HMT QB 2

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HMT QUESTON BANK

Unit I Conduction
1. State the laws governing three basic modes of Heat transfer
2. Write the 3-D heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinate system. Explain the terms Involved.
3. What is thermal diffusivity? Explain is importance in heat conduction problems.
4. Describe different types of boundary conditions applied to heat conduction problems.
5. Consider one dimensional steady state heat conduction in a plate with constant thermal conductivity in a
region 0 x L. A plate is exposed to uniform heat flux q W/m2 at x=0 and dissipates heat by convection at x
= L with heat transfer coefficient h in the surrounding air at T. Write the mathematical formulation of this
problem for the determination of one dimensional steady state temperature distribution within the wall.
6. Explain the modes of heat transfer with corresponding basic governing equations.
7. Derive 3-dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates for an isotropic material.
8. Explain briefly the mechanism of conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer
9. With sketches, write down the mathematical representation of three commonly used different types of
boundary conditions for one dimensional heat equation in rectangular Coordinates.
10. A plate of thickness L whose one side is insulated and the other side is maintained at a temperature T1 is
exchanging heat by convection to the surrounding area at a temperature T2, with atmospheric air being the
outside medium. Write mathematical formulation for one dimensional, steady state heat transfer, without
heat generation.
11. Write down 3-dimensional conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates. Explain the meaning of each term.
12. What do you mean by initial conditions and boundary conditions of 1st, 2nd & 3rd kind?
13. What are the different types of boundary conditions? Explain them with suitable sketches for one
dimensional heal conduction.
14. Consider solid cylinder of radius r = b in which energy is generated at a constant rate of
15. Go W/m3, While, the boundary surface at r = b is maintained at a constant temperature T2. Develop an
expression for the one-dimensional radial steady state temperature distribution T(r) and the heat flux q(r)
16. Starting from fundamental principles, derive the general, three-dimensional heat conduction Equation in
Cartesian co-ordinates
17. A liquid at 100C flows through a pipe of 40 mm outer and 30 mm inner diameter. The thermal conductivity
of pipe material is 0.5 W/mK. The pipe is exposed to air at 40C - The inner and outer convective heat transfer
coefficients are 300 W/m2K and 5 W/m2K respectively. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and the
heat loss per unit length of pipe
18. What is the technical need have undertaken a detailed study of heat transfer, having studied
thermodynamics already?
19. Explain briefly:
1) Thermal conductivity
2) Thermal diffusivity
3) Overall heat transfer co-efficient.
20. Derive the general three dimensional conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates and state the
assumptions made.
21. A square plate heater of size 20 cm x 20 cm is inserted between two slabs Slab A is 3 cm thick (K = 50 W/mK)
and slab B is 1.5cm (K = 0.2 W/mK), The outside heat transfer co-efficient on both sides of A and B are 200
and 50 W/m2K respectively. Temperature of surrounding air is 25C, if the rating of the heater is 1 kW, find i)
Maximum temperature in the system. ii) Outer surface temperature of two slabs. Draw the equivalent circuit
for the system.
22. Derive general 3-dimensional conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates.
23. Write the mathematical formulation of one-dimensional, steady-state heat conduction for a hollow sphere
with constant thermal conductivity in the region a r b, when heat is supplied to the sphere at a rate of qo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

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W/m2 from the boundary surface at r = a and dissipated by convection from the boundary surface at r = b
into a medium at zero temperature with a heat transfer coefficient h.
24. A stream pipe with internal and external diameters 18 cm and 21 cm is covered with two layers of insulation
each 30 mm thick with thermal conductivities 0.18 W/m.K and 0.09 W/m.K. The difference in temperature
between inside and outside surfaces is 250C. Calculate the quantity of heat lost per meter length of the pipe
if its thermal conductivity is 60 W/m.K. What is the percentage error if the calculation is carried out
considering the pipe as a plane wall?
25. Explain briefly: i) Thermal conductivity ii) Thermal diffusivity iii) Thermal contact resistance.
26. The walls of a house in cold region consist of three layers, an outer brick work 15 cm thick, an inner wooden
panel 1.2 cm thick, the intermediate layer is made of an insulating material 7 cm thick. The thermal
conductivity of brick and wood are 0.7 W/mk and 0.18 W/mk respectively. The inside and outside
temperatures of the composite wall are 2 1 C and - 1 5 C respectively. If the layer of insulation offers twice
the thermal resistance of the brick wall, calculate,
i) Heat loss per unit area of the wall.
ii) Thermal conductivity of insulating material
27. An insulated steam pipe having outside diameter of 30 mm is to be covered with two layers of insulation,
each having a thickness of 20 mm. The thermal conductivity of one material is 3 times that of the other.
Assuming that the inner and outer surface temperatures of composite insulation are fixed, how much heat
transfer will be increased when the better insulation material is next to the pipe than when it is at the outer
layer?
28. Derive the general form of one dimensional heat transfer conduction differential equation in spherical co-
ordinates.
29. Consider a cylindrical wall with inside radius r1 and outside radius r2. The inner surface is heated uniformly at
a rate of qi W/m2. The outside surface is in contact with a fluid at a uniform temperature T and a surface
heat transfer co-efficient of h W/m2K. Write the governing differential equation and boundary conditions
to determine one dimensional steady state temperature distribution in the radial direction.
30. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air at 25C by a brick wall of 0.15 m
thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.032 W/mK and a surface emissivity of 0.8 under steady state
conditions. The gas-side surface temperature is 800C. Free convection heat transfer coefficient at the air-
side surface and air is 17.2 W/m2K. What is the surface temperature of the brick wall on the air side? Take
= 4.876 x 108 W/m2K4.
31. Derive the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates.
32. Compare the heat loss from an insulated and an uninsulated copper pipe under the following conditions: The
pipe (k = 400Wm C) has an internal diameter of 10cm and an external diameter of 12cm. Saturated steam
flows inside the pipe at 110C with heat transfer coefficient 10000 W/m2 C. The pipe is located in a space at
30C and the heat transfer coefficient on its outer surface is estimated to be 15W/m2 C. The insulation
available to reduce heat transfer is 5cm thick and its thermal conductivity is 0.2W/m C.
33. Explain the modes of heat transfer with corresponding basic governing equations.
34. A hollow sphere is made up of steel having thermal conductivity of 45W/mC. It is heated by means of a coil
of resistance 100 which carries a current of 5 amperes. The coil is located inside the hollow space at the
centre. The outer surface area of the sphere is 0.2m2 and its mass is 32kg. Assuming the density of the
sphere material to be 8 gm/cc, calculate the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces.
35. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution and the rate of heat transfer for a hollow cylinder.
36. An electrical resistance of mattress type is inserted in between two slabs of different materials on a panel
heater. On one side, the material has a thermal conductivity of 0.174W/mK and 10mm thick. On the other
side of the heater the material has a thermal conductivity of 0.05W/mK and 25mm thick. The convection heat
transfer co-efficient from the thinner and thicker slabs are 23.26 and 11.63 W/m2K. The temperature of the
surrounding air on both the sides is 15C. If the energy dissipation for each square meter of the mattress is
5kw, neglecting edge affects, find (i) the surface temperature of the slab. (Ii) The temperature of the mattress
assuming it to be the same as the inner surface of the slabs.
37. Two bodies of thermal conductivity K1 and K2 are brought into thermal contact. Neglect the thermal contact
resistance. Formulate this as steady state, one dimensional, no heat generation problem. (04 Marks)

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38. A wall of a furnace is made up of inside layer of silica brick 120mm thick covered with a layer of magnesite
brick 240 mm thick. The temperatures at the inside surface of silica brick wall and outside surface of
magnesite brick wall are 725C and 110C respectively. The contact thermal resistance between the two walls
at the interface is 0.0035C/w per unit wall area. If thermal conductivities of silica and magriesite bricks are 1
.7w/mc and 5.8w/mc, Calculate: j) the rate of heat loss unit area of walls and ii) the temperature drop at
the interface.
39. Derive 3-dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates for an isotropic material.
40. Explain the three kinds of boundary conditions needed for the analysis of heat conduction problems.
41. Explain: i) Radiation heat transfer coefficient, ii) Three kinds of boundary conditions, iii) Critical thickness of
insulation,
42. Using the method of formulation, obtain an expression for the temperature variation for one dimensional
steady state conduction without heat generation through a plane wall of thickness L, constant thermal
conductivity K and whose faces are maintained at temperatures T1 and T2.
43. A hollow sphere of pure iron contains a liquid chemical mixture which releases 8000 watts. Inside diameter of
the sphere is 120mm and outside diameter of the sphere is 240 mm. Steady state conditions prevail and
outside surface temperature of the sphere is 60C. Determine the temperature at a Location 30 mm from the
outside surface of the sphere. Assume material of sphere has a thermal conductivity of 75 W/mK & heat
release by the chemical mixture is constant.
44. State the assumptions and derive the most general three dimensional heat conduction equations in Cartesian
coordinates.
45. a. Explain
1) Convective heat transfer coefficient
2) Radiation heat transfer coefficient
3) Combined heat transfer mechanism.
46. What do you mean by Boundary conditions of First, Second and Third kind?
47. The inside surface of an insulating layer is at 270C & the outside surface is dissipating heat by convection
into air at 20C. The insulation is 4Omm thick and has thermal conductivity 1.2 W/mC. What is the minimum
value of heat transfer coefficient at the outside surface, if the surface temperature should not exceed 70C?
Also calculate the rate of heat transfer
48. A furnace wall is made up of inside silica brick (K 1.6W/m K). Outside magneta brick (K 4.8 W/m k), 10cm
thick each. The inside and outside surfaces are exposed to fluid temperatures of 820C and 120C respectively.
Find the heat flow through the wall per m2 per hour. Assume a contact resistance of 0.002m2/W, Draw the
temperature profile through the composite wall. The inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 35W/m
K and 12 W/mK respectively.
49. Compare the heat loss form an insulated and an un-insulated copper pipe under the following conditions:
The pipe (K 400 W/mC) has an intimal diameter of 10cm and an external diameter of 12cm. Saturated steam
flows inside the, pipe at 110C with heat transfer co-efficient 10000 W/m2 C The pipe is located in a space at
30C and the heat transfer co-efficient on its outer surface is estimated to be 15W/m2 C. The insulation
available to reduce heat transfer is 5cm thick and its thermal conductivity is 0,2W/mC.
50. By writing an energy balance for a 1-D volume element, derive the one dimensional time dependent heat
conduction equation with internal energy generation and variable thermal conductivity iii a rectangular
coordinate system for the x variable.
51. Calculate the rate of heat flow per m2 through a furnace wall consisting of 200 mm thick inner layer of
chrome brick, a centre layer of Kaolin brick of 100 mm thick and an outer layer of masonry brick 100 mm
thick. The heat transfer coefficient at the inner surface is 74 W/m2C and the outer surface temperature is
70C. The temperature of the gases inside the furnace is 1670C. What temperatures prevail at the inner and
outer surfaces of the centre layer? Take thermal conductivity of chrome brick as 1.25 W/m-C, thermal
conductivity of Kaolin brick as 0.074 W/m-C and thermal conductivity of masonry brick as 0.555 W/m-C
52. What do you mean by boundary condition of 1st 2nd and 3rd kind?
53. Compare the heat loss form an insulated and an un insulated copper pipe under the following conditions : flic
pipe ( K 400 W/mC) has an internal diameter of 10cm and an external diameter of 12cm. Saturated steam
flows inside the pipe at 110C with heat transfer co-efficient 10000 W/m2 C. The pipe is located in a space at

