi-
cally, spiritualiy and ecoaomically. In Kerala they formed
themselves into a separate community or uatiunality, who
were socially and culturally cut off from the rest. Sanskrit:
which was the spritual and culturai language of the
Brahmins made its way into the local language, and a new
hybrid language cat led Ma pipravaiam (the coral-peat1
bmbination of the local lai~guageand Sanskrit) was farmed.
Till the formation of MapipravaIarn, the then spoken and
literary language of Kerala had been sing loan words from
Sa'askrit in a Tarnillised form, as is evident from the words
written during those periods both in Kerala and in
Tamilnad. When Magipravalatp began to make its
influence felt an local language, the system of adoption of
Sanskrit loan words underwent a change. Sanskrit words
were used as they are, and there was a tendency on the part
of a few writers to Sanskxitise even the local wards. Such
artificial forms are abundant in Magi pravgla works written
during that period. By 14th Century A. D: the entire
nature OF Ke~aEa language was changed and a language
worthy of being terrnzd as Malayaiam, with all its modern
characteristics had been formed by the tirno. The literary
works belonging to the 1 3 t h 14th and 15th centudes bear
ample testimony to this fact.
 There were many literary works written during this
formative period. They may be classified under two major
groups according to the nature of languages and mode of
literary slyles used in them, They are known as Mapi-
pravsla works and Patluu yorks. P B ~ ~ umeans
" song, and
the campositians which strictjy followed the rules of he
then Tamil poems were termed as P8ttuU works,
0r.e speciality with Malayalam literature is that the
Mapipsavala works wrhten during the earliest iiterary
periods (lZtb, 13tb, 14th & 15th centuries) are of purely
non-religious nature. Poems on courtesans, f heir
life and their actiy~tiers were co~aposed by many poets.
Today they are considered as the best sources for researchers
to study the ttrerr existing m;;isl conditions of Kerala.
Almost aH Manipravalam wo* rtre replete with this sort
of sensuous themes. Patfu works are mostly on religious,
rrlytbologicat and ritu:~1 themes, Ramayana and Bharata
were composed 'in PTittuYstyle during this period.
Tuncattu E!,uttaccan, ascribed to 16th century 1s
often called the father of modern Maiayalam. Xt is in his .
Ramayana and Bharata, we find the language of KeraIa
establishing itself in its madera form.
There were many works written in imitation of
Sanskrit literature. They come under the titles, Sandesa
Kavyas (Messenger Poems) and Champus. An' indigenous
literary branch known Attakkathas writtan for the Keratia
c!assical dancedrama Kathakali form the bulk of medieval
f iterature in Malayalarn .
Devotional poems and philosophical works were also
written by marry during this period.
 There were good prose works in Malayalam from ths
Gutalia's Arthasostra, called Bb%@Kau taliyam, is perhaps
the earliest of ~ a l a ~ a l aworks
h now available. Theredkg
appeared many prose works mainly describing the mode of
acting classlical Sanskrit plays in temples, known as
Kiitiyat tam. MalayaIam prose got a new fillip and a fresh
enzrgy when the foreign missionaries began learning
Malayafam and writing prose works on thedugid themes
Including the translations of Bible. Thanks to these
missionades Mslayalarn could have dictionaries in modeon
style,
By the 18th century the language and Iiterrltum &r:w
to such a dimension that by the time many pets and writera
could contribute their mite to tho enrichment of Maltayaiarn
in all its aspects. During the 19th century and by the
dawn of the 20th century, further growth and deveIapment
were effected in all the branches of Ilterature when, thanks to
the advent of English studies, novels, short stdries, plays,
essays, lyrics and sirniliar modern foms of Etcraturo
sprang up.
Today Malayalam can be proud of claiming a an0
of the most advanced language in India. Writers in
Malayalam are *ell known now nut only i n f ndia, but also
outside, Journalisn in Malayalam has taken really long
stzides on its path of progress,