. .

..
2002
 681.31(075.8)
32.97
82

:


(. - . , . .. );

(. - . , . .. )

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82 : . . 2-
., . . - .: - . .. , 2002. - 336 .:
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ISBN 5-7038-2090-1

(1- . 2000 .)
,
.

, ,
.
,
CALS-,
.
,
. .. .
.
, .
The textbook is devoted to basic problems and aspects of CAE/CAD/CAM systems. Main
approaches to design procedures including methods and algorithms for modeling, simulation and
synthesis are considered. The information about workstations, networks, design frameworks
and CALS components are given too.
The book is intended to students of technological universities, it may be recommended to
postgraduates and industry specialists using CAE/CAD/CAM in their activity.

681.31(075.8)
32.97

.. , 2002
ISBN 5-7038-2090-1 . .. , 2002

9

1. 12
1.1. 12
(12). (13). -
(15).
1.2. 17
-
(17). (19). -
(20). , -
(20). (22).
1.3.
25
(25). (27). -
(28). CALS- (30).
1.4. 31
(31). (34).
36

2. -
37
2.1. 37
, (37). (38).
(41).
2.2. -
43
(43). (45).
(46).
2.3. 47
(47).
(48).
2.4. Ethernet 48
(48). (49). Ethernet (50).
2.5. 52
Token Ring (52). FDDI(55).


2.6. ,.... 56
(56). (58).
(60). (61). (64).
2.7. 64
TCP (64). IP (67). TCP/IP (68).
(71). SPX/IPX (73). .25 Frame Relay (74). ATM
(75). (78). (80).
83

3. 85
3.1. 85
(85).
(86).
(87).
3.2. 88
(88). -
(89). (93). -
(95).
(96). (97).
3.3. 100
(100). -
(104). -
(105). (106). -
(108). (108).
(111).
3.4. 114
(114).
(114). (117).
3.5. --
118
(118). -
(120). (124).
3.6. 125
(125). -
(128). (130).
(131). (133). GPSS (134).
(140). (143).
3.7.
144
(144). (146). -
( ) (149).
151


4. 153
4.1. 153
(153). (154). -
(157).
4.2. 157
(157).
(159). (160).
(165). (166).
4.3. 171
(171). (172).
(174). (175).
(176). (177).
(178).
4.4.
179
(179). (180).
(182). (182).
(183). (184). -

(185). (186). -
(188). (190). -
(190).
198

5.
200
5.1. 200
(200). -
(202). -
(205). (214).
5.2. ... 217
, (217). -
(220).
5.3. .. 223
(223). ECAD (230).
5.4. 234
(234). (237). -
(240).
(243).
5.5. -
245


CASE- (245). (248). -

IDEFO IDEF3 (250). IDEFIX (256). -
UML (258). CASE-
(260). (261). -
(263). --
(268).
5.6. 271
(271).
(272). (274). -
(276).
(278). (278). PDM (281).
(286).
289

6.
CALS- 291
6.1. CALS- 291
STEP (291). Parts Library, Parametrics, Mandate, IIDEAS (292).
, CALS- (293).
6.2. 295
SGML (295). XML (296).
6.3. STEP- 299
STEP (299). (300). (301).
, (302).
(306). STEP (306).
6.4. Express 307
Express (307). (308).
(308). (310). (311). -
, , (311). (312). -
(313). (314). (316). (316). -
(317). STEP (ISO 10303-21) (319).
Express (319).
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25
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, -
.
/ -
.
-

.

802/3, /,
( , ,
):
< (7) (1) (2 6) -
(2 6) (2) ( 512 12144 ,
. . 64 1518 ) (4) >.
-
.
, 01111110. -
, -
49
 2.

-
. .
,
.
Ethernet
Ethernet
. Ethernet,
, ,
.
1. Thick Ethernet ( ); -
10Base-5, 10
10 /, 5
( ), . . 500 . :
5; 100; -
2,5 .
,
() -
.
2. Thin Ethernet ( ); 10Base-2:
5; 185 ; -
30;
0,5 ; 10 /.
3. TwistedPair Ethernet; 10Base-T;
,
(hubs).
. 2.4. () -
() (active and passive hubs),
.

. 2.4.

50
 2.4. Ethernet

8 ... 24. -
10Base-T -
600 30 ,
100. 10Base-T .
/,
( )
, , ,
, , . -
10Base-T Ethernet.
10Base-T , . .
-
.
4. Fiber Optic Ethernet ( ), -
10Base-F; , -
. -
2 ... 4 .
, , , -
. ()
- ()
, , .
, -
,
. -
.
5. RadioEthernet ( 802/11). -
, .
-
,
. /,
.
: , ,
,
,
. -
. ,
1 .
,
.
/ . t -
,
, -
(
- ), &t<T.
51
 2.

11 /
2,4 , 54 /
5 .
6. Fast Ethernet, 100Base-X 100Base-T (
IEEE 802/3). 100 /.
/. (-
), -
10Base-T
200 . -
100 / ,
, 100/10. -
10 /,
. 250 ,
1024. Fast Ethernet,
Ethernet 10 /, .
: 100Base-TX,
3 5,
100Base-T4 5, 100Base-
FX - .
7. Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-X).
. 802.3z
830 1270 ( 1000Base-SX
1000Base-LX) 550 5000 , 5
(1000Base-CX) 25 . 1 /.
.
. (
) 10 / (switches)
10/100, 100 /, ,
100/1000. , 1000 /,
, -,
, -,
(, +2, +1,0, -1, -2 ), -, 8b/10b ( .
-). 250 /
125 ,
-.
Ethernet 10 /.

2.5.
Token Ring

: 1) Token Ring ( -
IBM IEEE 802/5); 2)

52
 2.5.

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) .

802/5 :
< (7) (7) ()
(6) (>=0) (4) -
(1) (7) >.
-
, , , . . , 802/5
( ), , -
. 0,
, = 1, (. . -
). -
, -
.
Token Ring . 2.5, .
,
. . 2.5,
.
(. . 2.5,6) ,
( ).
Token Ring -
: 96;
12; 120 ;

45 ; 4 16 /.
.
,
, .
,
,
. ,
, .

. 2.5. Token Ring:

;

53
 2.

. , , .

, .
.
. -
,
. -
, ,

. () -
, -
, . -
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
. , , ,
, .
:
< R > .
= , . , -
, , -
, :
= 1 R ,
. -
, :
1) , , -
R, R ; 2) --
, ,
( ) .
, -,
. ,
, ,
- 0. :

R .
-,
(
).
54
 2.5.

Token Ring
, Ethernet, .
FDDI
FDDI , -
, .
. -
100 /. -
200 , 2 . -
500. 1300 .
.
( . 2.6, ).

200 /.
,
. 2.6, .
FDDI . -
THnaNRZ ( ),
1, -
0. ,
.
4b/5b. 4b/5b
,
,
,
, FDDI.

, ,

.

. 2.6. FDDI:
;

55
 2.

FDDI ,
. , ,
, .
, ,
, , .
, , -, -
,
.
FDDI
. , -
Ethernet Token
Ring , -
FDDI.

2.6.

-
. -, -
-
. -,
( ), ( , -
-), ( ). -,

(TDM) (FDM) .
-
( , . . ), -

.
, .
() , -
, . . .
. -
, -
. , -
( ) N ,
N
2 . , 16 1200
4 /
4800 /. ,
, .
-
F (,
56
 2.6.

Iog2 k , k
)

V = Iog2k/t ( k < 1 + , ;
t , ,

-
.
: 12,5 -
6,25 . , -
,
, ,
, .
(STP Shielded Twist Pair) -
(UTP Unshielded Twist Pair) .
, , -
(). -
1 . 2 -
4 /. , .
Ethernet (, 10Base-T) 3,
Token Ring 4. -
5 6.
5 1 00 ,
0,5 1 , -
. UTP
100 . 5 100
1 00 24 , 1 0 1 00 1 .
6 7 , PIC,
,
. 6 5 ,
0,5 , 100 22 .
7
, 8 , 100
20 , 600 - 50 .
,
( -
), .
, .
.
, -
, .
(-
) ,
.

.
57
 2.

10 ,
125 ... 200 . -
: 0,83 ... 1,55 ;
0,7 /; 2 ; 4... 5 . 1 . -
D ( )
X: , = 850 D = 5 , X, = 1300
D = 50 , .
, ,
Fiber Channel , -
133 1062 / 10 ( -
SCSI
160 / ). -
SDH (SONET) 155 622 /, -
.

SDH (Synchronous
Digital Hierachy). SDH -
. , -
. .
STM-1.
270 , 1 .
. ,
( -
, ).
.
.

, . ,
. -
1,5; 6; 45 140 / ( ) 2; 6; 34
140 / ( ). STM-1
155,52 /.
STM-1 STM-0, STM-4
STM-16 51, 622 2488 / .