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30C and the heat transfer co-efficient on its outer surface is estimated to be 15W/m2C. The insulation
available to reduce heat transfer is 5cm thick and its thermal conductivity is 0.2W/mC.
54. Derive general heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates.
55. With sketches, write down the mathematical representation of three commonly used different types of
boundary conditions for one-dimensional heat equations in rectangular co-ordinate,
56. A plate of thickness L, whose one side is insulated and the other side is maintained at a temperature T1 is
exchanging heat by radiation to the surrounding area at a temperature T2, with atmospheric air being the
outside medium. Write mathematical formulation for one dimension, steady state heat transfer, without
heat generation.
57. What are the three boundary conditions used in the analysis of heat conduction problems?
58. Explain the concept of driving potential as applied to heat transfer problems.
59. What are boundary and initial conditions? Explain in brief
60. Derive the general three dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinate system and hence
obtain Laplace and Poisson equations (10 Marks)
61. A steel tube (k - 43.26 W/mK) of 5.08 Cm I.D and 7.62 cm CD, is covered with a 2.54 cm layer of asbestos
insulation (k=0.208 w/mk) The inside surface of the tube receives heat by conversion from a hot gas at a
temperature of T1 = 316C with a heat transfer coefficient h=284 w/m2K, while the outer surface of
insulation is exposed to the ambient air at Th=38C with a heat transfer coefficients of hb=17 w/m2K Calculate
i) The heat loss to ambient air for 3m Length of the tube.
ii) The temperature drop across the tube material and insulation layer.
62. A hot metal slab, of thickness L and initial temperature To is removed from a heat treating furnace and
placed in Quenching oil both at temperature T. The convective heat transfer coefficient at each face is h.
Write the mathematical formulation of the problem.
63. Briefly explain the three modes of Heat Transfer.
64. What is the thickness required of o masonry wall having thermos conductivity of O.75W/(mK) if the heat
transfer rate is to be 80% of the heat Transfer rate through a composite structural wall having a thermal
conductivity of O.25W/(m K) and a thickness of 100mm. Both walls are subjected to the same surface
temperature.
65. A hollow sphere of pure iron contains a liquid chemical mixture which releases 8000 watts. If inside diameter
of the sphere is 120mm and 8000W and outside diameter of the sphere is 240mm, steady state conditions
prevails and outside surface temperature of the sphere is 60C. Determine the temperature at a location
30mm from the outside surface of the sphere. Assume material of sphere has 75W/mk thermal conductivity
and heat release by the chemical mixture is constant.
66. A plane wall of Thickness L and with constant thermal properties is initially at a uniform temperature T.
Suddenly the surface at x = L is subjected to heating by the flow of hot gases at temperature T; with the
surface heat transfer coefficient h. The other surface at x=0 is kept insulated. Write the mathematical
formulation to determine one dimensional transient temperature distribution T(x,t) in the wall.
67. In a semi - infinite cylinder of radius R, the flat surface of the cylinder is insulated and
68. The curved surface is exposed to a medium at 0C with a surface heat transfer coefficient the cylinder is
generating heat at a uniform rate of qw/m3. Write the governing differential equation and the relevant
boundary conditions to determine the two dimensional Steady state temperature distribution T(r, ) the
semi- cylinder
69. Write down the three dimensional, heat conduction equations in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical co-
ordinate systems.
70. Calculate the heat loss per square meter area from a composite furnace wall made up of the following
materials: 200 mm thick firebrick with K1 = 1.16 W/mK, 15O mm thick insulating brick with K2 =0.1 W/mK.
100mm of red brick K3 = 1.74 W/mK. The outside film coefficient of heat transfer is 20 W/mK. The inside
surface temperature of wall is 1200 C and temperature of room air is 50C.
71. Two bodies of thermal conductivities K1 and K2 are brought into thermal contact. Neglect the thermal
contact resistance. Draw the sketch and formulate this as steady state, 1D, no heat generation problem.

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72. A 0.8 m high and 1 .5 m wide double plane window consists of two 4 mm thick layers of glass (k = 78 W/mC),
separated by a 10 mm wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/mC), Determine the rate of heat transfer
through this window and the temperature of the inside surface, when the room is maintained at 20 C and
the outside air is at 10 C. Take the convention heat transfer co-efficient on the inside and outside
surfaces of the window as 10 and 40 W/mC respectively.
73. A steel tube is covered with a layer of insulation made of asbestos material. This tube is used for the flow of
hot gases. The following data is given: ID of steel tube = 75 mm, OD of steel tube 100 mm, Thickness of
asbestos layer = 30 mm. Temperature of hot gases = 350C,Temperature of outside ambient air = 40C, K for
steel 50 W/m-K, K of asbestos layer =0. 15 W/m-K, Convective heat transfer coefficients for hot gases and
ambient air are 300 and20 W/m2-K respectively. Calculate:
i) Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area
ii) Heat loss per metre length of pipe and
iii) Temperature drop across the asbestos.
74. A composite wall consists of 10cm layer of building brick (0.7W/mC) and 3cm plaster(0.5W/m2C). An
insulating material of K= 0.08 W/mC is to be added to reduce the heat transfer through the wall by 70%.
Determine the thickness of insulating layer
75. Calculate the rate of heat flow per m2 through a furnace wall consisting of 200 mm thick inner layer of
chrome brick, a centre layer of Kaolin brick of 100 mm thick and an outer layer of masonry brick 100 mm
thick. The heat transfer coefficient at the inner surface is 74 W/m2C and the outer surface temperature is
70C. The temperature of the gases inside the furnace is 1670C. What temperatures prevail at the inner and
outer surfaces of the centre layer? Take thermal conductivity of chrome brick as 1.25 W/m-C, thermal
conductivity of Kaolin brick as 0.074 W/m-C and thermal conductivity of masonry brick as 0.555 W/m-C
76. A furnace has a composite wall constructed of a refectory material for the inside layer and an insulating
material on the outside. The total wall thickness is limited to 60 cm. The mean temperature of the gases
within the furnace is 850C, the external ambient temperature is 30C and the interface temperature is
500C. The thermal conductivities of refractory and insulating materials are 2 W/mK and 0.2 W/mK the
combined co-efficient of heat transfer by convection and radiation between gases and the refractory surface
is 200 W/m2K and between outside surface and atmosphere is 40 W/m2K. Find:
i) The required thickness of each material.
ii) The rate of heat loss to atmosphere is kW/ma.
iii) The temperatures of the external and internal surfaces.
77. An industrial freezer is designed to operate with an internal air temperature of -20C when the external air
temperature is 25C and the internal and external heat transfer coefficients are 12 W/m2C and 8 W/m2C,
respectively. The wall of the freezer are composite construction, comprising of an inner layer of plastic 3 mm
thick with thermal conductivity of 1 W/mC. An outer layer of stainless steel of thickness 1 mm and thermal
conductivity of 16W/mC. Sandwiched between these layers is a layer of insulation material with thermal
conductivity of 0.07W/mC. Find the width of the insulation required to reduce the convective heat loss to 15
W/m2.
78. Derive an expression for one dimensional, steady state temperature distribution T(x) in a slab of thickness L
for the following conditions : heat is generated in the slab at a constant rate of go W/mk. the boundary
surface at x = 0 is kept insulated and the boundary surface at x = L is kept at 0 temperatures. Assume
constant thermal conductivity. Give the relations for the temperature of the insulated boundary. Calculate
the temperature of insulated surface for K = 40 W/mC , go 10 W/m3 and L =0. 1m.
79. The outside dia steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having thickness of 25 mm. The
average thermal conductivity of one insulating material is five times that of the other; Determine the
percentage decrease in heat transfer if better insulating materials is put next to the pipe than when it forms
the outer layer. Assume that the outside and inside surface temperatures of the composite insulation are
fixed
80. Derive an expression for rate of heat transfer and temperature distribution for a plane wall of non-uniform
thermal conductivity undergoing one dimensional steady state heat conduction.

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Unit convection
1. Derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation for a cylinder. Discuss the design aspects for providing
insulation scheme for cable wires and steam pipes.
2. Find the amount of heat transferred through an iron fin of thickness of 5 mm, height 50 mm and width 100 cm.
Also determine the temperature difference 13 at the tip of fin assuming atmospheric temperature of 28C and
base temperature of fin to be 108C. Take K = 50 W/mK, h = 10 W/m2K.
3. What is critical thickness of insulation on a small diameter wire or pipe? Explain its physical significance and
derive an expression for the same
4. A set of aluminum fins (K = 180 W/mK) that are to be fitted to a small air compressor. The device dissipates 1
KW by converting to the surrounding air which is at 20C. Each fin is 100 mm long, 30 mm high and 5 mm thick.
The tip of each fin may he assumed to be adiabatic and a heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2K acts over the
remaining surfaces. Estimate the number of fins required to ensure the base temperature does not exceed
120C.
5. Define critical radius of insulation and derive an expression for critical radius of insulation for a cylinder Explain
the physical significance of critical radius of insulation (08 Marks)
6. b. Explain the following:
i) Thermal resistance.
ii) Variable thermal conductivity.
iii) Fin efficiency.
7. A carbon steel rod of thermal conductivity 54 W/mC with a cross section of an equilateral triangle having each
side 5 mm is 80 mm long. It is attached to a plane wall which is maintained at a temperature of 400C. The
surrounding environment is at 50C and the heat transfer coefficient is 90 W/m2-C. Compute heat dissipated by
the rod.
8. An electric cable of 10mm diameter is to be laid in atmosphere at 20C. The estimated surface temperature of
the cable due to heat generation is 65C. Find the maximum percentage increase in heat dissipation, when the
wire is insulated with rubber having K = 0.155 W/mK. Take h = 8.5 W/m2K.
9. Differentiate between the effectiveness and efficiency of fins
10. In order to reduce the thermal resistance at the surface of a vertical plane wall (50 x 5 0cm), 100 pin fins (1 cm
diameter, 10cm long) are attached. If the pin fins are made of copper having a thermal conductivity of 300
W/mK and the value of the surface heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m2K, calculate the decrease in the thermal
resistance. Also calculate the consequent increase in heat transfer rate from the wall if it is maintained at a
temperature of 200C and the surroundings are at 30C.
11. Obtain an expression for heat transfer through a plane wall in which thermal conductivity is given by K= K0( 1+
aT) , where a is constant, K0 thermal conductivity at reference temperature T is the temperature. (06 Marks)
12. Derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation for a cylinder.
13. A wire of 8mm diameter at a temperature of 60C is to be insulated by a material having K= 0.174W/mC Heat
transfer coefficient ha 8W/m2 K and ambient temperature T= 25C For max heat loss find the minimum
thickness of insulation. Find increase in heat dissipation due to insulation.
14. What is the critical thickness of insulation? Derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation for a sphere.
15. Obtain an expression fin temperature distribution and heat flow through a rectangular fin. when the end of fin is
insulated.
16. The temperature of the air stream in a tube is measured, with the help of a thermometer placed into a
protective well filled with oil. The Thermometer well is made of a steel tube (K = 55.8 W/m-K), I200 mm long and
1 .5 mm thick. The heat transfer coefficient between the flowing air and the protective well is 23.3 W/m2-K and
the temperature recorded by the thermometer is 84C. Estimate the error in the measurement if the
temperature at the base of the well is 40C.
17. A tube an outer diameter of 20 mm is covered with insulation, The thermal conductivity of insulating material is
0. 18W/mK. The outer surface losses heat by convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 12 W/m2K

