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Table of Contents
QUESTION- 1.......................................................................................................................3
Title........................................................................................................................................3
Objective................................................................................................................................3
Statement................................................................................................................................3
Theory....................................................................................................................................4
Power system stability........................................................................................................4
Transient Stability of a Power System...............................................................................4
Infinite bus.........................................................................................................................5
Manual Calculations...............................................................................................................7
MATLAB Program.................................................................................................................9
Result....................................................................................................................................11
Critical analysis of result......................................................................................................13
QUESTION-2..........................................................................................................................14
Title......................................................................................................................................14
Objective..............................................................................................................................14
Statement..............................................................................................................................14
Theory..................................................................................................................................14
Load frequency.................................................................................................................14
Block Diagram of representation of single area frequency control.................................15
Manual Calculation..............................................................................................................17
Algorithm.............................................................................................................................18
Simulink Model....................................................................................................................19
RESULT...............................................................................................................................19
Critical analysis of result......................................................................................................20
Reference..................................................................................................................................20
LOG BOOK.............................................................................................................................22
Lab Report 1.........................................................................................................................22
Lab Report 2.........................................................................................................................23
Lab Report 3.........................................................................................................................24
Lab Report 4.........................................................................................................................25
Lab Report 5.........................................................................................................................26
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to everyone who shares their ideas with me in completing the assignment of
Power System engineering and Analysis-2 effectively and moreover on time.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my module lecturer Mr. Vijayendra Kumar of APIIT
SD INDIA College. It was really a wonderful experience for me to work under such a
dynamic and helping personality. He gave us the knowledge of each & everything related and
beyond the module in order to enhance our skills and this assignment has been made possible
due to him expertise and knowledge. He had been very kind and patient while suggesting the
outlines of this assignment and correcting our doubts time to time. I thank him for his overall
supports.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my friends who helped me a lot in gathering
different information & data and guiding me from time to time in completing this assignment.
Despite of their busy schedules, they gave us different ideas in making this unique.
Thanking you
Gaurav Kumar
Level-3
PT1282212
QUESTION- 1
Title
Transient stability analysis of single machine to infinite bus system using MATLAB.
Objective
Analyze a single machine to infinite bus system through manual calculations and through
MATLAB program. Also plot the Swing curve. Critically compare the two results.
Statement
A 32 MVA, 50 Hz generator delivers 35 MW over a double circuit line to an infinite bus. The
generator has kinetic energy of 2.32 MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator transient
reactance is Xd = 0.5 pu. Each transmission circuit has R = 0.1 and a reactance of 0.5 pu on a
32 MVA base. |E| = 1.4 pu and infinite bus voltage V = 1.00. A three-phase short circuit
occurs at the midpoint of one of the transmission lines. Plot the swing curve with fault
cleared by simultaneous opening of breakers at both ends of the line at 2 cycles after the
occurrence of fault over a period of 0.5 s.
Theory
Power system stability
Power system stability is also referred to as synchronous stability and is defined as the ability
of the system to return to synchronism after having undergone some disturbance due to
switching on and off of load or due to line transience.
To understand stability, another factor that is to be taken into consideration is the stability
limit of the system. The stability limit defines the maximum power permissible to flow
through a particular point or a part of the system during which it is subjected to line
disturbances or faulty flow of power. Usually power system stability is categorized into
Steady State, Transient and Dynamic Stability.
Transient stability of a power system refers to the ability of the system to reach a stable
condition following a large disturbance in the network condition. In all cases related to large
changes in the system like sudden application or removal of load, switching operations, line
faults or loss due to excitation the transient stability of the system comes into play. It in fact
deals in the ability of the system to retain synchronism following a disturbance sustaining for
a reasonably long period of time.
And the maximum power that is permissible to flow through the network without loss of
stability following a sustained period of disturbance is referred to as the transient stability of
the system. Going beyond that maximum permissible value for power flow, the system would
temporarily be rendered as unstable. Transient stability studies are related to the effect of the
transmission line faults on generator synchronism.