.
.

(902 ... 928 2,4 ... 2,5 ) . -
5,725 ... 5,85 .
, , -
( ) , ,
-
58
 2.6.

. -
.

-
. -
, -
, .
, -
. -
-
.
(
),
/,
, -
.
-
-
. -
.
, (
15...20 ). -
: ,
.

RadioEthernet, -
. . -
.
.
802/11
,
.
(DSSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum).
11
(). ,
, .
-
( DSSS 802/11
11 /, 22 2,4 ).
, . ,
, 22 ,
, ,
.
, , , --
59
 2.

, , -, -
, .
(FHSS Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum). 802/11
79 . ( 20... 400 )
, -
, -
.
-
,
,
. , -
.

. ( 36 .
) .
( 500 ) . -
. -

. ,
, , , ,
, , , -
. ( ).
; -
, Lucent Technologies,
Aironet, Multipoint Network.

,
. , -
, , . -
.
-
. , -
,
.

-
0,3 ... 3,4 ( -
), .
-
,
. -

60
 2 6

,
.
,
, ,
.
/ , -
:

Um ; ; v|/ .
Um, (AM),
() vy ().
--
(QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,
-),
, = 4 ... 8 (. .
16 ... 256 ). ,
,
( 12 4).

2 3
.
-
V.32, V.34, V.90 V.92. , V.34 -
2,4 28,8 / 2,4 /.

1600 ... 2000 , -
.
V34.bis 33,6 /. -
56 / , 2 V.90-92.

-
- (), PCM (Pulse Code Modulation).

, dt, -
. , dt -
:
,
. -
,
4 ( ) . ,
( ) 8 , . .
64 ( 56 ).

61
 2.

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

..
. 2.7.

-
.
. 2.7.
-
. -
, -
.
, .
-
1 ( DS-1). -
24 , DS-0 (Digital Signal-0).
8
28 = 256 , 64 /
1554 / 1. -
1 32 64 /, . . 2048
/. ( DS-3), 28 1
(45 /); 4, 6 , 4 -
. -
.
1 (TDM). 24
, 192-
. 24 .
.
1
. DS-0 ( ) -
, . . . -
, -
, 1, 1
.

(, DS-0).
- , -
, .
, , ,
-
. DS-1
.
62
 2.6.

, -
, (,
).
-
. -
,
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network).
ISDN .
ISDN 56 / 1,54 /
ISDN (Broadband ISDN, B-ISDN) 155 ... 2048 /.
ISDN .
64 / (
5-) 16 / (D-).
23 64 / D
16 /.
( ), . -
, -
.
, 1, , ISDN
.
ISDN . 2.8. ^-
.
ISDN, S-
. NT2 S- -, -
. NT1 -
(. 2.9) -
U.

RS-232/V.35

. 2.8. ISDN

63
 2.

,
4

i "
<

. 2.9. -

-
xDSL ( ISDN-). xDSL
HDSL (High-bit-rate Digital Subcriber Line), SDSL (Single Pair Symmetrical
Digital Subcriber Line), ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line) . ,
HDSL , -
2 /
5,4 . .
ISDN xDSL.

, . .
, :
-
, , , ;
-
,
() ;
- -
( ) -
; -
(. . 2.9).

2.7.

TCP
, ,
, .
, SPX/IPX, X.25, Frame Relay (FR), ATM,
.
64
 2.7.

TCP/IP -
Internet. TCP/IP
, , , -
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol )
IP (Internet Protocol). -
, Unix Windows-95/NT.
TCP .
-
-
. TCP -
;
- -
, . . , -
, , , ,
, -
; ,
. . .
TCP -, -
-
,
- .

( ACTIVE_OPEN)
, - ( ), .
(
ACTIVE_OPEN_WITH_DATA). , -
(OPEN_RECEIVED), .
SEND , DELIVER
. -
CLOSE CLOSING.

.
, -
, .
TCP- ( ) ,
:
(16);
5(16);
, . .
, (32);
,
5(32);

65
 2.

(16), -
, , -
, . .;
(16), , . . ,
;
(16);
(16);
(24);
(8);
.
TCP , -
. -
.
32
2 / ,

.
-
16 . , Jv

216 . -
, (216 8 ) / Tv . ,
Tv
0,5 1 /.
,
(01).
TCP ,
(-) -
. Tm=2t, t -
Tv . -
Tv,

,
, 0,5 ... 2,0 ,
.
, -
, , , -
, . .
.
= k + ,
k ,
.

 2.7.

.
, -
,
.
.

( 512 ), . . .
( ),
. . , .


. ,
,
.

IP
IP , . .
. -
. ,
-
. -

, -
-. -
-
.
IP
, ; -
, . . ;
(
, . . TCP,
);
.
IP ( ):
IP (4) ( IPv4 IPv6);
(4), . . 32- ;
(8);
(16) ;
(16) ;
-
, -
;

. 67
 2.

(16), . . , -
;
(8);
(8),
(TCP, UDP . .);
CRC (16);
(32);
(32);
(32);
( 65 356 ).
IP, -
IPv4. 32--
. , 32 2 32 4,3 -
, Internet
.
IPv6,
. , --
14-, . .
. ( 2002 .) Internet
IPv4.
14- 216 65 . -
, . . , -
, 216 .
, -
IP. , 120
216/ 120 = 546 , 65 .
300 / ( -
-
TCP).
,
( ).
, -
. ,
, . = 0 =
.
.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP .
, .
, ( ,
-
). ,
.
68
 2.7.

, -
.
IP-. IPv4 , -
: (, , -
IP-, ). . -
.
IP- IP- .
Internet DNS (Domain Name Service), ISO -
.500.
IP-, ,
.
( -
). , ,
: , us, de, uk, edu-
, com , org
, gov , mil ,
net Internet . . IP-
, , , -
@ . ,
norenkov@wwwcdl.bmstu.ru : -
norenkov wwwcdl bmstu
.
14- , (), -
. ,
,
. IP-
, , IP--
. , 255.0.0.0, -
255.255.0.0 . . .
-
-, .
, , IP- -
IP- DNS. -
DIB (Directory Information Base) DNS.
, ,
IP- . IP--
, DNS
IP- IP-.
, ,
-, IP- MAC-. -
ARP,
TCP/IP. ARP- IP MAC
.
69
 2.

Internet . -
; ,
; -
, -
.

.
Internet (,
wwwcdl.bmstu.ru http:// www.eevl.ac.uk) -
.
IP- IP-.
(bmstu), , -
, ()
IP- . DNS-cep-
IP- ,
.
IP- -
() , IP- -
. , -
ARP- IP- -,
. ARP- -
- , , . .
, ARP-. -
, , IP-, -
-. , -
- ARP-
-. ,
, ,
.
, Internet
IPv6 IP.
IPv6 128 . -
-
. (
):
FP = 001 , , -
(3, 8);
TLA (8 ... 13),
;
RES (8);
NLA (32),
();
70
 2.7.

SLA (16), . .
;
ID (48),
-.
. ,
, .
IPv4 IPv6 -
. , IPv4 IPv6
32 , 96 .
IP- IPv6 40 -
:
(4) (4) (24)
(16) (8) (8) -
(8) ( 128).
16- ,
,
. -
-
. .

TCP/IP
. ,
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) -
, TCP,
, .
UDP- IP ,
IP-
TCP, UDP.
. UDP ,
TCP (8 20 ),
, TCP,
.
UDP- ( ):
( 16);
(16);
(16);
( 65,5 . ).
, TCP, -
. , :
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) ,
;
71
 2.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

;
Telnet .
TCP/IP IEEE 802/ .25.
TCP/IP
.
, -
, ,
. TCP/IP
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol),
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).
ICMP:
-
; ( -
) ICMP-, -
;

;
; ICMP-
-
;
( ) -
Tv , .
, Tv .
ICMP- .
.
Tv.
ICMP- IP- .
-
,
,
.
-
MIB (Management Information Base).
MIB: ,
, ,
.
SNMP TCP/IP.
. (
SNMP) , ( SNMP -
) , -
(, , , ) -
.
72
 2.7.

, .
, , -
. SNMP MIB,
, .
SNMP, UDP.
SNMP -
,
. ,
.
SNMP RMON (Remote Monitoring)
Ethernet Token Ring RMON2 .
RMON , -

.
SNMP ,
Manage WISE Novell UnicenterTNG
Computer Associates. -
: 1 2>- , -
, ( -
); 2 ,

; 3 -
.

-
.
-
.
.
SPX/IPX
Netware Novell SPX (Sequence
Packet Exchange) IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) -
.
IPX ( -
), ( ) (-
). 30
546 . SPX 42 , . .
534 .
SPX ( ) -
connect, con-
nected () disconnected ().
, .
-
IPX.
73
 2.