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Determine the critical thickness of insulation. Also calculate the ratio of heat loss from the tube with critical
thickness of insulation to that from the bare tube (without insulation).
18. Derive the one-dimensional fin equation for a fin of uniform cross section. By integrating the fin equation, obtain
the expression for the temperature variation in a long fin.
19. What is physical significance of critical thickness of insulation? Derive an expression for critical thickness of
insulation for a cylinder.
20. Derive an expression for temperature distribution for a pin fin with the tip insulated.
21. A carbon steel (k= 54 W/ mC) rod with a cross section of an equilateral triangle (each side 5 mm) is 80 mm
long. It is attached to a plane wall which is maintained at a temperature of 400 C. The surrounding environment
is at a 50 C and unit surface conductance is 90 W/ mC. Compute the heat dissipated by the rod (assuming tip is
insulated).
22. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution for a long pin of uniform cross section without insulated
tip.
23. b. A rod (K = 200 W/mK) 10 mm in diameter and 5 cms long has its one end maintained at 100C. The surface of
the rod is exposed to ambient air at 30C with convective heat transfer co-efficient of 100 W/m2K. Assuming
other end insulated, determine i) the temperature of the rod at 25 mm distance from the end at 100C. ii) Heat
dissipation rate from the surface of the rod and iii) Effectiveness,
24. Clearly define i) Fin efficiency and ii) Fin effectiveness.
25. Derive an expression for rate of heat transfer and temperature distribution for a plane wall with variable
thermal conductivity. (08 Marks)
26. Thin fins of brass whose K =75 W/mK are welded longitudinally on a 5 cm diameter brass cylinder which stands
vertically and is surrounded by air at 20C. The heat transfer coefficient from metal surface to the air is 17
W/m2K. If 16 uniformly spaced fins are used each 0.8 mm thick and extending 1.25 cm from the cylinder, what is
the rate of heat transfer from the cylinder per meter length to the air when the cylinder surface is maintained at
150C?
27. Define fin efficiency and fin effectiveness with respect to a fin with insulated tip. (04 Marks)
28. What is the physical significance of critical thickness of insulation? Derive an expression for critical thickness of
insulation for a sphere.
29. The handle of a ladle used for pouring molten metal at 327C is 30 cm long and is made of 2.5 cm x 1.5 cm mild
steel bar stock (K =43 W/mK). In order to reduce the grip temperature it is proposed to make a hollow handle of
mild steel plate of 0.15 cm thick to the same rectangular shape. if the surface heat transfer coefficient is 14.5
W/m2K and the ambient temperature is at 27C, estimate the reduction in the temperature of grip. Neglect the
heat transfer from the inner surface of the hollow shape.
30. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution for a pin fin with the tip insulated.
31. A plane wall is a composite of two materials A and B. the wall of material A has a heat generation If qA = 1 .5 x
106 W/m3 with KA = 75 W/mK and the thickness LA = 50 mm. The wall of material B has no heat generation
with KB = 150 W/mK and the thickness LB = 20 mm. The inner surface of material A is well insulated, while the
outer surface of material B is cooled by the water stream with T= 30C and h=1000 W/m2K. Determine the
temperature T0 of the insulated surface and the temperature T2 of the cooled surface.
32. Derive an expression for the inside overall heat transfer co-efficient for composite sphere considering two layers
and convection transfer on the inside and outside. (08 Marks)
33. A saturated refrigerant at -30C flows through a copper pipe of 12mm inside diameter and 4mm wall thickness.
A layer of 40mm thick thermocole is provided on the outer surface of the pipe to reduce the heat flow.
Determine the heat leakage into the refrigerant per meter length of pipe. The ambient temperature is 35C.
Assume internal and external heat transfer coefficients to be 450 and 6 W/m2K respectively. k(copper) = 410
W/mk ; k(thermocole) = 0.0295 W/mK. Find the amount of refrigerant vaporized per hour per meter length of
pipe when the pipe is covered and the pipe is bare. (Take latent heat of evaporization at -30 = 267 kJ/kg.
34. Design critical thickness of insulation and derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation for a cylinder. .
(10 Marks)

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35. b. A wire of 6.5 mm diameter at a temperature of 60C is to be insulated by a material having K = 0.174 w/mc.
Convection heat transfer coefficient 8.722 w/m2c. The ambient temperature is 20C. For maximum heat loss,
what is the minimum thickness of insulation and heat loss per meter length? Also find percentage increase in
heat dissipation.
36. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution for a pin fin, when the tip of the fin is insulated,
37. Derive the differential equation governing the temperature distribution for a fin of uniform cross section by
assuming thermal conductivity, the heat transfer coefficient and the ambient temperature being constant.
Hence obtain the expression (for the heat transfer and temperature distribution for a short fin insulated at the
tip,
38. b. A steel pipe of 220mm OD is carrying steam at 280C. It is insulated with a material with K=0.06[1+0.0018T]
where K is in W/m K. Thickness of insulation is 50mm and the outer surface temperature is 50C. Determine
the heat flow per m length of the pipe and the temperature at the mid thickness of the pipe.
39. Define critical thickness of insulation. Derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation for a sphere.
40. An electric motor drives a centrifugal pump which circulates a hot liquid metal at 480C. The motor is coupled to
the pump impeller by a horizontal steel shaft [K = 32 W/mC] 25 mm in diameter. If the ambient air temperature
is 20C, the temperature of the motor is limited to a maximum value of 55C and heat transfer coefficient
between steel shaft and ambient air is 14,8 W/m2 C what length of shall should be specified between motet
and pump?
41. Derive expression for temperature distribution and heat transfer rate for a fin of circular cross section with
insulated tip.
42. In a conductivity measurement experiment two identical long rods are used. One rod is made of Aluminum ( K =
200 W/m K). The other rod is the specimen. One end of both rods is fixed to a wall at 100C and they are
suspended in air at 25C. The steady temperature at same distance along the rods were measured and found to
be 75C on aluminum rod and 60C on the specimen rod, Find K of the specimen.
43. Find an expression for steady state heat flow in a plane wall for which thermal conductivity varies according to
= . Where Ko is constant and L is the wall thickness. The temperature on the two sides of the wall is T1
& T2. (
44. b. In a cylindrical fuel rod of a nuclear reactor, heat is generated initially according to the equation =
1 . Where qg is the local rate of heat generation per unit volume at radius r, R is the outside radius
and q is the rate of heat generation per unit volume at the centre line. Calculate the temperature drop from the
centre line to the surface for a 25 mm outer dia fuel rod having thermal conductivity of 25 W/m K, if the rate of
heat removal from the surface is 1650 kW /m.
45. Obtain the expressions for temperature distribution and heat dissipation Iron a fin of circular cross section with
insulated tip.
46. There are longitudinal fins of thickness 5 mm, height 25mm and length 500 mm on a wall. the wall temperature
is 56 C and ambient temperature is 26 C, Determine the heat dissipation from a fin. take h= 25W/m2K and K =
3OW/mK,
47. What is the physical significance of critical thickness of insulation? Derive an expression
48. for critical thickness of insulation put on an electrical cable.
49. The thermal conductivity of a certain material varies according to the relation K = Ko[1+T], where is constant
and K0, is thermal conductivity at some reference temperature arid T is the temperature. Derive an expression
for heat loss from a hollow cylinder made up of this material with inner radius a and outer radius b.
50. Obtain the expressions for temperature distribution and heat dissipation from a fin of circular cross section with
insulated tip.
51. A casing of electric motor is an approximate cylinder of 250 mm dia and 500 mm long. There are 30 equi-spaced
longitudinal fins of thickness 5 mm and height 25 mm on the periphery of the casing. If the casing temperature is
56C and ambient temperature is 26C, determine the heat dissipation from the casing body. (Neglect the
circular plane surface on either side). take h =25 W/m2K and kfin= 30 W/m K.

Page 9 of 31
52. For a material with variable thermal conductivity, show that:

1 1 2
= + + 1
53. A furnace wall is made up of three layers of thicknesses 250mm, 100mm and 150mm with thermal
conductivities 1.65, K and 9.2 W/mC respectively. The inside is exposed to gases at 1250C with a convection
coefficient of 25 W/m2C and the inside surface is at 1100C, the outside surface is exposed to air at 25C with
convection coefficient of 12 W/m2C, determine:
i) Unknown thermal conductivity K
ii) The overall heat transfer coefficient
iii) All surface temperatures.
54. Obtain an expression for temperature distribution and heat flow through a rectangular Fin, when the end of flu
is insulated (12 Marks)
55. The aluminium square fins (0.5 rum X 0.5 mm). 10 mm long Are provided on the surface of semiconductor
electronic device to carry 1 W of energy generated: The temperature at the surface of the device should not
exceed 80 C, when the surrounding temperature is 40C. K(aluminium) = 200 W/mC; h = 15 W/m2 C Determine
the number of fins required To carry out the above duty. Neglect the heat loss from the end of the fin,
56. An electric motor drives a centrifugal pump which circulates a hot liquid metal at 480C. the motor is coupled to
the pump impeller by a horizontal steel shaft [K = 32 W/mC] 25 mm in diameter. if the ambient air temperature
is 2OC, the temperature of the motor is limited to a maximum value of 55C and heat transfer coefficient
between steel shall and ambient air is 14.8 W/m2 C. what length of shall should be specified between motor
and pump?
57.
58. What is critical thickness of insulation on a small diameter wire or pipe? Explain its physical significance.
59. A steel tube carries steam at a temperature of 300C. A thermometer pocket of iron [K= 52.3 W/m-k] of inside
diameter of 16 mm and thickness 1mm is used to measure the temperature. The error to be tolerated is 2% of
maximum. Calculate the length of pocket required to measure temperature within this error. How should the
thermometer be located? take the tube wall temperature as 130C and diameter as 90 mm. Assume the
convective heat transfer co-efficient as 95 W/m2-K.
60. Explain the significance of the critical thickness of insulation and derive an expression for the critical thickness of
insulation for a cylinder. (QN Mark5)
61. A cylinder 1m long and 5cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at 45C, it is provided with 10 longitudinal
straight fins of material giving k=120 w/mk. The height of 0.76 mm thick fins is 1.27 Cm from the cylinder
surface. the heat transfer coefficient between cylinder and atmospheric air is 17W/m2K. Calculate the rate of
heat transfer and the temperature at the end of fins if surface temperature of cylinder is 150C.
62. An electric cable of 10mm diameter is to be laid in atmosphere at 20C. The estimated surface temperature of
the cable due to heat generation is 65C. Find the maximum percentage increase in heat dissipation when the
wire is insulated with rubber having k = 0.155 W/mK. Take h= 8.5 w/m2k,
63. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution and rate of heat transfer from a fin of uniform cross
section. Neglect the heat transfer from the end of the fin.
64. One end of a long rod 1 cm diameter is maintained at a temperature of 500C, by placing it in a furnace. The rod
is exposed to air at 30C with a heat transfer coefficient of 35 W/mK. The temperature measured at a distance of
78.6 mm was 147 C. Determine the thermal conductivity of the material.
65. A composite cylindrical wall is composed of two materials of thermal conductivity KA and KB. A thin electric
resistance heater for which interfacial contact resistances are negligible separates the two materials. Liquid
pumped through the inner tube is at temperature with the inside surface heat transfer coefficient hi. The outer
surface of the composite wall is exposed to an ambient at a uniform temperature to with a surface heat transfer
coefficient ho. Under steady state conditions of uniform heat flux of q is dissipated by the heater.