Generator loading
Generator output (power transfer) during fault-depends on fault location and fault
type
Generator reactance
Generator internal voltage magnitude-this depends on field excitation, i.e. the power
factor of the power sent at the generator terminals
Infinite bus
In a power system usually more than two generators work in parallel. The machines may be
located at different places. A group of machines located at one place may be treated as a
single large machine. Also the machines not connected to the same bus but separated by lines
of low reactance may be grouped into one large machine. The capacity of the system is so
large that its voltage and frequency may be taken constant. Such a system of constant voltage
and constant frequency regardless of the load is called infinite bus bar system or simply
infinite bus.
Where
V = phase voltage of the infinite bus
E = excitation phase voltage of the generator
X= total synchronous reactance from the source to infinite bus
Maximum power Pmax will be transferred when = 900, i.e.
EV
P
X
The angle is the difference between the internal angle of the machine and the angle of the
synchronously rotating reference axis.
Swing curve, which is the plot of torque angle verses time t, can be obtained by solving the
swing equation for the synchronous machine.
Manual Calculations
The Inertia constant, M is computed for the calculation of power system as follows:
GH
M=
180f
Where G is the Base value of the generator i.e. 32 MVA and H is the kinetic energy of the
generator i.e. 2.32 MJ/MVA
322.32
M= =8.24103 MJ /elect deg
18050
EV
PmaxI =
XI
Where Generator voltage is denoted as G and is given 1.4 p.u. in the question itself, V is the
infinite bus voltage i.e. also given 1 p.u.
For calculating maximum power
1.41
Pmax = =1.866
0.75
Power angle curve for the pre fault system is given by;
Pangle =Pmax sin
1.866 sin
The pre-fault power transfer is defined by the ratio of power delivered to the load and the
base power of the generator.
It is expressed as,
Power delivered
35
Pt= the load = =1.09375
Base power of the generator 32
0.50.1+0.50.2+0.50.1
X 2= =2 pu
0.1
1.41
Pmax2=
2
0.7
0.7
1.41
Pmax3=
0.7
50 cycles=1 second
Therefore,
12
2 cycles=
50
0.04 seconds
t2
n= ( n1) + P
M a
n=+ n
Therefore, the power angle is calculated for other conditions in the same manner and the
swing curve is plotted.
MATLAB Program
%Moment of Inertia
M = (G_b*H)/(180*freq); % used to compute moment of inertia
fprintf('The value of inertia constant H = %g s2/elec.deg \n',M); % used to display moment of
inertia
%Pre fault
X_1 = X_d+(X_t/2); % used to caluclate the value of pre fault
Max_p_1 = (E*V)/X_1; % used to calculate the maximum power
p_t = p_d/p_b; % used to calculate the power tranfer for pre fault
del_deg = (asin(p_t/Max_p_1))*(180/pi); % used to compute the value of delta in degrees
del_rad = (del_deg*pi)/180; % used to compute the value of delta in radians
fprintf('pmax1 = %.2g\n',Max_p_1); % used to display the maximum power
Result
The result obtained through Matlab is almost same; the only difference is that Matlab execute
the result up to 4 decimal points. It is also analyzed that transient stability is greatly affected
by the type and location of a fault.
For the case of single machine system connected to infinite bus, it can be seen that an
increase in the inertia constant M of the machine reduces the angle through which it swings in
a given time interval offering a method of improving stability. But this cant be employed in
practice because of economic reason of slowing down of the response of the speed govern
loop apart from an excessive rotor weight.
For a given clearing angle as the maximum power limit of various power angle is raised, it
adds to the transient stability limit of the system. The maximum steady power of a system can
be increased by raising the voltage profile of a system and by reducing the transfer reactance.
While this approach is not suited for a detailed study of large systems, it is useful in gaining
insight into the effects field circuit dynamics and establishing the basic methods of enhancing
stability through excitation control.
QUESTION-2
Title
Load frequency dynamic of single area network in a power system using MATLAB-
SIMULINK.