.25 Frame Relay

.25, , -
ITU (International
Telecommunication Union),
. .25 1976 .
, ,

, . -
.25 ,
.25.
.25 , . .
, . -
.
.25:
, , -
, . . , ,
( ), (
);
,
, (
8 128);
() ,
;
, ,
.
.25 -
( , , IP,
). -
, . . .25 ,
.
( -
), .

.
( .25 , ,
Sprint, Infotel, .)
.25 . 2.10.
.25 --
. 9,6 64 /. -
.21, -
-.2 Ibis.

74
 2.7.

. 2.10. .25

Frame Relay (FR) .25

( 45 /) -
, , -
, , . .
.
,
, . FR -
.
FR
, .
FR -
, .
FR -
,
,
. ,
.25, ,
( ).
FR
, .
FR -
,
.25. , -

.
ATM
, ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode), , -
(,
) . , -
-

75
 2.

, , , -
, (,
6 ).
ATM
(53 ), .
ATM .
ATM , -
.
.
, ,
-
.
.
,
.

. , -
, .
, -
5 .
ATM .
-,
(TDM)
( }.
,
. N , -
.
, N. ATM ,
-
. ( ) -
( 32 )
/?- . -
, -
. -
, -
. , -
. ,
.
-, -
( ) .
.
( -
). ( ) -
.
76
 2 7

-, .
TCP/ IP. -
, -
-
. .
, (
, , IP).
. -
1
() , ( * -
VPI/VCI () .
, -
.
-, ()
, ^
(
ATM), .
ATM (. 2.11).
AAL ,
( 64 )
, , , 48- ,
-
, , -
. -
, .
, ATM, -
.
.
ATM- SDH } ' 4' L1 / 4), -
,
SDH !
FR ATM FR .
.

! J
! 1 f
*ft?
<
gfe !
J
(switch)

. 2.11. ATM
77
 2.

SDH, -. -
STM-16, STM-4, STM-1. ,
,
. FR
ATM 3 .
ATM 51, 155,622 2488 /
-1, -3, -12 -48 . , -
, , TCP/IP .25, ,
- -
ATM, ATM.
. -

(FR), 4
.
ATM
ATM Forum .
, ATM-
, , TCP/IP, ,
, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, FDDI. , -
IP-over-ATM (Multi-Protocol-Over-ATM), a
IP- , -
, ATM-.
TCP/IP ATM-
ATM-.
53- , --
.
, ATM -
( ). -
-
.


,
( Fieldbus).
,
SCADA.
-
, , ,
, .
,

.

78
 2 7

. -
Fiber Channel, Fire Wire 1394, USB, Ethernet, a
VMEbus, PCI .
,
, , .
Ethernet
( 802.3).

() Fieldbus, -
. Fieldbus -
, . . -
: , , .
Profibus, Interbus/S, CANbus .
, -
,
. -
Infiniband, Fiber Channel, USB, FireWire 1394, -
RS-232,
RS-422,RS-485.
, , -
(,
) -
- , VMEbus -
pactPCI.
VMEbus 1987. ( IEEE 1014). -
(IEEE 1101.10
1101.11). 21 ,
. 320 /.
-
-, .
CompactPCI (PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect) -
, 1990- .
CompactPCI PCI,
. 16. -
132 / 32- 264 /
64- .
(, -
) . -
, OLE.
(OLE for Process Control).

(, )
, - 1 ( ).
79
 2.

. -
,
Ethernet ,
.
Profibus, 12 , 247 , -
1,5 . ,
Ethernet. Profibus, , ,
CAN. Fieldbus RS-485
, 1,2 , 32 .

, -
(internetworking), ()
. , , -
, , , , .
(repeater) , -
, .
,
(, ) - -
, , -
.
, , .
. , ,
.
. ,
10Base-T Token Ring.

.
(bridge) ,
, .

, , -
, . -
-
.
, -
. ,
, .
, .
.
,

.
, , ,

80
 2.7.

.
:
. .
,
,
.
. 2.12.

. , -
, , -
. -
. ,
.
, , ,
(AS Autonomous System). AS
.
. AS
AS,
().
, .
-
-
. , ,
, . -
-
, . . .
.
,
.

. 2.12. :
; ; ;
FDDI ;

81
 2.

(router) ,
. -
-
, , .

,
IP- . -
, -
, . . ,
.
(, -
) . -
-, -
- . ,
, -
. IP--
-
.
( out-through), -
,
( store-and-forward).
, -
.
, -
.
, ,
, .
. , ODS Infinity -
Optical Data Systems Ether-
net, Token Ring, FDDI, Local Talk,
48, 48, 2 6 . -
(
), . -

.
.
,

, , .
,
, .
, ,
- .
82


. ,
.
.
,

. .
() , -
, .
, -
. -
( -
IEEE 802/10), .
(
) .
Cisco. -
Catalyst 1024 FDDI, E, TR,
ATM.
.
(gateway ) ,

. -
. ,
Ethernet SNA, -
. , -
.

1. .
2. ?
3. ? ?
4. -
.
5. (TDM) (FDM)
?
6. / -
?
7. 10Base-5,
500 .
8. ?
9. RadioEthernet?
10. 4b/5b 8b/10b -
?
11. Token Ring?
12. Ethernet ?
Gigabit Ethernet.
83
 2

13.
4 130?
14. -
?
15. -
( 36 . ).
16. 1 ?
17. , -.
18. -
TCP?
19. IP- , ?
20. ?
21. ,
ATM.
22. ?
23. ?
 3.

3.1.


, , -
.
,
.
-
-
. , ,
.
,
, -
, -
. .
( , -
, ) -
-
. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,

85
 3

/. ()
, ,
, .
,
,
. , ,
- . -
()
, -
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.
, ,
, -
, , -
,
, .
.


,
, .
.
,
.
.
( ) -
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,
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.

. ,
.
,

| 0 |< ,
8 -
,
; =
r fj ( -I] ')/ij .', ] TAXij z- -

"
'- .
86
 3.1.

, -
. ,

, ,
.
-
.


-
(). , -
: -, ,
-, .
-
.
,
,
. -
, ,
. -
.
-
(. 3.1)
. ,
, -
. -
.

| t

. 3.1.

87
 3.

,
, ,
, .
3.2.




.
,
.

, .

.
,
(), ,
().
-
.


().
, -
,
. -

. -
, , ,
(), . -
: -
-
.

, .

VK(dV/dt,\,t) = , (3.1)

Ft(V) = 0, (3.2)

88
 3.2.

V = (v,, v2, ..., ) ; t .

, -
(, -
) (, ).
,
(,
),
.

, -
.
.

.
. -
.
- -
.
: , , -
R, , L. -
. 3.2, .
:
= iR ( ); (3.3)

= Cdu/dt; (3.4)

- Ldi/dt, (3.5)
(, ); / .

R

-DI-

L

. 3.2. :
, , ;

89
 3.

. 3.3.

-
.
(3.3) (3.5) (. . R, , L ),
R, , L ,
. -
.

() (). ,
,

:
= , (3.6)
" f = 0, (3:7)
. - ; J9
, q-e .

. . 3.3 ,
/ = 1(/(/)) im= /^^/
/()) - /?-; '^ /
; / ;
; ; R^viR^ -
, /?6 RK ;
/' = Bi - i , ;
' . , , 1, /, /. -
, .
. -
.
.
, ,
. -
,
.
90
 3 2.

, ,

F= Mdu/dt, (3.8)
F ; ; .
,
. ( -
)
G = e, (3.9)
G ; ; = /// -
; / / -
G. , G = F/S, F , S
, (3.9),
dF/dt = (SE/l) d(U)/dt

dF/dt = gu, (3.10)

g = SE/l (, , -
Z,M); = d(&l)/dt .
-
, -
,
, -
.
, -, :
, , , (
); -, , -
, .
-
-
, , -
, .

. 3.2, .
-
. ,
( ) ,
(3.4) (3.5) /, (3.8) (3.10)
MnLu, -
. ( ),
91
 3.

L ZM ( ), R Rrp=
= du/dF ( ).
-
: ( ),
{ID)
(3D) . ,
3D -
, , -
.
, -
, -

.
. -
. , -
-
.

/ -
( ):
pdU/dt = -dP/dx-2aU,
; U ; ;
. U = Q/S, Q ,
S , , -
,
dQ/dt =5/(/) - 2aQ/p,
'

= LrdQ/dt + RTQ. (3.11)

;
Z r = A/pAS , -
; RT= 2 aAl/S , -
.
. -
:
RT= 8//(4), ; -
-
^>^-v> |1-[ =
-' = RrQ\Q\ R=0,31(nru /\Q\)M.
. 3.4. (3.11)
, . 3 .4.
92
 3 2

/,=/ 2

. 3.5.