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66. Sketch the equivalent thermal circuit for the composite wall and express oh thermal resistances in terms of the
relevant variables. Obtain on expression that may be used to determine the temperature of the heater.
67. Derive an expression for the inside overall heat transfer co-efficient for composite sphere considering two layers
and convection transfer on the inside and outside. (8 Marks)
68. A saturated refrigerant at 30C flows through a copper pipe of 12mm inside diameter and 4mm wall thickness.
A layer of 40mm thick thermocole is provided on the outer surface of the pipe to reduce the heat flow.
Determine the heat leakage into the refrigerant per metre length of pipe . If the ambient temperature is 35C.
Assume internal and external heat transfer co-efficient to be 450 and 6 W/m2k respectively. k(copper) = 410
W/mk ; k(thermocole) = 0.0295 W/mK. Find the amount of refrigerant vaporized per hour per metre length of
pipe when the pipe covered and the pipe is bare. (Take latent heat of evaporization at -30= 267 kJ/kg.)
69. A 3 meter inside dia spherical tank made of 20 mm thick stainless steel (K 15 W /m K) is used to store iced water
at 0C. The tank is located in a room whose temperature is 22 C. The walls of the room are also at 22C. The outer
surface of the tank is black and heat transfers between the cooler surface of the tank and the surroundings are
by natural convection and radiation. the convection heat transfer coefficient at the inner and outer surfaces of
the tank are 80 W/m2 K and 10 W/m2 K respectively. The radiation heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface
of the tank is 5.24 W /m2 K. Determine i) Rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank ii) the amount of
ice at 0C that melts during 24 hour period. Assume latent heat of ice as 334 kj /kg.
70. Aluminium fins of rectangular profile are attached to a plane wall with 5mm spacing. The fins have thickness of
1mm length 10mm and thermal conductivity of 200W/(m K). The wall is maintained at a uniform temperature
of 200C and the fins dissipate heat by convection into an ambient at 40C with a surface heat transfer coefficient
of 50W/m2K. Determine i) The fin efficiency and. ii) The heat loss from the plane wall per m2 of the wall surface.
Neglect The heat loss from the fin tip
71. Derive an equation for temperature distribution and heat flow through a fin of rectangular C.S.
Unit -3
1. Define Biot number and explain its significance.
2. Derive an expression for the instantaneous and total heat flow in terms of the product of Biot number and
Fourier number is one dimensional transient heat conduction.
3. Aluminium rod of 5 cm diameter and 1 metre long at 200C is suddenly exposed to a convective
environment at 70C. Calculate the temperature of a radius of 1 cm and heat lost per meter length of the
rod 1 minute after the cylinder is exposed to the environment properties of At p = 2700 kgm3. Cr 900J/KG-
K, K - 215 W/m-K, h = 500 W/mK. = 8.5 x 10-5 m2/S.
4. What are Biot and Fourier numbers? Explain their physical significance.
5. What are Heisler charts? Explain their significance in solving transient convection problems.
6. The temperature of a gas stream is measured with a thermocouple. The junction may be approximated as a
sphere of diameter 1 mm, K = 25 W/mC, p = 8400 kg/m3 and C = 0.4 kJ/kgC. The heat transfer coefficient
between the junction and the gas stream is h 560 W/m2C. How long will it take for the thermocouple to
record 99% of the applied temperature difference?
7. What is lumped parameter analysis? Prove that the temperature distribution at time t during Newtonian
heating is given by, = , where T0 is the temperature at t = 0.
8. A 5 cm thick iron plate is initially at temperature of 225C. It is suddenly exposed to an ambient at 25C with
heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m2-C. Determine the centre temperature at t =2 min after the start of
the cooling. Calculate the temperature at a depth of 1 cm from the surface at t =2 min after the start of the
cooling. Also calculate the energy removed from the plate per square metre during this time. Take
properties of iron as K= 60 W/m-C, Cp= 460 J/kg-K, p= 7850 kg/m3, and = 1.6x10-5 m2/s.
9. Show that the temperature distribution in a body during Newtonian heating or cooling is given by
= =
10. The steel ball bearings (K = 50 W/mK, = 1.3 x 105 m2/sec), 40mm in diameter are heated to a temperature
of 650C. It is then quenched in an oil bath at 50C, where the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be

Page 11 of 31
300 W/m2K. Calculate: j) The time required for bearings to reach 200C. The total amount of heat removed
from a bearing during this time and iii) the instantaneous heat transfer rate from the bearings, when they
are first immersed in oil bath and when they reach 200C.
11. Obtain an expression for instantaneous heat transfer and total heat transfer for lumped heat analysis
treatment heat conduction problem
12. Explain physical significance of Biot and Fourier numbers. (06 Marks
13. A household electric iron (p = 2700 kg/m3, Cp= 0.896 kJ/kg K and K = 200W/mC) and weighs 1.5 kg. The
total area of iron is 0.06m2 and it is heated with 500W heating element. Initially the iron is at 25C (ambient
Temp). How long it takes for the iron to reach 110C. Take h =15W/m2K.
14. Derive an expression for temperature distribution in a lumped system. Also derive equations for
instantaneous rate of heat flow and to energy transfer for the given time.
15. A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room which is at 20C. The temperature of body is measured to be 25C
when found and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 8 W/m2- K. Modelling the body as a short
cylinder of 30 cm dia and 1.7m long, estimate the time of death of that person. Use the lumped system of
analysis and assume the following properties: K= 0.617 W/m-K, S=996 kg/m3. C= 4187 J/kg-K, Temperature
of the body before died = 37C. (05 Marks)
16. One surface of a thick Nickel steel (K = 19 W/m-K. = 0.52x 10-5 m2/s) slab which is initially at 30C, is
suddenly raised to a temperature of 530C. By treating this as a one- dimensional transient conduction
problem in a semiinfinite medium, determine the temperature a depth of 50 min after a time of 50
seconds.
17. Consider a solid, with a uniform initial temperature, suddenly immersed in a Liquid. Derive the relevant
governing differential equation, considering the system as lumped. By solving the differential equation,
obtain the expression for the temperature variation with time.
18. A 50 mm thick iron plate (K=60 W/mK. Cp=460 j/kg K, =7800 kg/m3, = 1.6x10-5m2/s) is initially at 225C-
Suddenly both surfaces are exposed to a fluid at 25C, with a heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m2K
Calculate the centre and the surface temperatures 2 minutes after the cooling begins using Heislers charts
19. What are Biot, Fourier numbers and thermal time constant.? Explain their physical significance.
treatment heat conduction problems.
21. A solid copper sphere of 10 cm dia [density= 8954 kg/m3, specific heat 383 J/kg C, thermal conductivity 386
W/C] initially at a uniform temp t= 250 C is suddenly immersed in a well stirred fluid which is maintained at
a uniform temperature ta = 50C, the heat transfer co-efficient between the sphere and the fluid is 200
W/m2C. Determine the temperature of the copper block at 5 minutes after the immersion
22. Explain physical significance of biot number and Fourier number.
treatment of heat conduction problem.
24. A 15 mm diameter mild steel sphere K = 42 W/mC is exposed to cooling air flow at 20C resulting in the
convective co-efficient h = 120 W/m2C. Determine the following: i) Time required to cool the sphere from
550C to 90C. ii) instantaneous heat transfer rate 2 minutes after the start of cooling For mild steel =7850
kg/m3; Cp = 475 J/kgC; = 0.045 m2/hr
25. Show that the temperature distribution under lumped analysis is given by = , where T0 is the
initial temperature and T is the surrounding temperature.
26. A long cylinder 12 cm in diameter and initially at 20C is placed into a furnace at 820C with local heat
transfer coefficient of 140 W/m2.K. Calculate the time required for the axis temperature to reach 800C.
Also calculate the corresponding temperature at a radius of 5.4 cm at that time, Take a 6.11x10-6 m2/s,
K=21 W/m,K.
treatment of heat conduction problems.
28. An aluminum sphere weighing 5.5 kg and initially at a temperature of 290C is suddenly immersed in a fluid
at 15C. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 58 W/m2K. Estimate the time required to cool the
aluminum to 95C using the lumped capacity method of analysis (For aluminum, = 2700 kg/m3, C =900
J/kgK, K= 205 W/mK)

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29. An average convection heat transfer co-efficient for the flow of air at 90C over a flat plate is measured by
observing temperature time history of a 40 mm thick copper slab with p = 9000 kg/m3, Cp = 0.38 kJ/kgK, K
= 370 W/mK exposed to the air at 90C. In one test run the initial temperature of the plate was 200C and in
4.5 minutes the temperature was decreased by 35C. Find the convection heat transfer co-efficient for this
case, Neglect the intemal thermal resistance
30. A long cylindrical bar with K = 17.4 W/mK, = 0.019 m2/hr of radius 80 mm is brought out of an oven at
830C and is cooled by quenching it in a large bath of 40C coolant. The surface convection heat transfer co-
efficient between the bar surface and the coolant is. 180 W/m K. Determine : i) The time taken by the shaft
centre to reach 120C, ii) The surface temperature of the shaft when its centre temperature is 120C. Also
calculate the temperature gradient at the outside surface at the same instant of time
31. Show that the temperature history of a cooling body with negligible intemal resistance is given by = .
State the assumptions made
32. A metallic sphere of radius 10mm is initially at a uniform temperature of 335C. It is quenched in water bath
at 20C with h = 6000 W/m2 C. Determine the time taken for the centre temperature to reach 50C. Also
determine surface temperature when the centre temperature is 50C. Take: = 3000kg/m3, C = 1000J/kg C,
k = 20W/mC, = 6.66 x 10-6 m2/s.
33. What are Heisler charts? Explain their significance in solving transient conduction problems. A 12cm
diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 40C is placed in a medium . at 65 0C with a
convective coefficient of 22 w/m2k.Clculate the time required for the bar to reach 255C. Take K =20 w/mk,
p = 580 kg/m3 and e = 1050 J/kgk.
34. A cylinder of length 1m and diameter 5cm is placed in an atmosphere of 40C, is provided with 12
longitudinal fins (K = 65 W/mC) 0.75mm thick. The fins protrude 2.5cm from the cylinder surface. The heat
transfer coefficient from the cylinder and fins to the ambient air is 20 W/m2C. Calculate : i) The rate of heat
transfer if the surface temperature of the cylinder is 150C. ii) Temperature at the centre of the fin. iii)
Effectiveness of the fin. Assume the heat transfer from the end is negligible.
35. A 10mm diameter, cable is to be laid in an atmosphere of 20C (h0 =8.5 W/m2C). The surface temperature
of the cable is likely to be 65C. Discuss the effect of insulating the cable with rubber having thermal
conductivity of 0.15 W/mC.
36. Derive an expression for the instantaneous and total heat flow in terms of the product of Biot Number and
Fourier Number in one dimensional transient heat conduction
37. A 5cm thick iron plate with K 60 W/m K, Cp= 460 j/kg C, = 7850 kg/m3, =1.6x10-5m2/sis initially at 225C.
Suddenly both the surfaces are exposed to an environmental temperature of 25C with a convective heat
transfer co-efficient of 500W/m2 K. Calculate i) the centre temperature at t= 2 min after start of cooling ii)
the temperature at a depth of 1 cm from the surface at t = 2 min after the start of cooling iii)the energy
removed from the plate per m2 during this time.
38. A thin metal plate 0.1 m by 0.1m is placed in a large container whose walls are kept at 300K The bottom
surface of the plate is insulated and the top surface is maintained at 500k as a result of electric heating. If
the emissivity of the surface of plate is 0.8, what is the rate of heat exchange between the plate and the
walls of container? Take 5.67 x108W/m2
39. Using lumped system analysis, determine the time required for a solid steel ball of diameter 5cm [= 7833
kg/m3, C = 465 J/kgC and K= 54 W/mC] to cool from 600C to 200C, if it is exposed to an air stream at 50C
having a heat transfer coefficient h = 100 W/m2 C.
40. A very thick concrete wall ( = 7x 102 m2/s) is initially at a uniform temperature T = 25C. Suddenly one of its
surface is raised to T0 = 1250C and maintained at that temperatures By treating the well as a semi-infinite
solid, calculate the temperature at 5, 10 and 15 cms from the hot surface 30 cm min after raising of the
surface temperature.
41. Explain in brief the use of Heisler charts in solving transient conduction heat transfer problems
42. Aluminium rod of 5 cm diameter and 1 metre long at 200C is suddenly exposed to a temperature
(convective atmosphere) of 70C. Calculate the temperature at a radius of 1 cm and heat lost per metre
length of the rod, one minute after the cylinder is exposed to the environment.