Objective
Simulate the single area power system using MATLAB-SIMULINK.
Statement
An isolated power station has the following parameters
Turbine time constant, T = 0.8 sec
Theory
Load frequency
The load frequency control is used to maintain the frequency of the electrical network and
keep it at rated value during any disturbance happened from generation side of load side.
As Load demand changes constantly in a power system, and in accordance with the change,
power input also varies. If the inputoutput balance is not maintained, a change in frequency
occurs. Hence, the frequency of control is achieved through a speed governor mechanism.
The role of the governor is to control the relation between speed and load. If the load on the
turbine increases, the speed of the governor decreases. The frequency may normally vary by
5 percent between light load and full load conditions.
Where
Kg = Governor gain constant
Tg = Governor time constant
Where
Kt= Turbine gain constant
Tt = Turbine time constant
Where
Kp= Power system gain
Tp= Power system time constant
Models of turbine, governor and generator load are obtained. In practice a single generator
rarely feeds a large area. Several generators located at different places are connected in
parallel, to supply the power needs of geographical area. Normally, all the generators may
have same response characteristics for the changes in load demand. In such a case, it is called
as control area.
By combining the entire above block model; block diagram representation for single area
control may be obtained as
Manual Calculation
First step to analyze and design a control system is to mathematically model the system. The
mathematical Modelling of different parts of single area power system is given below.
Mathematical Modelling of a Generator
Using the swing equation of synchronous machine;
2
2 H
2
= Pm Pe
t
d
s 1
dt
=
2H
[ Pm ( s ) Pe ( s ) ]
D PL
Where is the change in load i.e. frequency sensitive and is the non-
frequency sensitivity change in load D is expressed as the ratio of percentage change in load
to the change in frequency.
Mathematical Model for Prime Mover
Power is generated by the prime mover which can be hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, etc.
the model of turbine relates the change in mechanical power output Pm to the change in
steam valve position Pv.
Pm (s ) 1
GT = =
Pv (s) 1+s
1
Pg = Pref f
R
In s domain;
1
Pv = P g (s )
1+ g s
Combining all the blocks, the block diagram for the isolated area power system is obtained as
follows.
Step 1: Open the SIMULINK browser and choose the component blocks for
simulating a new single area power system.
Step 3: Add all the transfer functions for governor, turbine, inertia load and generator
of the system.
Step 4: Provide a feedback using the governor speed regulator and integrator to the
system.
Step 6: Choose scope from sink to obtain the load frequency control for single area
power system.
Simulink Model
The graph shows the load frequency dynamics of single area power system.
From the previous Simulink models of the controlled and uncontrolled simulation of the
single load control its clear that the effect of the effect of the integrator term on the overshot
and the stability of the system by changing in the load disturbance in the integration term
reduces the overshoot time and also the value of overshoot. The load frequency power system
dynamics are represented by using deviation in frequency and its derivative as variables. The
validity of this model was compared in terms of its uncontrolled response.
For a practical single area power system, the behavior of uncontrolled system with a range of
values for the regulation constant R and for various load disturbance were obtained. The
response of single area power system system with a range of values for the load changes for
different switching times of step control were evaluated.
The time of state transfer, in general, was found to increase with the increase in load
disturbance.
Reference
Definition and Classification of Power System Stability IEEE/CIGRE Joint
Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions. (2004). IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
19(3), pp.1387-1401.
H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999, pp. 526-528
Varaiya, P., Wu, F. and Rong-Liang Chen, (1985). Direct methods for
transient stability analysis of power systems: Recent results. Proceedings of
the IEEE, 73(12), pp.1703-1715.
LOG BOOK
Lab Report 1
Lab Report 2
RESULT
Aim: Design of simple close loop system in MATLAB SIMULINK with different inputs
RESULT
Lab Report 5
Aim: To obtain the frequency response of the two area power system in MATLAB Simulink.
Figure 9. MATLAB SIMULINK block diagram for two area power system
RESULT
Figure 10. The output waveform frequency curve of the two area curve system