,
,
(3.12)
(3.12) , Q -
U d&l/dt Q US,
JAP/ = CrQ,
Cr = E/(S I) .
. -
: -
, -
.

, . 3.5.
; g ; U /
'- ; j = 1 , / = 2 -
.
. , -
,
VHDL-AMS,
across quantity,
through quantity.

.

, . . ,
.
(3. 1) (3.2).

93
 3.

R.

J
tl =U[V

. 3.6. () ( )
-
-
, . -
,
. , -
, . -
( -
,
).

. 3.6.
, -
, -
. ,
, -
.

. -
() , . . - 1 , -
, ( -
). . 3.6, ,
. 3.6, ,
.
Ux 1^
, 1 -

+ = 0; (3.13)
1 - 1 = 0, (3.14)
7
; -.
94
 3.2,

- - 3.1
,

. -
. - 1 2
. -
- q- RI -1 0 0
, - R2 0 -1 0
= +1 -
, = -1
R3 0 0 -1
. - R4 -1 +1 +1
= 0. J +1 0 0
. 3.6 -
. 3.1

.
( ).
, , ,
.
, , -
; ,
, ;
, . -
.
. 3.7, -
, ,
51,52 1,2. . 3.7, -
, -
, , -
, ;
, . 3.7, , .


\
L

. 3.7. :
- ; -

95
 3

(3. 1) (3.2)
, -
. -
, , -
.
, , -
,

V - V - ; = tn - tn_l
. -
t ( t
tn),

FT(VJ = 0; (3.15)
Zn= (-_,)//*

Vn , Z = dV/dt.
, ,
-
.
2 + ,
(
, -
, -
), .
-
, -
( ) .

.
. -
.
(
, ), -
W . -
, -
96
 3 2

. , (
, 2/2), -
, . . , .
,
, . . ,
dWIdt W, -
.
-
.

, -
.
-
(. . -
, ,
, -
).
-1, .
, , ,
2 .
-
, -
.

.
. -
,
. , -
, (3.13) (3.14)

U + M<p = 0; (3.16)

1 = 0, (3.17)
U I .
-
,
,
4

 3.

1 = +, (3.18)
, -
(; , -
/.
( ) -
, -
.
(3.18) (3.16) (3.17), :
T
1= M (GnUn+ ) = - + =

= , (3.19)

= - ; = . -
, ( - 1), ,
-(-1)(-1).
(3.19)
(), , -
-
. -
,
.
, .
, -
R.
-
.
-
in = Cdu/dt \ = ( -.. ,)/*,
g = 11 = const
g=C/hn.
= gun ,.
:
= !(/-/ _,)/
L = const

98
 3.2.

-
,

dU/dt I = - ,
; \ U -
.
.
, ( ) -
, , , -
,
.
, -
, -
.
.
, -

. (. 3.2), -
: UHCT(I) , ; (/)
; 1(1) ,
; L ; - i
^.
UHCT, I, , 1
. , -
, . . I,
. ( )
. : IL - ; I, ,.
- ; Gx, GL, G, -
, , .
(3.17)

3.2
(1) (/)
12
L 21 22 23
1(1) 3, 32 33

99
 3.

I, (3.18),
1

= (91 /51) - .
(3.16),

U,= - - 12 - 13 = - 1] - 12 (/1)1 - ,3.

, I 1L:
- () / + M12RI) + (2)) I, + (31) KI =

= ( ) (, 1 3 -,); (3.20)
\ = - 21 + M22RI + 23) + ,; (3.21)
I = - ,(31 + M32RI + 33) + (3.22)

R = (5UHCT/9I). -
.
. 1 . -
, AL -
. 2. , , ,
1/5 Gi5 -
. 3. , ,
,
, -
(3.20)-(3.22).

3.3.

-
. ( -
) , -
,
, . -
, , , -
-
, , ,
, . .
100
 3.3.

, -
,
():

, -
. -
, (3. 1 5),
, -
.
-
, . -
-
.
( -
, , ) -
(, ). -

.

tn:

; hn = tn + , - tn
( hn ).

:
</V/A
1
| = ( V - V-1,)/A,
v
' '

= *-*_,.
-
:
dVldt = AV (3.23)
V0 -
h. ; V
.

101
 3.

. V n + 1 -
V0:
V_ +1 = (E + /zA)"V 0 . (3.24)

= + (3.25)
:
= T-'diag^JT.
- ; diag{A,B } - -
, . ,

, ,
, -
. (3.25) :

(3 .23) V( /) > 0 / > , ,

+1 ->->,

( + /zA)" V 0 -> ,
V 0 * 0, ( + )" -> 0, ^ 0, . - 0 -

- |1 + | < 1. (3.26)
,
.
. (
(3.23) ), -

^-^,,

(3.26)
-1<|1-/|<1<<2, (3.27)
.
, (3 .27),
.
102
 3 3

(3.27), -
, ,

. , -
.
(3.27)
. , -
(3.27) , ,
, 1
.
(3.27) .
-
. , ^ -

, . . -
.

= /
. , .

,
> 105 . -
.
-
. (3.24)

h > 0. , -
-.
. -,
h > 0.
^- -
.
, .
; -,
, -, -
^-
. -
-
.
103
 3.

, -
,
. ,

.
, - -
, . . , - , -

V( t) , , -
; |V (/>+1) (t)| ( + 1) V(/),
- ; -
/ .
- , . .
, h
. V(f) -
tn+l, ( + 1)-
+ (d2V/dt 2 )AV2! - (d3 V/dt 3)#/3! + ... (3.28)
( + 2)-
V(/;+2) = Vfc + 1) + (dVldt)ht + (d2\/dt2)h2x/2\ + (d3V/dt3)h3x/3\ + ..., (3.29)
hn h , -
tn+ . (3.28) (3.29), h = = /?
V(tn +2) = V(tn) + 2(dV/dt)h + 2(d3V/dt3)h3/3\ + ...,
. . , (3.28) (3.29),

h3. ,
.
, ,
. -
,
,
.
-
. ,
() d, -
.
, , ,
.

104
 3.3.

.
, . -
, -

(). .
, ,
(3.19).
.
, -
, , -
, -
. , (3.19)
. -
.

F(X) = 0. (3.30)
F(X) \k ,

F(X) = F(Xt) + (SF/dX)(X - Xt) + (X - Xt)T(S2F/dX2)(X - XJ/2 + ... = 0.

, X:
, (3.31)
^ = (5F/3X)|t. (3.31)
(3.30), X t + ,.
0
, ,

.
. -
,
. -
. -
, -
.
105
 3.

-
, , = 0 = 0 (3.30) , a
0 X
= 0 . -
,
, -
.
, -
,
.
h. , h =
. h -
.

,
.



. -
. k-w. -
xk
= (3.32)
at] / > k > k
<* '- =a,j-alkakjlakk. (3.33)
- 1 , (3.32), -
, -
. , -
.
(3.32)
3. -
, -
, -
. ,

(3.32).
, -
. ,
, -, (3.33),
alk akj , -,
106
 3.3.

.
, ,
, , 1-2.
-
, -
, , , .

.

11*1 14*4

(3.33) ,
, , -
. ,
, .
. 3.3 . .
.
. 3.3 3.4, -
+ . ,
, .
, -
.
. -
-
, ,
.

( ) -
.
3.3 3.4

107
 3.

-
. -
( ) -
.
. , -
(200 200)
320 . 9
,
28 .

(3.33) a,k 0 akj * 0 , ,
(3.33). -
, -
, , -
, .
,
.
(3.33) -
.

. ,
. , -

.

-
. -
, d/dt -
'.

, -
, .
. -
.
,
-, ,
. .

-
X
Q . ,
. ,
108
 3.3.

. . , ,
.
-
,
X Q, -
. -
-
, , ,
,
. .
.
, -
, . . ^ .
. 1,
, . -
.
-
. -
,
yj . TV -
- xt ( X Q),
, -
AJC,, , -

!,= (, ~.,)/.,

jt J I I '] *

-
. , ,
./^ 1 . -
, -
,, BJt.
.
, -
, .
-
() . -
-
:,
:. -
,
109
 3.

. 3.8.

(. 3.8).
-
, Y < ,
,
.
-
- ( ). -
./V , -
,
-. -
jc(. -
,
N , :
;
:
-
, , ,
.
, -
, , ./V -
, .
, -, -
-
- xt.
, *( ,
-
^ xt , (
). -
. -
,
. !
110
 3.3.

, . -
,
,j [1 : ].
, < (. .
sign(.8,,) = ) ^ > sign(5,,) = 1,

I = I + *I ,'

, , , -
,
,
, -
, , -
.

-
. 3.9.
-

-

F(X) =

. -

= .