Page 13 of 31
43. State the assumptions made in lumped parameter analysis and derive expression for instantaneous
temperature and heat transfer rate for a body subjected to heating or cooling in terms of Biot and Fourier
numbers.
44. An Iron sphere [K 60W/m K, Cp 460 J/kgK, p= 7850 kg/m3 and =1.6x10-5 m2/s] of 5 cm diameter is
initially at a uniform temperature Ti= 225C. Suddenly the surface of the sphere is exposed to an ambient at
T= 25 C with a heat transfer coefficient h 500W/m K. Find I) the centre temperature at time t 2 min
after start of cooling. ii) the temperature at a depth of 1 cm from the surface at time t 2 min after start of
cooling. Iii) the energy removed from the sphere during this time period.
45. Obtain a relation for the time required for lumped system to reach the average temperature of where
Ti = initial temperature and T the temperature of environment.
46. A 12mm dia M.S. sphere at 540C is exposed to cooling air flow at 27C and heat transfer coefficient of 114 W
/m2 K. Find i) the time required to cool the sphere from 540C to 95C. ii) Instantaneous heat transfer rate,
two minutes after start of cooling. iii) Total heat transferred from the sphere during first two minutes.
Properties of M.S, are p =7850 kg/m3, C=475 j/kg K and 0.045 m2/hr.
47. A cylinder 1 meter long and 50 mm in dia is placed in an atmosphere at 455C. It is provided with 12
Longitudinal straight fins of material having thermal conductivity 120 W/m K. The height of fins is 12.7 mm
from the cylinder and Thickness of fins is 0.76 mm. The heat transfer co efficient between cylinder and
atmospheric air is 17 W /mK, Calculate the rate of heat transfer and the temperature at the end of the fins if
surface temperature of cylinder is 150 C, Assume the tip of the fin to be insulated. (Neglect the circular
plane surface on either side)
48. Explain in brief the use of Heisler charts in solving transient conduction heat transfer problems.
49. Aluminium rod of 5 cm diameter and 1 meter long at 200C is suddenly exposed to a temperature
(convective atmosphere) of 70C. Calculate the temperature at a radius of 1cm and heat lost per meter
Length of the rod, one minute after the cylinder is exposed to the environment.
50. What is a semi-infinite medium? Give examples of solid bodies that can be treated as semi-infinite medium
for heat transfer purposes.
51. An Iron sphere [k 60 W/mC, p=460 j/kgC, = 7850kg/m3 and = 1.6x10-5 m2/S] of diameter D= 5cm is
initially at a uniform temperature Ti= 225C. Suddenly the surface of the sphere is exposed to an ambient at
T = 25C with a heat transfer coecient h = 500 W/m2C i) Calculate the centre temperature at me t = 2
min after start of the cooling. ii) Calculate the temperature at a depth 1.0cm from the surface at time t
=2min after start of the cooling. iii) Calculate the energy removed from the sphere during this time period.
52. Aluminium rod of 5 cm diameter and 1 metre long at 200C is suddenly exposed to a temperature
(convective atmosphere) of 70C. Calculate the temperature at a radius of 1 cm and heat lost per metre
length of the rod, one minute after the cylinder is exposed to the environment.
53. derive an expression for temperature distribution in a lumped system and show the nature of graph of
temperature variation Vs dimensionless parameter.
54. A ball of 60 mm diameter at 600Th is suddenly immersed in controlled medium at 100C. Calculate the time
required for the ball to obtain a temperature of 150C. Assume K = 40 W/mK, p =800 kg/m3, C= 500j/kg K, h=
20 W/m2K for the ball.
55. An iron sphere [K = 60 W/mC, p = 460 J/kgC. p= 7850 kg/m3, = 1.6 X10-5] of diameter. D =5 cm is initially
at uniform temperature T 225C, suddenly the surface of the sphere is exposed to an ambient at Tb =
25C with a heat transfer coefficient. h =500 W/m2C. Calculate the centre temperature at t= 2 min after the
start of the cooling- Calculate the temperature at a depth of 1.0 cm from the surface at t= 2 rain after the
start of cooling, Also calculate the energy removed from the sphere during this period of time.
56. Obtain expressions for instantaneous heat transfer and total heat transfer for Lumped heat analysis
treatment of heat conduction problems.
57. A slab of aluminium 1O cm thick is originally at a temperature of 500C. It is suddenly immersed in a liquid at
100C resulting in a heat transfer co-efficient of 1200 W/m2-K. Determine the temperature at the centre line
and the surface 1 minute after the immersion. Also calculate the total thermal energy removed per unit area
of the slab during this period. The properties of aluminium for the given conditions are =8.4x10-5m2/s,
p=2700kg/m3, K=215W/mK, C =0.9kJ/kgK

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58. An iron sphere [k=60w/mC, Cp460 J/kg C, p =7850 kg/m3, = 1.6x10-5 m2/s.] of dia, D=5 cm is initially at
uniform temperature Ti=225C , suddenly the surface of the sphere is exposed to an ambient at Tb=25C with
a heat transfer coefficient, h=500 W/m2K. Calculate the centre temperature at t=2min after the start of the
cooling. Calculate the temperature at a depth of 1 .0 cm from the surface at t=2mm after the start of
cooling. Also calculate the energy removed from the sphere during this period of time.
59. A solid iron md of diameter 60 mm initially at temperature 800C, is suddenly dropped into an oil bath at
50C. The heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the surface is 400 W/m2K. The properties of iron
rod are as follows: u2x lO4m2fs and K=60W/mC. i) Calculate the centre tine temperature 10 min after
immersion in fluid. ii) How long will it take the centre Line temperature to reach 100C ? iii) Determine the
energy removed from the rod during 10 min time.
60. A steel ball 5 cm diameters and initially at a temperature of 500C is suddenly placed in a controlled
environment in which the temperature is maintained at 100C. Neglecting intemal temperature gradient,
derive an expression for temperature distribution and calculate the time required for the ball to attain a
temperature of 250C. Assume the following properties. Value for steel. k = 40W/mk; Cp = 0.45kJ/kgk p =
8000kg/m3; convection heat transfer coefficient is 10W/m2 k.
61. What do you mean by lumped system analysis? Explain clearly
Unit 4
1. Using dimensional analysis, derive an expression relating Nusselt number, Prandtl and Grashoff number for
natural convection.
2. A plate of length 750 mm and width 250 mm has been placed longitudinally in a stream of crude oil which flows
with a velocity of 5 m/s. if the oil has a specific gravity of 0.8 and kinematic viscosity of I0 m2/s, calculate:
i) Boundary layer thickness at the middle of plate.
ii) Shear stress at the middle of plate and
iii) Friction drag on one side of the plate.
3. Two horizontal steam pipes having 100 mm and 300 mm are so laid in a boiler house that the mutual heat
transfer may be neglected. The surface temperature of each of the steam pipes is 475C. If the temperature of
the ambient air is 35C. Calculate the ratio of heat transfer co-efficient and heat losses per metre length of the
pipes.
4. Establish a relation between Nusselt. Prandtl and Grashoff numbers using dimensional analysis.
5. Explain velocity and thermal boundary layers.
6. a 30 cm long glass plate is hung vertically in the air at 27C while its temperature is maintained at 77C. Calculate
the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate. Take properties of air at mean temperature K
28.15 x 10-3 W/m.K, y = 18.41 x 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.7, = 3.07 x 10-3 k
7. Explain the following: j) Velocity boundary layer ii) Thermal boundary layer. iii) Thermal entry length. (06 Marks)
8. Obtain fundamental relationship between Nusselt, Prandtl and Grashoff numbers applied to natural convection
using Buckingham theorem. (08 Marks)
9. A 30 cm long glass plate is hung vertically in the air at 27C while its temperature is maintained at 77C.
Calculate the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate. Also calculate the average heat transfer
coefficient over the entire length of the plate. 1 (06 Marks)
10. With reference to fluid flow over a flat plate, discuss the concept of velocity boundary and thermal boundary
layer, with necessary sketches. (05 Marks)
11. The exact expression for local Nusselt number for the laminar flow along a surface is given by Nu= =
1/2. 1/3
0.332Rex Pr Show that the average heat transfer coefficient from x = O to x = L over the length L of the
surface is given by 2hL where hL is the local heat transfer coefficient at x = L. (05 Marks)
12. A vertical plate 15cm high and 10cm wide is maintained at 140C. Calculate the maximum heat dissipation rate
from both the sides of the plates to air at 20C. The radiation heat transfer coefficient is 9.0 W/m2K. For air at
80C, take r = 21.09 x 10-6 m2/sec, Pr 0.692, kf= 0.03 W/mK. (10 Marks)
13. Define Hydrodynamic and thermal Boundary layer in case of flow over a flat plate
14. An appropriate expression for temperature profile in thermal boundary layer is given by

Page 15 of 31
15. With sketches, explain the velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer thickness for a flow over the flat
plate. (04 Marks)
16. An approximate expression for the velocity profile for laminar boundary layer flow along a flat plate is given by,
= sin
2
Where the boundary layer thickness is given by, = 4.8 i) Develop an expression for the local drag
coefficient. ii) Develop an expression for the average drag coefficient over a distance L from the leading edge of
the plate. (08 Marks)
17. Calculate the rate of heat loss from the top and bottom of a flat 1 m square horizontal restaurant grill heated to
227C and kept in a stagnant ambient air at 27C.
( . )
= where ( ) = 4.53 / / develp an expression for local heat transfer
( ) ( )
coefficient (06 Marks)
18. A vertical pipe 15cm OD, 1m long has a surface temperature of 90C. If the surrounding air is at 30C. What is the
rate of heat loss by free convection? (08 Marks)
( , )
19. The velocity profile for boundary layer flow over a flat plate is given by, = Where
( ) ( )
boundary laver thickness (x)= . Develop an expression for local drag coefficient. Also develop an
expression for average drag coefficient for a length of L.
20. Consider a square plate of size 0.6 m in a room with stagnant air at 20 C. One side of plate is maintained at 100C.
While the other side is adiabatic. Determine the heat loss if the plate is. I) vertical and ii) horizontal with hot
surface facing up.
21. With reference to fluid flow over a flat plate, discuss the concepts of velocity boundary layer and thermal
boundary layer, with necessary sketches. (06 Marks)
22. Air at 27 C and at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a speed of 2 m/sec. If the plate is maintained at
93 C. calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate, assuming the length of the plate along the flow of
air is 2 metres. (08 Marks)
23. A steam pipe 5 cms diameter is lagged with insulating material of 2.5 cm thick. The surface temperature is 80 C
and emissivity of the insulating material surface is 0.93. Find the total heat loss from 10 metre length of pipe
considering the heat loss by natural convection and radiation. The temperature of the air surrounding the pipe is
20 C. Also find the overall heat transfer co-efficient and heat transfer co-efficient of radiation. (06 Marks)
24. What do you mean by hydro dynamic and thermal boundary layer? (04 Marks)
25. Explain physical significance of, i) Grashoff number ii) Prandtl number iii) Nusselt number iv) Reynolds number
26. A nuclear reactor with its core constructed of parallel vertical plates 2.2 m high and 1.4 m wide has been
designed on free convection heating of liquid bismuth. the maximum temperature of the plate surface is limited
to 960C while the lowest allowable temperature of bismuth is 340C. Calculate the maximum possible heat
dissipation from both sides of each plate. For the convective co-efficient the appropriate correlation is =
0.13(Gr.Pr)0.333.
27. Using Buckingham theorem, obtain a relationship between Nu, Pr and Gr for free convection heat transfer. .
(08 Marks)
28. Explain the development of hydrodynamic boundary layer for flow over a flat surface. (06 Marks)
29. Considering the body of a man as a vertical cylinder of 300 mm diameter and 170 cm height, calculate the heat
generated by the body in one day. Take the body temperature as 36C and atmospheric temperature as 14C. .
(06 Marks)
30. What do you mean by hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer? How does the ratio of vary with prandtl
number? (06 Marks)
31. Using Buckinghams -theorem, obtain the relationship between various non-dimensional numbers for free
convection heat transfer. . (08 Marks)
32. Air at 20C flows over a thin plate with a velocity of 3 m/sec. The plate is 2 m long and 1 m wide. Estimate the
boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate and the total drag force experienced by the plate. (06
Marks)

Page 16 of 31
33. 4 Derive expressions for the friction factor and pressure drop for the flow through tubes.
34. Water is heated while flowing through (1.5x3.5) cm2 rectangular cross section tube at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The
entering temperature of water is 40C and the tube wall is maintained at 100C. Determine the length of the
tube required in order to raise the temperature of water by 40C.
35. Show by using Buckingham it theorem that Nusselt number is a function of Reynolds number and Prandtl
number in case of forced convection heat transfer. (10 Marks)
36. A fine wire having a diameter of 3.94 x 10-5m is placed in a 1 bar air stream at 25C having a velocity of 50 m/s
perpendicular to the wire. An electric current is passed through the wire raising the temperature to 50C.
Calculate the heat loss per unit length. (10 Marks)
37. Briefly explain: i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer ii) Thermal boundary layer. (06 Marks)
38. Define: i) Nusselt number ii) Prandtl number iii) Stanton number iv) Grashoff number. (04 Marks)
39. A square plate (0.5m x 0.5m) with one surface insulated and the other surface maintained at temperature of
385K is placed in ambient air at a temperature of 315K. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient for free
convection for the following orientations of the hot surface: i) The plate is horizontal and hot surface faces up. ii)
The plate is horizontal and the hot surface faces down. (10 Marks)
40. Prove that the temperature distribution in a body at time t during a Newtonian heating or cooling is given by
where T is the temperature at t = 0. (10 Marks)
41. An aluminium plate [K=160W/mC; =2790kg/m3; Cp =O.88kj/KgC] of thickness L = 3cm and at a uniform
temperature of 225C is suddenly immersed at time t = O in a well stirred fluid maintained at a constant
temperature of 25C, h = 320W/m2C. Determine the time required for the centre of the plate to reach 50C. (10
Marks)
42. The exact expression for local Nusselt Number for the laminar flow along a surface is given
43. by N =(hxx)/K = 0.332Pr1/3 Re1/2. Show that the average heat transfer coefficient from x= 0 to x= L. over the length
L of the surface is given by 2hL where hL is the local value at x=L. (OS Marks)
44. A tube of 0.036m OD and 40cm length is maintained at a uniform temperature of 100C. It is exposed to air at a
uniform temperature of 20C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the Surface of the tube when (i) the tube
is vertical (ii) the tube is horizontal, (12 Marks)
45. With a suitable diagram, explain the velocity boundary layer for the flow over flat plate. Clearly indicate the
viscous sub layer and buffer layer in the diagram and explain them.
46. (02 Marks)
47. h, An approximate expression for the velocity profile for a laminar boundary -- layer flow
( , ) ( ) .
48. along a fiat plate is given by =2 2 ( )
+ where the boundary layer thickness = .
( ) ( )
i) Develop an expression for local drug coefficient Cx,
ii) Develop an expression for the average drag coefficient Cm over a distance x = L from the leading edge of the
plate.
iii) Determine the drag force F acting on a plate 2m x 2m for the flow of air at atmospheric pressure and at T=
350 K with a velocity of Ux= 4m/s. (12 Marks)
49. Using Buckinghams - theorem, obtain the relationship between various non dimensional numbers for forced
convection heat transfer
50. A hot square plate 50 cm x 50 cm at 100C is exposed to atmosphere at 20 C. Find the heat loss from both
surfaces of the plate if the plate is horizontal.
51. 4 Distinguish between i) Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers ii) Laminar and turbulent flow,
52. Air at 20C and at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3m/s. the plate it 30cm long and
at 60C. Calculate
i) Velocity and thermal boundary layer thicknesses at 20cms from the leading edge.
ii) Average heat transfer coefficient.
iii) Total drag force on the plate per unit width.
53. Air at atmosphere pressure and at Temperature of 30C flows with a velocity of 1.5 m/s along the plate, find : i)
Distance from the leading edge of the plate where transition begins from laminar to turbulent flow
ii) The drag force acting per meter width of the plate over the distance from the leading edge to the transition
starts. Assume the transition Reynoldss number as 5 x 104.

Page 17 of 31
54. Air at one atmospheric pressure and temperature 25 C flowing with a velocity of 50 m/s crosses an industrial
heater made of long solid rod of dia 20 mm. Thu surface temperature of the heater is to be kept constant at
temperature of 475C. Determine the allowable electrical power density (W/m2) with in the heater per meter
length.
55. What do you mean by hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer? how does the ratio / t vary with prandtl
number? 106 Marks)
56. Derive an expression for friction factor & pressure drop for hydro dynamically developed Laminar flow through
tubes.
57. Atmospheric air at T= 400 K flows with a velocity of U = 4m/s along a flat plate L = 1m long maintained at a
uniform temperature T = 300K, The average heat transfer coefficient is determined to be hm = 7.75 W/m2 C.
Using Reynolds Colbum analogy. Estimate the drag force exerted on the plate per 1m width. Take p = 0.998
kg/m3, Cp= 1009 j/kg C, Pr = 0.697, (08 Marks)
58. Show by using Buckingham it theorem that Nusselt number is a function of Reynoldss number and Prandlt
number in case of forced convection heat transfer,
59. A fine wire having a diameter of 3.94 x10-5 m is placed in a 1 bar air stream at 25C having a velocity of 50 m/s
perpendicular to the wire. An electric current is passed through the wire raising the temperature to 50C.
Calculate the heat loss per unit length.
60. Air at 200C and velocity 5 m/s flows over a plate of 1.5 m long. the plate is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 100C. The average heat transfer coefficient is 7.5 W/m3K. Calculate the drag force exerted on
the plate per 0.75 m width by using Reynolds Colbum analogy.
61. What is dimensional analysis? What are its applications? (04 Marks)
62. Atmospheric air at mean temperature of 300 K and a bulk stream velocity of 1O m/s flows through a tube with
2.5 mm inside diameter. Calculate the pressure drop for IO0 m length of the tube for i) A smooth tube ii)
Commercial steel tube.
63. Water flows with a velocity of 0.6 m/s though a Tube of inside diameter 60 mm and length 3.5 m Find the heat
transfer rate by forced convection, [(s mean water temperature is 50C and Tube wall surface temperature is
70C, Use the empirical correlation Na = 0.023(Re)0.8(Pr)0.4.
64. Explain the concept of velocity and thermal boundary layers. (06 Marksl
65. Why are the correlations for an entry region different than those of a fully developed zone? (04 Marks)
66. Air at 20C is flowing along a heated flat plate at I34C at a velocity of 3 m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 15 cm wide.
Calculate the thickness of hydrodynamic boundary Layer and the skin friction coefficient at 40 cm from the
leading edge of the plate. The kinematic viscosity of the air at 20C is 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s. Also calculate the local
heat transfer co-efficient at x =0.4 m and the heat transferred from the first 40cm of the plate. (10
67. Explain With a neat sketch the development of hydrodynamic boundary Layer and
velocity distribution over a flat plate.
68. Define Reynoldss number and Nusselt number. What are their significances?
(04 Marks)
69. Water at 20C with a flow rate of 0.05 kg/s enters a 20mm inside diameter tube which is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 90C. Determine the thermal entry Length. Assuming hydrodynamic ally and thermally fully
developed flow, determine the convection heat transfer coefficient and tube length required to heat the water
to 70C, (10 Marks)
70. Distinguish between velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer.
71. Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow.
72. Air at 20C and at an atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate is 30 cm
length and at a temperature of 60 C, calculate i) Velocity and thermal boundary layer thicknesses at 20 cm. ii)
Average heat transfer coefficient, iii) Total drug force on the plate, per unit width. Take the following properties
of air: p= 1.18 kg/m3, v = 17 x 10-6 m2/s, K = 0.0272 W/mK, Cp= 1.007kj/kgK, Pr = 0.705.
73. Explain with a neat sketch the development of hydrodynamic boundary layer and velocity distribution over a flat
plate. (06 Marks)
74. Define Reynolds number and Nusselt number. What are their significances?
75. Water at 20C with a flow rate of 0.015 kg/s enters a 20mm inside diameter tube, which is maintained at a
uniform temperature of 90C. Determine the thermal entry length. Assuming hydro dynamically and thermally