. 3.9. : V0(/0) - ;
h /? - ; UBH(/) -
; N NU -
; - ;
8 - , ; 1 -
; -
.
111
 3

V:=V0;t:=to;h:=hHm

, * =

/
V :=+

. 3.9. -

, jV> ^

. -
5 ,
[2, ml] , .
N , ml, m2, , -
.

, . -
, -
. . 3.10.
112
 3.3.

_>. *

t

i -

1

. .

(
) .

.
-
, -
. ,
. ,

, , -
.
- , -

, (. . 3.9). -
(. . 3.10)- , -
. 3.9.
. -
,
,
.
-
, ,
- . .

 3.

3.4.


,
. ,
. -
JCj, x2, 3
t.
-
.
:
1)

- ; - ; - ; t - ; X - -
; g - , -
;
2)

at
N- ; D - ;
3) , :

4)
div = / ( ) .
; q ; Jpu 3
; gp gn --
; ; -
; .
,

, , -
.

- -
.
-
-
114
 3.4.

. ,
.
-
: () . -
, . . -
.
-
.

IF(z)=/(z)

L ; F(z) ; z =
= (,, 2, 3, f) ; /(z) y(z) -
.
-
--
.
.
, -
.
. 3 . 1 1 .
, -
. ,
. , ,
,
. , -
dVldx k,

h(dV/dx) = 4+ , - V-, 2h(8V/dx) = Vk+ , - Vk_ ,; HpVIQ*) = Vk^-2Vk + Vk_ ,,

h .
. 3 . 1 1
- :
-

2
2* W = V^^ + F t _, ,+

Vk VB (,k, x ); h
.
115
 3

-1 1 -1 1 1 -2 1
--

(
k)
t
^ .t u
-1

. 3.11.

,
F(z). , -
qt
T
U(z.) = Q <p(z), (3.34)
T
Q = (#,, q2, ..., <7) - ,
cp(z) - ( ) ,
, .
-
, -
U(z) (, (z) -
). U(z)
-

A(z, Q) = LU(z) -/(z) = I(QT9(z)) -f(z), (3.35)
Q.
( Q) :
1) , , (3.35),
Q:

;
2) , -
(3.35) ;
3) ,
.

. -
, . .
( ). ,
.
116
 3.4.

-
( ), -
, ,
.

.
,
= 0,5 I 8 T arfR, (3.36)
R

= (en, s22, s33, s)2, 813, 823) - - ; = (, 22,
, , ,3, ?3) - ; R - .
stj
etj= 0,5(5)^/5* +dW}/dx), (3.37)
Wt *,
= 0,5SW, (3.38)
S (3.37) ; W = (w , w , \v ).
D,
, . 3.5:
a = De. (3.39)
, , ,
.
(3.39) (3.38) (3.36),
3= 0,5j\VTSTDSWdR.
R

W(X), X = (,, xz, 3).

(3.34), -
:
U(X) = NQ,
N ; Q -
. 3.5
+2 0 0 0
+2 0 0 0
X ,+ 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 2

117
 3.

W(X) U(X),
= 0,5|QTNTSTDSNQrfR=0,5QT( J(SN)TDSNrfR)Q=0,5QTKQ, (3.40)
R R

= J(SN)TDSNc?R .
R

/dQ = /dQ - /dQ =

, (3.40),
KQ = , (3.41)
= 9A/5Q . , ,
, -
(3.41).
,
(3.41) .
.
,
.

3.5.
-

- ,
, -
.
-
. , -
.
--
, .
, . .
, -
.
--
.
-, . .

, (3.42)
. F,x - .
, (3.42) , FBX
.
118
 3 5 -

, (3.42) , -
, . . -
. , (3.42) -
.
,
, -
. (3.42) -
, ,() (),

()
.

h(p)- .

, -
.
--
. -
,
(3.42).

, :
,
. -
.
(. 3.12), -
ht(p), h2(p)
h3(p).

= h}(p)h2(p)/(l -

. 3.12.
119
 3

, :
1) ,
, -
;
2) ;
3) ;
4) -
;
5) -
.

- -

. ,
, ,
.
( 1) (-
0), . -
. -
- .
-
.
- -
, -
. , -
, , ()
= a or b, () = a and b, ()> = not , -
, b .
.
. 3.13.
-
, , -
, .

. 3.13.

120
 3.5. -

&
(\ &
1
~

L&
R &
(

. 3.14. ./US'-

.
,
, .
.
-
, (. 3.14):
= not (R and ); Q = not ( and ); = not (A and Q); = not (S and ).
,
.

y(t (3.43)
t3 ; / . (3.43)
, , -
(), t + tm. -
,
.
-
.
-
(-
) . ,

. ,
, -
.
-
.
,
. ,
, .
121
 3.

&
-

. 3.15. :
;

.
. 3.15, -
,
. 3.15, . ,
, -
, , . 3.15, ,
, .
.
.
, 1 <8>, -
. -
, ,
. 3.6.
, ,
.

,
, ( ) (
) .
, -
: 0-0-0, 1-1-1, 0--1, 1--. -
0-<8>-0 1--1 -
, . . .
3.6


0 1 0 <8> 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 <8> 1 -
1 0 1 1 1 1 -

122
 3.5. -

3.7

1 0 0
<8>
0 1 0

(. 3.15, ) -
. 3.7.

(. 3.16). ,
, . -
-
,
{0, 1, <8>, , ), -
, , -
.
,
: 0-0-0, 1-1-1,
0-a-l, 1-P-0. 0-<&-1 1-<8) -
.
.
(t + tm) =/(X(/)) , (^) , -
tl + tm >.
, tm
[tt mm, /3 ma j , ,
+
*\ ^ mm 'j
+
ax .

. 3.16. :
;

123
 3.

-
() .
-
/0, /15 /2,... . .
-
, -
.
.
. -
: -
, -
.
2... 3 % -
, -
-
.
-
.
,
.
-
npmfepe (. . 3.14). . 3.8 -

.
( ) -
, , Q,P,A, -
.
-
R, S . , -
, -
.
,
, -
. , -
,
.
,
, -
.
.

124
 3.6.

3.8
R S Q
0 0 0 1 1 0 1
( 0) 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1* 1 0 0*
2 0 1 1 1 1 1* 0
3 0 1 1 1 0* 1 0
4 0 1 1 1 0 1* 0
-
: 1) -
, -
(); 2) (
) 0; 3)
k,
k - 1.
, (. . 3.14)
Q Q,, -
: S, , Qt 0,- \,- 2 > - 3.
:
= not (S and ); = not (R and ); =not (A and Q);Q=not ( and P).
( ) .
,
, ,
.
-
. - -
, .
(. . 3.14)
: 16-
, . 3.8, -
. . 3.8 , -
. , , 0 5
, -
.

3.6.


-
, , , -
,
. .
(-
125
 3.

).
, -
( ) ,
() ,
.
, ,
, , , -
, . , , , -

-
. , ,
. -
,

().
-
, , -
, ,
, . .

(), (), -
. -
. -
, . ,

.
-
. , -
.
.
, , -
true () false (), -
, .
, , -
.
, -
, , , -
, . -
.
FIFO (
), LIFO ( )
.

126
 3.6.

.
, . -
, . -
,
, .
, -
. -
.
, . .
, ,
,
. -
, -
.
.
, , -
.

-
.
, -
, .
, -
- -
,

, -
. , , -
. -
,
, .
-
, -
-
.

() .
-
. (,
),
. -
, -
.
127
 3.

,
. -
.
-, , ,
FIFO.
-, -
.
-, -
, . . ,
, (
), .

. -
.
S, -

( ). ,
, ,
( )
( ).
, F =limP (*,)/*,
( > 0, { (fj) - St S
tr

'

(3.44)

N . . 3.17 -
1,,..., S4, . 3.9 -
.
3.9
Si 52 5 54
5i -Ki2-Ki3-Ki4 Vu Vn
Si V21 -Vi\ 0 0
5 0 0 -F34 F34
54 0 K42 0 -F42

128
 3 6

, -
, . .
() -
-
. -
, . 3.17.
-
. , ,
.
.
St t}
S -
St
f,, . .

(0 = (,) - (0 = IP ,(gp ( - (,(0, (3.45)

,/eJ *

P(t) P(f) - S S -
t, ,(^,) ?,)
?,; ,(f,)P (0
S 5 , , -
; J
S
.
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j *
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N N

Jl J ' I
;=1 t-1

\

129
 3

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.

, -
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.
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k .
. .

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3= (1 + )2 - aPt = 2}= ?0 . .

= . /. , -
< 1.

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. 3.18.

130
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3.10
So Si S2 5 S4
So - 0 0 0
Si -.- 0 0
5 0 -- 0
Si 0 0 -- .
S* 0 0 0 --

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- );
= 2 + 23 ... = Z (k- \)Pk = ^

:
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132
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133
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134
 3.6.