Page 18 of 31
fully developed flow, determine the convection heat transfer coefficient and tube length required to heat the
water to 70C. (10 Marks)
76. What is dimensional analysis? What are the applications of dimensional homogeneity?(4 Marks)
77. Atmospheric air at mean temperature of 300k and a bulk stream velocity of 10m/s flows through a tube with
diameter 2.5mm inside diameter. Calculate the pressure drop for 100m length of the tube for i) A smooth tube
ii) Commercial steel tube. (8 Marks)
78. Water flows with a velocity of 10m/s through a tube of inside diameter 60mm and length 3.5m. Find the heat
transfer rate by forced convection. If mean water temperature is 50C and tube wall surface temperature is
70C. Using empirical correlation Nu = 0.023(Re)0.8 (F)0.4
Unit 5
1. define stanton number and explain its physical significance.
2. Prove that = usual notations.
.
3. Explain the significance of: i) Reynolds number, ii) Prandtl number. iii) Nusselt number, iv) Stanton number.
4. Atmospheric air at 275 K and free stream velocity 20 m/s flows over a flat plate of length 1.5 m long maintained
at 325 K. Calculate: i) The average heat transfer coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is
laminar. ii) Find the average heat transfer over the entire length 1.5 m of the plate. iii) Calculate the total heat
transfer rate from the plate to the air over the length of 1.5 m and width 1m. Assume transition occurs at a
Reynolds no. 2 x 105. Take air Properties at mean temperature of 300 K. K 0.026 W/ mC, Pr 0.708, y = l.8 x
10-6 m2/s, = 1.98 x 10-5 kg/m-s.
5. Air at a temperature of 20C, flows over a flat plate at 3 m/s. The plate is 50cm x 25cm. Find the heat lost per
hour if air flow is parallel to 50cm side of the plate. If 25 cm side is kept parallel to the air flow, what will be the
effect on heat transfer? Temperature of the plate is 100C.
6. Define and explain the physical significance of the following dimensionless numbers: i) Reynolds number ii)
Prandtl number. iii) Nusselt number iv) Stanton number. (08 Marks)
7. Define local and mean heat transfer coefficients. On what factors does the value of mean heat transfer
coefficient depend? (04 Marks)
8. Air at 27C and 1 atm flows across a sphere of 15 mm diameter at a velocity of 5m/s. A small heater inside the
sphere maintains the surface temperature at 77C. Estimate the rate of heat transfer from the sphere. (08
Marks)
9. Explain the physical significance of i) Nusselt number; ii) Groshoff number. (04 Marks)
10. Air at 2 atm and 200C is heated as it flows at a velocity of 12 m/sec through a tube with a diameter of 3cm. A
constant heat flux condition is maintained at the wall and the wall temperature is 20C above the air
temperature all along the length of the tube. Calculate:.1) The heat transfer per unit length of tube.ii) The
increase in bulk temperature of air over a 4m length of the tube. Take the following properties for air Pr =
0.681, =2.57 x 10-5 kg/ms, K = 0.0386 W/mK and Cp= 1.025 kJ/kg K. (10 Marks)
11. Obtain a relationship between drag coefficient, Cm and heat transfer coefficient, hm for the flow over a flat
plate. . . (06 Marks)
12. Using dimensional analysis, obtain a relation between NJ, RL And P- for forced convection heat transfer, (I O
Marks)
13. Air flows over a flat plate at 30C. 0.4m, 075m long with a velocity of 20m/s. determine the heat transfer from
the surface of plate assuming plate is maintained at 90C. Use NuL = 0.664 Re0.5 Pr0.333 for laminar = (0.036 Re0.8
-836)Pr0.333. (10 Marks)
14. Using Buckinghams theorem. Obtain the relationship between various non-dimensional numbers for
forced convection heat transfer. (10 Marks)
15. A nuclear reactor uses a heat exchanger consisting of 5 cm ID constant heat flux tube, 3.5 kg/s mass flow rate
of liquid metal at 200C is passed through the tube having wall temperature of 230C. find the length of the
tube required for a 10C rise in temperature of the find. Use the following properties of the fluid: = 7.7 x 103
kg/m3, u =8 x 10-8 m/s. Cp= 130 J/kg-K, K =12W/m-K. Average Nusselt number is given by,
Nu=4.82+0.0185( ) .

Page 19 of 31
16. Air at 0C and 20 m/s flows over a flat plate of length 1.5 m, that is maintained at 50?.
17. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the region where flow is laminar. Find the average heat
transfer coefficient and the heat loss for the entire plate per unit width,
18. Air at -20C and 30 m/s, flows over a sphere of diameter 25 mm, which is maintained at 80C. Calculate the
heat loss from sphere. (08 Marks)
19. With the help of dimensional analysis, derive expression for the Reynolds number, Prandtl number and Nusselt
number. (10 Marks)
20. A surface condenser consists of two hundred thin walled circular tubes (each tube is 22.5 mm diameter and 5
m long) arranged in parallel, through which water flows. If the mass flow rate of water through the tube bank is
160 kg/sec and its inlet and outlet temp are known to be 21C and 29C respectively, calculate the average heat
transfer co-efficient associated with flow of water. (10 Marks
21. With the help of dimensional analysis derive expression which relates Reynolds number, Nusselt number and
Prandtl number. (11) Marks)
22. Air at standard conditions of 760 mm of Hg at 20C flows over a flat plate at 3 m/sec. The plate is 50cms x 25
cms Find the heat lost per hour if air flow is parallel to 50 cms side of the plate. 1f 25 cms side is kept parallel to
the air flow, what will be the effect on heat transfer? Temperature of the plate is 100C
23. Define clearly and give expressions for . I) Reynolds number ii) Prandtl number iii) Nusselt number iv) Stanton
number.(O8 Marks)
24. 50 kg of water per minute is heated from 30C to 50C by passing through a pipe of 2 cm diameter. The pipe is
heated by condensing the steam on its surface at 100C. Find the length of the pipe required. Take for water at
90C, = 965 kg/m3, K = 0.585 W/m.K, Cp = 4200 J/kg.K and = 0.33x10-6 m2/s. (06 Marks)
25. Air at a temperature of 20C flows through a rectangular duct with a velocity of 10 m/s. The duct is 30cm
x20cm in size and air leaves at 34C. Find the heat gain by air when it is passed through 10m long duct, (06
Marks)
26. With the help of dimensional analysis, derive expressions for the Reynolds number, Prandtl number and
Nusselt number. (10 Marks)
27. Air at 25C and atmospheric pressure flows across a heated cylinder of diameter 7.5 cm. if the velocity of air
flow is 1.2 m/s and the cylinder surface is maintained at 95C, compute the rate of heat transfer. (10 Marks)
28. Explain the following: i) Grashoff number ii) Prandtl number iii) Sherwood number iv) Schmidt number (08
Marks)
29. A 500W cylindrical immersion heater (3cm dia 20cm long ) is placed vertically in a stagnant water at 25C.
Calculate the average surface temperature of the plate. (12 Marks)
30. Using dimensional analysis, obtain the dimensionless parameters in forced convection heat transfer. (10 Marks)
31. Water at a velocity of 1.5 m/s enters a 2cm diameter heat exchanger tube at 40C. The heat exchanger tube
wall is maintained at a temperature of 100C. If the water is heated to a temperature of 80C in the heat
exchanger tube, find the length of the exchanger tube required. : (10 Marks)
32. Using dimensional obtain various non-dimensional numbers applied to forced convection. (10 Marks)
33. Hot fluid at 300C flows through a horizontal pipe of 30cm outside diameter and 90cm long. The pipe is
exposed to an atmosphere maintained at 20C. Determine the rate of natural convection heat transfer. (10
Marks)
34. Explain the physical significance of ) Prandtl Number ii) Reynoldss Number iii) Nusselt Number iv)
GrashoffNumber
35. The surface temperature of a thin plate located parallel to air stream is 90C. The free stream velocity is 6Om/s
and the air temperature is 10C The plate is 60cm wide and 45cm long the direction of air stream. Assuming
that the transitional Reynoldss number is 4x10 determine i) The average heat transfer co-efficient in laminar
amid turbulent regions ii) Rate of heat transfer for the entire plate considering both the sides of the plate.
Given that the correlations for the local Nusselt Number are 0.332 (Re)1/2 Pr1/3 for laminar flow or 0.028(Re)1/2
Pr1/3 for turbulent flow. (12 Mark
36. Using dimensional analysis, derive a correlation in terms of Nusselt number. Grashoff number and Prandtl
number the free convection heat transfer,
37. Calculate the heat transfer from a 60W incandescent bulb at 125C ta ambient air at 25C. Assume the bulb as a
sphere of 50mm diameter. Also find the percentage of power lost by free convection. Use Nu= 0.6 (Gr.Pr)1/4.

Page 20 of 31
38. Discuss the various regimes in boiling heat transfer, (08 Marks)
39. Sketch the film wise condensation on a vertical wall showing film thickness, velocity and temperature profiles.
(04 Marks)
40. A vertical cylinder 1.8 m height, 7.5 cm in diameter is maintained at a temperature of 90C in an atmospheric
environment of 30C. Calculate the heat loss by free convection from this cylinder. The cylinder may be treated
as vertical plate.
41. List the methods available to evaluate the convective heat transfer co efficient. What are the merits and
demerits of the method of dimensional analysis?
42. Explain the physical significance of: i) Nusselt number ii) Prandtl number iii) Grashoff number,
43. Water is heated in a tank by dipping a vertical square plate of side 31)0 mm. The surface temp of the plate on
both sides is maintained at 140C.Assuming the initial temperature of water surrounding the pIate as 20C, find
the heat loss from the plate per hour. Use the correlation: Nu=0.10(Re)0.333where, R Rayleigh number,
44. Explain i) Effectiveness of heat exchanges. ii) Film wise and drop wise condensation. (05 Marks)
45. Engine oil is to be cooled from 80C to 5OC by using a single pass counter how, concentric tube heat exchanger
with cooling water available at 20C. Water flows inside dia of 25 mm at a rate of 0.08 kg/s and oil flows
through the annulus at a rate of O.16 kg/s. The heat transfer coefficient for the water side and oil side are 1000
W/m2 K and 5O W/m K respectively, The fouling factors are
46. 0.00018m2 K /W on water side and 0,00018 m2 K/W on oil side. Neglecting the tube wall resistance, calculate
the tube length required take Cw =4180 J /kg k and C = 2090 J /kg k
47. Using Buckinghams theorem. Obtain the relationship between various non-dimensional numbers for
forced convection heat transfer.
48. h. A hot square plate 50 cm x 50 cm at 100C is exposed to atmosphere at 20C. Find the heat Loss from both
surfaces of the plate if the plate is horizontal.
49. Explain the following
i) Grashoff number
ii) PrandtL number.
iii) Sherwood number.
iv) Schmidt number.
50. A 500 W cylindrical immersion heater (3 cm dia; 20 cm long) is placed vertically in stagnant water at 25C.
Calculate the average surface temperature of the plate.
51. Using dimensional analysis show that for free convection heat transfer N= B GraPrb with usual notations. (LO
Marks)
52. A nuclear reactor with its core constructed of parallel plates 2.2m high and 1.45m wide have been designed on
free convection heating of liquid bismuth. The maximum temperature of the plate surface is limited to 960C,
white the lowest temperature of bismuth is 340C, Calculate the maximum possible heat dissipation from both
sides of each plate. For the convection coefficient the appropriate correlation is 0.13 (Gr Pr)1/3 where the
properties at mean film temperature of 650C Forbismuth are =104kg/m3, =3.12kg/m-h, Cp=150.7J/kg K,
K=13.02W/m K.
53. Calculate the rate of heat loss from the top and bottom of a flat 1m-square horizontal restaurant grill heated to
227C in ambient air at 27C. t II) Mirks
54. A horizontal pipe 0.3m in diameter is maintained at a temperature of 250C in a room where the ambient air is
ai 15C. Calculate the free convection heat loss per meter of length.
55. Obtain an empirical expression in terms of dimensionless numbers for heat transfer coefficient in the case of
forced convection heat transfer.
56. A steel pipe 100 mm in diameter maintained at 170C is exposed to air at 30C, The Length of the pipe is 2 m and
is kept horizontal. Determine the heat lost by the pipe per hour.
57. Discuss the various regimes in boiling heat transfer.
58. Sketch the film wise condensation on a vertical wall showing film thickness, velocity and temperature profiles.
(04 Marks)
59. A vertical cylinder 1.8 m height, 7.5 cm in diameter is maintained at a temperature of 90 C in an atmospheric
environment of 30C, Calculate the heat loss by free convection from this cylinder. The cylinder may be treated
as vertical plate.