<>$<>,
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GENERATE A,B,C,D,E
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0,0/0.2,0.22/0.4,0.51/0.5,0.6/0.6,0.92/... . .
() , 12
, (RN1), -
[0,1];
FUNCTION *4,D6
1,2/2,5/3,11/4,20/5,18/6,12/7,9
(D) , -
, .

SPLIT A,B,C
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135
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,
.
1, - 2, 3, 4,... . .

ASSEMBLE A

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GATHER A
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SEIZE A
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ADVANCE A,B
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SEIZE WST
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ENTER A,B
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LEAVE A,B
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136
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-
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DEPART A
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; NE ; L ; LE ; G ;
GE (XX 13 14).
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TESTLE Q$STR,K4,LBL
QUEUE SIR
SEIZE POINT
DEPART STR
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RELEASE POINT

LBL TERMINATE 1

D
2
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.
, -

START
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137
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3. GPSS
SIMULATE
<, >
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D

TRANSFER ,B
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TRANSFER P,B,C
,
.
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LOOP A,B
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0,0/.2,.22//.4,.51/.5,.6/.6,.92/.7,1.2/.8,1.61/.9,2.3/.95,3/.99,4.6/.999,6.9/1,
GENERATE 30,10
SEIZE WGR1

138
 3.6.

ADVANCE 20,FN$EXP
RELEASE WGR1
SPLIT 1,MET1
SEIZE WGR2
ADVANCE 10,FN$EXP
RELEASE WGR2
TRANSFER , MET2
MET1 SEIZE WGR3
ADVANCE 8,FN$EXP
RELEASE WGR3
MET2 ASSEMBLE 2
TERMINATE 1
START 1000,, 1000
END.
D
-

X .

F(T) = \p(f) dt=l- exp(- X 7).

. 3.20 , -
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[0, 1] ,
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. (3.47)
ADVANCE (. 4) 1/.
GPSS.

ASSIGN A,B
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ASSIGN A+,B 1
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ASSIGN -
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v ,
F F
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LOGIC_X

139
 3.

X = S ,
X = R ;
GATE_XXA,B
XX = LR = 1 XX = LS = 0 -
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XX . -

VARIABLE A

,
3 VARIABLE K216-S$MEM2
3 216
2. , , ,
LBL MATCH NUMB
,

NUMB MATCH LBL
.
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TABLE A,B,C,D
; ;
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TABULATE A
/-
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<, , I, >, -
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140
 3.6.

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: (1,0,1,4).
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.
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141
 3.

. 3.21. . 3.22.
.
1.
WS
WS .
. 3.23. -
: /, -
WS, t2 , /3 - /,
, t4 -
; 4 -
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-
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142
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143
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.
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144
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145
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146
 3. 7.

-
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-

3 2
x(t) = axt + bxt + cxt + dx ;
3 X 2
y(t) = ay t + by t + cy t + dy ; (3.48)
3 2
z(t) = a.t + b_t + cj + d_,
1 > t > 0. -
, . .
(3.48).
(
)
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-
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, -
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(3.48) (=0(=1 -
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dx/dt = X t2 + 2bX + ',
dy/dt = , 2 + 2byt + ,
dz/dt = 3a.t2 + 2b.t + .
/ = 0 / = 1 2 3,
(. 3.27).

(3.49)

147
 3.

3.11 3.12
-1 3 -3 1 -1/6 1/2 -1/2 1/6
3 -6 3 0 1/2 _j 1/2 0
-3 3 0 0 -1/2 0 1/2 0
1 0 0 0 1/6 2/3 1/6 0

= (/ 3 , t2, t, 1) -, . 3.11,
G^ Pxi ,, 2, 3 4, Gy, G,
. , .
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, -
, -
-. -,
[ , +1] , [Q(, Q, +]].
Q /+ , t = 1

dX(t)ldt\t__ , = [3t\ 2t, 1, 0] [*_*, *+|, xi+2F= [3, 2, 1 , 0] [,_ , , xi+], x+2]T= (-);
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[Q|+1 Qi+2] Qi+| t = 0
0 = [0, 0, 1,0] [^,,^=(-2;
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. .
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Qi+1 [Q^ QI+1]

= [1, 1, 1, 1] 4x

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+]
.
5-
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148
 3. 7.

( )

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. 3.14 3.15 , , ,
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3.13 3.14 3.15
1 0 0 0 0 COS sin 0
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A*i 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

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= ; ; .

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,
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149
 3.

1) : = - ;
Ay:=yb-ya;
:= ;
: = ;
2)d = 2Ay- Ax;
3) d> , { : = +1; d := d+ 2( - )};
d:=d+2 Ay;
4)jc: = *+ 1;
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.
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R:
1) JCP > 2 XR > 2,
;
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;
3) jc p < 2 XR > 2, ,
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4) > 2 XR < 2,
X
= 2, =yR + (yf-yR)(x2- *( ~ R)' R
;
-
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150


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151
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152
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153
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154
 4.1.

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155
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156
 4.2.

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157
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Xt k- ; h ;
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158
 4.2.

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F(x) I

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159
 4

, N N + 1
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.
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. . 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144 ...
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160
 4.2.

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6 161

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162
 4.2.

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grad F (X) X
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6* 163
 4

(4.9),

|gradF(X4)|<E.
w , (4.8) - (4. 1 3)
(4. 10) Si+| (4.9) S (4.8)
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(w, S - grad F(X ))T (grad F(\) - grad F(X _ ,)) = 0,

w, S/ (grad F(X) - grad F(X _ ,)) - grad F(X )T grad F(X ) + grad F(X )T grad F(X,_ ,) = 0
(4. 1 2) (4. 1 3)
w S^grad F(X ,) + grad F(X )T grad F(X ) = 0.
,
w = grad F(X)T grad F(X) / (S] grad F(X _ ,)). (4.14)
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165
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166
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167
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168
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169
 4.

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183
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185
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186
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, .
Windows NT -
,
.
(Windows NT Server) (Windows NT Workstation) .
Novell Netware -
. Shell,
.



(. 5.1).

.
. -
, .

( )
, .
-
, -
,
().
-
.
-
(Middleware). -
Internet /Intranet -
,
- . -
MFC (Crossware).

. 5.1.

202
 5.1.

RFC (Remote
Procedure Call), ORB (Object Request Broker), DCE (Distributed Computing
Environment), (Transaction Processing Monitors) .
RFC . -
RPC Sun Microsystems.
. -
TCP UDP -
. , -
, , .
,
RPC IDL (Interface Definition Language), -

. -
-
, .
IDL ,
. -
, -
.
. -
.
RPC-:
;
( );
;
;
.
: , (
),
( , ,
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,
.
ORB - ,
CORBA. CORBA (Common Object Request Broker
Architecture) (-
) .
- () ORB.
ORB ( RPC)
- ,
ORB.
203
 5.

(, , ..) . -
, , -
.
,
.
,
CORBA. IDL RPC,
, -
.
ORB , -
: ,
, -
.
CORBA (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol), -
.
RPC
( ),
. , -

. -
, -
.
DCE OSF (Open Software Foundation).
(RPC, ORB), -
, , DCE Encina
, Orbix ORB
ORB.
DCE - .
, . -
-
,
.
. -
, -
, .
DCE RPC;
( -
); ; ( ); -
.
DCE, -
IDL-, ,
. IDL- : -
(1), (Sr), (Hd). 1 -
204
 5.1.

, Sr , Hd
.
DCE
ORB, , RPC.


,
, , ( ),
, ( -
) .
.
,
Internet, ISO-IP (ISO 8473),
. Internet -
:
Telnet , , , -
, -
,
-;
FTP ( ),
,
;
HTTP (Hypertext Transmission Protocol) Web--
Web-;
SMTP, IMAP, ;
SNMP .
.
, -
. , -
. Telnet, FTP, SMTP -
.
-
( off-line). -
. -
. (,
, ) .
-, -
, .
, , -
. -
IMAP .
-
. -
205
 5

( ),
.
-
.
SMTP MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions).
MIME , -
.
Lotus cc: mail, Microsoft Mail, Outlook
Express . -
, , -
; -
, , , ,
.
-
, -
E-mail Web- Internet, -
,
(), .
E-mail (). -
, , , ,
, ,
. IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol) , ,
.

.
, -
. off-line on-line. off-line -
FTP-, .
on-line -
, . -
-.
FTP , -
. FTP-
[<>][< >] (5.1)
IP- IP-
.
Internet FTP- -
. -
() . -
,
.
206
 5.1.

(5.1) FTP- -
. ,
( S, ):
open [< S>] ;
close [< S>] ,
;
quit , close, ( ftp);
cd [< S>] ;
get [< 8>[< >]] S ;
mget [< S>] , get, ;
put [< >[< S>]] ;
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user </> .
. () -
,
. 20
21, ,
.
FTP- .
Telnet
Internet .
Telnet-
telnet < >
< S>
,
, S, S -
. -
: (open), -
Telnet (close), (quit).
Telnet
. -
( SQL ODBC). -
, -
.
, -
.
.
,
, -
. E-mail on-line.
USENET. -
. -
, . on-line
, . off-line -
.
207
 5

() .
( -
). , ,
, Internet.
BBS (Bulletin Board System) ,
, -
.
BBS ,
.
-
- .
-.
-
: E-mail-, -
(shared whiteboard ), -
( ), .
-
. -, -
(,
) ,
8 ... 10 /.
ISDN xDSL .

(unicast), (broadcast)
(multicast) . -
,
, . . -
-
.
, - -
, -
, -
, . .

.
, , E-mail, -
(,
,
), .
ProShare (Intel)
NetMeeting (Microsoft).

208
 5.1.

-
, -
, , (). -
: Whute Pine's Meeting Point , Data Beam's
Learning Server .
, -
-
( on-line). ,
-
, .
( ) -
-
. ( 1,5
7 . .) -.
-
, , , -
, ,

( -
). 64 /.
PictureTel.

( )
: -, -
, , , . : Intel Proshare
Sharevision, Windows.
,
. , 28,8 / 7 ... 10 , 176 144
. ISDN 10... 30 .
, -
.
WWW (World Wide Web -
) Internet. -
Web.
-
, . - -
() .
- . -
.
, Internet Web-, Web--
(). Listener,
. -
, Web- -
.
209
 5

WWW (brousers). -
(, Lynx) ( Netscape
Navigator MS Explorer) . Sun Microsystems -
HotJava. , -
, , -
.. , FTP, E-mail.
WWW -
HTML XML (Hypertext and Exensible Markup Language)
, -
.
Web- HTTP, -
TCP/IP. Web- , -
.
Apache Digital Unix, Netscape Enterprise
Server Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), Unix,
Windows NT, Netware Web Server, Netware.
CGI, HTML-. -
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) -
.
,
Unix,
Windows NT.
HTML VRML (Virtual Reality
Modeling Language) 3/)-.
-
Internet. RDF (Resource Definition
Format), . . -
( ). -
, Internet -
. ,
, Web-. -
, ,
. -
, , -
. AltaVista.
HTML Web-
. , -
.
HTML ASCII
( , -
). ,
, , , -
. . WWW -
. , Internet Assistant,
MS Word, .

210
 5.1.

< >,
.
WWW
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE> </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>

</BODY>
</HTML>
, -
<BODY> </BODY>. <>
</TITLE> .
HTML. (-
):
<> ;
<BR> ;
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;
<LISTING> </LISTING> ;
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( ):
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;
<2> </2> . .
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<PRE> </PRE>
.
,
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, , .

<OL> <UL>, -
(, * ) -
; <>. -
: <DL> - , <DT> -
<DD> - -
.

, -
, URL (Uniform Resourse Locator).
, ,
, . -

211
 5.

, . . , -
. URL , ,
URL= #35 35. URL
IP- -
, , .

<IMG SRC="URL"[ALIGN=TOP|MIDDLE|BOTTOM][ALT="text"]>
ALIGN , -
; ALT - ,
Lynx. -
( gif jpeg).
(, ) -
<FRAMESET>.
(, ) <FRAME>,
<FRAME 8= >.

< HREF="URL" > </>
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.
< HREF="URL#MeTKa"> </>

< =""> </>

< ="#"> </>

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< HREF = "http://www.abc.ru/de.htm"> <IMGSRC = "fgr.gif"> </A>
fgr.gif www.abc.ru/de.htm , .
HTML ,
. -
, . ,
HTML , ,
() -
, .
,
, .
CALS-
SGML (Standard
Generalized Markup Language ),
ISO 8879. SGML
.
212
 5.1.

, , -
. , -
DTD (Document Type Definition).
SGML , HTML, -
. 1996 .
XML (extensible Markup Language), -
SGML.
XML -
, -
,
.
.
Web- Java
,
Sun Microsystems .
Java: -, -
C++, (, , -
); (, ), -
.
:
()
- (. 5.2) -
-;
, , ;
;
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, - , -
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.
( )
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Java- HTML- (
<applet>), .
CGI (Common Gateway Interface ) -
HTML- () ,
. CGI -
. CGI -
CGIJBIN, ,
J/WA- -

( JAVA,
> (
) )

. 5.2. Java

213
 5.

. -
. HTML--
, CGI HTML -
. CGI- WebDBC, Web-
ODBC- .
CGI , -
, ISAPI (Internet Server Application Program Interface) Microsoft
NSAPI Netscape.
JavaScript
. JavaScript ,
Java, JavaScript , Java -
CGI, JavaScript -
, . JavaScript
HTML-
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="javascript"><!--...//--></SCRIPT> (5.2)

<!--...//> . , JavaScript--
, , -
(5.2) . Java--
JavaScript .
-
. -
CGI.


, .
-
( , Internet), -

.
-
() .
, ,
, (, -
) ( -
).
,
. -
-
, -
. : , ,
.
214
 5.1.

. -
(, Kerberos),
, . -
,
. .
.
, . -
. -
, -
,
. , -
, . -
ABC, -
, , ,
, .
, Euclid Quantum -
, ACL (Access Control List). ACL -
, ,
: , , , ,
, ACL, -
( - , -
, , -
, ).
(, -
Intrenet ), ,
, ( win firewall}, -
, IP-, -
.
-
.
.
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( -
) ,
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(, ), -
. ,
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: 1) (
) At ; 2) () At
; 3) ( :
; , , ,

215
 5.

); 4) ;, 5) -
. -
,
, (
. 64-).
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.
.
. -
,
.
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, , -
. -
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. -
, , X
. -
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.
-
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, -

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, . ,
, -, , -, -
, -
.
-
, , -
. -
, -,
, . -
-, -
, -
, .
-
DES (Data Encryption Standard),
1980 ., , -
28147-89. -
216
 5.2.

, . -
RSA (
).
, , .. , .. , ..
. , 2001. .:
.

5.2.

,

-
CAD, .
CAD- -
. 2D , -
; 3D -
, ,
, ID- 3/)-.
, -
, , -
.
CAD- , -
. , -
2>-, , -
.
, , , -
, 3>--
, -

. -
.
CAD- -
. -
, . .
, . -
, ,
.
-
-
, .

.

217
 5

-
, . -
,
. -
, , -
,
.
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,
, -
, -
,
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- -
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() ,
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(3.41)
.

. -
. ( ) -
, , , . .
,
.
218
 5.2.

- -
, , -
, -
.

. -
Pro/Engineer.
(),
-
, , ,
, .
-
,
, , -
.
.
-
,
, , -
.
, , -
.
. () .

, . -
, -
-, , -
, .

- (
, ), -
, .
-
, , -
-
.
( ) -
CAE/CAD/CAM-
.
-
. , 80 %
CAD- , , -
.
219
 5.

() , -

.
CAD-.
, CALS-,

.

CAD/CAM/CAE- -
Unigraphics ( EDS), CATIA (Dessault Systemes),
Pro/Engineer (). I-DEAS (EDS),
CADDS5 () EUCLID3 (Matra Datavision).
Unigraphics
- ,
, .
. ( CAD) -
,
, SD-, (
) ,
. ( ) -
, -
- , -
-, . ( )

- , -
, , .
-

.
3)- -
. , -
. . -
,
-
.
.
.
Autodesk, Solid Works
Corporation, Beantly, , , , -Pitron
. Wintel,
, - 2D, -
3/)-, , -
,
,
.

220
 5.2.

-
Autodesk.
-
Autodesk ,
AutoCAD Mechanical Desktop Inventor.
Mechanical Desktop (MDT) SD--
, ,
Internet, 2D-. ACIS.
CAD- ,
.
Inventor -
, ,
. -
ACIS. 3>- , ,
, . 3)- 2- -
. , -
. ,
.
,
, -
.
Autodesk -
, Autodesk Data Exchange -
DXF SAT ( ACIS) ,
STEP, IGES, VDA-FS.
,
Autodesk, , Mechanical Applications Initiative
. Dynamic
Designer Motion ( Mechanical Dynamics), -
( ). -
, , , .
Dynamic Designer Motion -
Cosmos. , Cosmos/DesignSTAR -
, Inventor Solid Edge, -
Cosmos/Works - Solid Works.
, -
, , ,
.
-
Solid Works ( Solid Works Corporation)
Parasolid, Unigraphics Solution. -
,
() .
(-representation) -
.
, -
. -
IGES, DXF, D WG- .
, , -
-
( ) T-Flex CAD ( ).

221
 5

.
, -
, .
, - -
. - , -
, -. -
,
( , , , -
, , , -
.). -
-,
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-.
T-Flex CAD 3D
T-Flex CAD Parasolid. -
, . . -
. -
. 3D
, -
, , , , . . -
- .
, T-Flex
CAD 3D SE. --
T-Flex CAD ID, -
- T-Flex DOCs.
T-Flex/ , -
, , -
,
, , .
T-Flex .
T-Flex CAD -
, -.
Cadmech 2000 AVS
, Techcard -
, LCAD . -
- -
Autodesk.

Moldflow, Part Adviser Mold Adviser
.
- -
.
Consistent Software Technologies
.
, , -
, , ,
, . SolidCAM (CADTech),
, Mechanical Desktop, ACIS, -
, 2,5- 3- .
( ) , , -
.

222
 5.3.

- -
- Nastran Patran ( MSC Software Corporation)
Ansys ( Ansys Inc.).
, , -
, , .
, -
, . , Ansys
,
, , -
. - ,
. () Ansys -
.
-
- Adams,
7 9.

5.3.


.
-
60- XX . -
(ECAD Electronics Computer
Aided Design) , -
. -
ECAD, -
.
ECAD -
. ECAD
-
(),
. -
(). -
VHDL,
. -
, VHDL
,
.
, -
,
. , , ,
, -
,
.
223
 5.

,
, . -
, (RTL Register
Transfer Level, ), , ,
(-).
-. -
, -
, .
, -
, , , -
, . .
-
.
-
- , -
.
,
. , -
, , -
. , , -
(HDL Hardware Description
Language). -
, -
, (datapath) (FSMFinite
State Machine) . ,
. . (scheduling) -
(allocation). -
() , .
-
, .
, (gate level),
RTL- -
; , , - . .

( )
. , -
(floorplanning) . -
(

)
. , ,
,
.
HDL-, -
- , -

224
 5.3.

, VHDL
Verilog.
EDIF (Electronic Design Interchange
Format) GIF (Caltech Intermediate Format). EDIF
, , ,
, . . CIF
,
, .
-
, .
-
. -

.
--
, -

, , ,
.
-
, -
, -
.
, -
(ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuits), -
().
- -
ECAD.
-
CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) -
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array).
CPLD -

.
FPGA , , -
(fuse) , , , -
(antifase). , CPLD
FPGA -
-
-
.
, .
, Xilinx,
Altera, Actel ,
.
225
 5.

-
(SW/HW -
Software/Hardware co-design). -
, ,
, -
RTL-
, -
. -
-
, ,
, -,
, . . -
-
, -
.

(SoC - System-on-Chip)
.
. -

VHDL, .
.
,
, .

() -
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, ,
. -
: , -

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, -
, , , ,
-
.
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. -
.
,
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( ). -
.
226
 5.3.

- -
-
.
,
- , -
. , -
, -
. ,
.
-
, , -
.
-
, -
RTL -
.
-
, - ,
.
-
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.
VHDL- Verilog- -
-
.

, . . -
. ,
35 % , ,
-
.
-
. , -, -
,
. ,
, -
, -
. -, (BIST Built-
in Self-Test), -
,
.
-
(BS boundary-scan}, -

227
 5

. , -
.
,
, (
BIST) .
BS -
.

1149.1 BSDL HSDL (Boundary and
Hierarchical Scan Description Languages), VHDL.
, -
, . . RTL .
ECAD
, -
(layout) ,
.
.
(partitioning ) -
, -
,
-
(floorplanning) . -
,
,
.
(placement) , -
(routing) , (compaction) , -
, -
.

. , -
, , , , -
(channel) (switchbox). -
,
. -
-
. -
,
, -
.
, -
,

.
228
 5.3.

-
, , , -
.
. -
, , .
-
,
(, -
). -
, (,
RTL- ).
-
, -
, -
.
,
.

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.
-
(
).

. , -
(switch level) -
, , --
.
, -
.
(RF-) -
-
, -. -
,
-
,
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, , .
-
- .
Spice -
.
229
 5.

- ()
() . -
,
( , -
), ( -
). -
,
.

, -
ECAD.
-

.
ECAD

,
.
Synopsys, Cadence Design Systems, Mentor Graphics.
-
, ECAD.
Synopsys , -
. -
Synopsys' Behavioral Compiler.
-
, , -
. Synopsys -
DC Expert DC Expert Plus.
, , -
,
.

.
Synopsys
. -

.
, -
-
.
-- Synopsys -
, ,
. -
Chip Architect Design Planner,
, , -
RTL-, , , -
, .

230
 5.3.

, -
-
. , ,
CPLD- FPGA-,
(DSP Digital Signal Processor), -

, , , . .
-
Cadence, Elanix, Mentor Graphics, CADIS . , System View
ELANIX RF/Analog Library Elanix -
DSP , , -
, .
Mentor Graphics RTL- -
Design Architect QuickVHDL -
Autologic.
QuickSim.
FPGA FPGA BoardLink.
-
- . -
RTL, .
Pearl (Synopsys), Verilog-XL Verilog-XL
Turbo (Cadence), TimeMill (Epic Design Technology), Voyager (IKOS Systems) . -
Model Technology ASIC-, FPGA- CPLD- VHDL, Verilog
HDL-,
ModelSim. Simucad -
Silos III ASIC FPGA-.
Mentor
Graphics .
, , -
, -
.
,
.
Mentor Graphics
(layout) AutoCell -
, 1C Block 1C Graph - .
AutoActive RE . -
, -
, 1C Verify Accusim.
Synopsys
, SLE-XP , FlexPla-
.
Mentor Graphics .
,
, -
1149.1, -
BIST . FastScan FlexTest
1,5 .
-
BSD Compiler Synopsys. -
, BSD Compiler -

231
 5.

(BS-), BS-,
BSDL -
.
1149.1, BS- -
.

Wintel OrCAD, SPECCTRA
Design Studio (Cadence Design Systems), P-CAD Protel 99SE
(Protel International), .
1999 . OrCAD Cadence Design Systems
-
OrCAD OrCAD
9.2.
, OrCAD, -
. ,
.

. OrCAD
.
SPECCTRA Cadence

, .
,
.
P-CAD.
, Accel EDA 15.0, Accel Technologic
Protel International P-CAD 2000.
, ,
. -
-
SPECCTRA.
P-CAD , -
, -
, -
.
DXF PDIF -
, AutoCAD, OrCAD, Viewlogic .
Protel International ( Altium) P-CAD
2000 Protel 99SE , -
, P-CAD 2000.
-
, RELIEF
. -
.
, -
,
Pro/ENGINEER -
3>-.
AutoTherm FLOTHERM Mentor Graphics. -
,
- -
. -
, , -

232
 5.3.

. -
Omega PLUS -
.
CAD

.
LAVENIR Lavenir Technology,
-
, .

Spice, -
.
PSpice ,
, - -
(mixed-signal simulation), ( -
) , ,
-, . -
, , -
. , ,
PSpice Optimizer.
PSpice
(, , , -
, , ,
, , , , -
, .)
, -
. .
.
ICAP/4Window (Intusoft), Saber Mixed-technology Simulator
( Analogy), Viewanalog (Viewlogic Systems), Continuum (Mentor Graphics) .

. 7, , -
, -
, , , 9,
Java
.
-
. TESLA ( Tesoft),
, -
; Spectre/XL (Avista Design Systems),
; GENESYS
(Eagleware), - -, -
; Eclispse (Arden Technologies), -
,
, , ; Microwave Office (AWR),

, , ;
( ),
.
233
 5.

-
Silvaco. :
, -
, , , -
;
; -

3>- . -
Arcadia (-
Synopsys),
, -
.

. , ,
Omega PLUS, -
, , ; -
-
; ,
;
;
. -
,
, -
, , -
.

ACOLADE ICUCOM.
, , , , -

, , , . .
, -
, .
OPNET COMNET III OPNET
Technologies CACI Products Company .
,
-
, PDM.
, Mentor Graphics.

5.4.

, ,
. -
(- ) -
,
, , , -
.

.
234
 5.4.

.
,
-
ERP, MRP, MES, SCM .
ERP,
SCM CRM .
,
. ,
. ,

.
.
1. (UNIX, Windows,
OS/2) Oracle, Ingres,
Informix, Sybase; ODBC (Open Data Base Connection),
OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange); -
. -
.
2. -
, (, -
, -,
, -, -).
3. .
4. ,
4GL ( ). , R3 ABAP/L,
Elite Series Informix-4GL.
5. , -
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.
, ,
.
. : -
, , -
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. :
, , , -
, .
. :
, .
- , . :
, ,
, , -
235
 5.

, , , -
.
. : , ,
, , ,
, .
. : , -
, .
. : -
, , -
, -
.
.

ERP, , , -

, MRP-2 (Manufacturing
Resource Planning Material Requirement Planning).
ERP
EDM, PDM .
MES ERP
:
;
, -
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241
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245
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260
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261
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