Page 21 of 31
60. Obtain the fundamental relationship between Nusseft, Prandi] asidCrrashof numbers
61. using lluckiiigham t theorem. (10 MHrk)
62. Assuming that a man can be represented by a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 1.7 m high with a surface
temperature of 30C. Calculate the heat he would lose while standing in a 36 km/hr wind at 10C (10 Marks)
63. Water at 25C flows through a tube of 50 mm diameter. Determine the flow rate that will result in a Reynolds
number of 1600. The tube is provided with a nichrome heating element on its surface and receives a constant
heat flux of 800 W/m length of the tube. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient between the water
and the tube wall, assuming fully developed conditions. Also determine the length of the tube for the bulk
temperature of water to rise from 25C to 50C. (12 Marks)
64. Air stream at 27C moving at 0.3 m/sec across 100 W incandescent bulb glowing at 127C. If the bulb is
approximated by a 60 mm diameter sphere, estimate the heat transfer rate and the percentage of power lost
due to convection. Use correlation Nu =0.37 . . (08 Marks)
65. a. Define effectiveness and NTU of a heat exchanger. Explain why minimum heat capacity value is used in the
definition of effectiveness for the maximum possible rate of heat transfer. (04 Marks)
66. b. Derive an expression for LMTD in case of parallel flow heat exchanger stating the assumptions made. (OX
Marks)
67. ce A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool 0.55 kg/sec (Cp= 2.45kJ/kgK) of oil from 115C to 40C by
the use of water. The inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water are 15C and 75C respectively. The overall
heat transfer coefficient is expected to be 1450 W/m2C. Using NTU method, calculate the following:
i) The mass flow rate of water.
ii) The effectiveness of heat exchanger.
iii) The surface area required. (08 Marks)
68. Explain:
i) Filmwise condensation and dropwise condensation.
ii) Subcooled boiling and saturated boiling.
69. A square array of 400 tubes 15 mm outer diameter is used to condense steam at atmospheric. The tube walls
are maintained at 88C by a coolant flowing through thetubes. Calculate the amount of steam condensed per
hour per unit length of the tubes.
70. State and explain Ficks law of diffusion.
Unit 6
1. Obtain an expression for the effectiveness of a counter Flow heat exchanger in terms of
2. NTU and the capacity ratio, C.
3. Show that when C =1 the above expression reduces to =NTU/(NTU+1)
4. A cross flow heat exchanger (both Fluids un mixed) and having a heat transfer area of 84m2 is to heat air
(Cp=1.005kj/kg-k) with water(Cp = 4.180kj/kg - K). Air enters the exchanger at 18C with a mass flow rate of 2.0
kg/s while waters enters at 90 C with a mass flow rate of 0.25 kg/s. the overall heat transfer is 250 W/m2 K.
Calculate the exit temperature of two Fluids and the heat transfer rate. 05
5. Obtain an expression for the effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchangers by NTU method, (tOMarLs)
6. Steam ait 0.065 bar condenses on a vertical square plate of length 0.6 in. if the surface temperature- of the
plate is maintained at 15C, estimate the rate of condensation Saturation temperature of steam, Ts = 37,7C
Latent heat of steam at 0.065 bar, hfg 2412 X 103j/kg. (10 Marks)
7. Derive an expression for the effectiveness of a heat exchanger for a parallel flow arrangement
8. A cross flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed, having heat transfer area A =8.4m2 is to heat air [p=
1.005 kJ/kgK] with water [p= 4.180 kJ/kgK], Air enters at 15C and mair =20 kg/s. Water enters at 90C and water
flow rate is 0.25 kg/s. the overall heat transfer co-efficient is Um = 250W/m2 C. Calculate the exit temperature
of air and water, as well as the total heat transfer rate,
9. Derive an expression for condensate thickness arid heat transfer coefficient for laminar condensation on a
vertical flat surface. State the assumptions made. (OR Marks)
10. Derive an expression fin effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchanger, (06 Marks)

Page 22 of 31
11. An oil cooler for a large diesel engine is to cool engine oil from 60 to 15 C using sea water at a initial
temperature of 20C with a temperature rise of 15C. The design heat load is Q = 140 kW, and the mean overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the outer surface area of the tubes is 70 W/m C. Calculate the heat transfer
surface area for single pass counter flow and parallel flow arrangements. (06 Marks)
12. Derive an expression for the effectiveness of a heat exchanger for a parallel flow arrangement. (li) Marks)
13. A cross flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed flow arrangement, having heat transfer area A = 8.4 m2
is used to heat air [Cp. = 1.005 kJ/kgK] with water [Cp=4.180 kJ/kgK] . Air enters at 15C &mair =20 kg/s. Water
enters at 90C at a flow rate of 2.0 kg/s. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is U = 250W/m2 C. Calculate the
exit temperature of both air and water, and the total heat transfer rate.
14. Obtain an expression for the effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger in terms of NTU and the capacity
ratio C (08 Marks)
15. Show that when C= 1 the above expression reduces to = , (04 Marks)
16. A cross how heat exchanger (both fluids unmixed) and having a heat transfer area of 8.4m2 is to heat air (Cp=
1.OO5kJ/kg K) with water (Cp= 418OkJ/kg K). Air enters the exchanger at 18 C with a mass flow rate of 2.0
kg/s while waters enters at 90C with a mass how rate of 0.25 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 250
W/m K.
17. calculate the exit temperature of the two fluids and the heat transfer rate,
18. With the help of boiling curve For water, explain different regimes of boiling.(IO Marks)
19. Saturated steam at 120C is condensing on the outer surface of a single pass heat exchanger. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is 1600 W/m K. Determine the surface area of the heat exchanger required to heat 2000
kg/hr of water from 20C to 90C. Also determine the rate of condensation of steam in kg/hr. Assume the latent
heat of steam to be 2195ki/kg. (10 Marks)
20. With the help of neat sketch explain the different regimes of boiling. (08 Marks)
21. What are fouling Factors? Explain their effect in heat exchanger design calculations.
22. (04 Marks)
23. A certain heat exchanger has a total outside area of 15.82 m2. It is to be operated for cooling oil at 110C (Cp=
1900.j/kg K) flowing at a rate of 170.9 kg/min. Water at the rate of 68 kg/min is available at 35C as a cooling
agent. if the overall heat transfer co-efficient is 320 W/m2-K, calculate the outlet temperature of oil and water
for Counter flow arrangement.
24. Derive an expression for LMTD for a counter flow heat Exchanger (OS Marks)
25. A one shall pass, two tube pass heat exchanger is used to heat water from Tci=125C to Tco=80C, at a rate of
m=1.5 kg/s, with a pressurized water entering the tube at Th1=200 C and Tho=100 C, The overall heat transfer
coefficient is =1250 w/m2 C, calculate the heat transfer surface area required. (12 Marks)
26. Derive an expression for LMTD for a parallel how heat exchanger. (tOMarki
27. A cross flow heat exchanger in which both fluids are unmixed is used to heat water with a engine oil. Water
enters at 30C and Leaves at 85C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s, While the engine oil with Cp= 2.3 kj/kg K enter at 120C
with a mass flow rate of 3.5 kg/s. The heat transfer surface area is 30 m2. Calculate the overall heat transfer co-
efficient by using LMTD method
28. With neat sketch explain different regimes of boiling. (10 Marks)
29. A heat exchanger has 17.5m2 are available for heat transfer. It is used for cooling oil at 200C by using water
available at 20C. The mass flow rate and specific heat of oil are 10000 kg/hr and 1.9 KJ/kgk and that of water
are 3000 kg/hr and 4.137 KJ/kgk. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 300W/m2C, estimate the outlet
temperatures of oil and water for parallel flow and counter flow arrangements using LMTD method. (10 Marks
30. Define LMTD and obtain an expression for LMTD for parallel flow heat exchanger. (10 Marks)
31. The flow rate of hot and cold flux streams running through a parallel flow heat exchanger are 0.2 kg/s and 0.5
kg/s respectively. The inlet temperatures on the hot and cold sides are 75C and 20C respectively. The exit
temperature of hot water is 45C. If the individual heat transfer coefficients on both sides are 650 w/m2c,
calculate the area of heat transfer. (10 Marks)
32. Derive an expression for the effectiveness of a heat exchanger for a parallel flow arrangement. (10 Marks)
33. A cross flow heat exchanger with both fluids un massed flow arrangement, having heat transfer area A = 8.4m2
is to heat air at [C= 1.005 kJ/kgK] with water [Cph= 4.18OkJ/kgK]. Air enters at 15C and mair = 20 kg/s. Water

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enters at 90C and mass of water flow rate will be 0.25 kg/s. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is Um =
250W/m2 C. Calculate the exit temperature of air and water as well as the total heat transfer rate. (10 Marks)
34. With a neat sketch, explain the different regimes of pool boiling. (04 Marks)
35. Explain the different types of flow arrangements for a heat exchanger. (06 Marks)
36. A cross flow heat exchanger in which both fluids are unmixed is used to heat water with engine oil. Water enters
at 30C and leaves at 85C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s, while the engine oil with Cp= 2.3kJ/kgK enters at 120C with a
mass flow rate of 3.5 kg/s. The heat transfer surface area is 30 m2. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient
by only NTU method. (10 Marks)
37. 7 Define the following: i) Black body and opaque body ii) Stefan Boltzmann law iii) Kirchhoffs law
38. iv) Planks law v) Wiens displacement law (10 Marks)
39. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per unit area for two large parallel plates at temperatures of 427C and
27C respectively. (hot plate) is 0.9 and (cold plate) is 0.6. If a polished aluminium shield is placed between
them, find the percentage reduction in heat transfer. Given (shield) is 0.04. (10 Marks)
40. Give the classification of heat exchangers with relevant sketches. (06 Marks)
41. With proper assumptions derive an expression for LMTD for a parallel flow heat exchanger. (08 Marks)
42. A heat exchanger has an effectiveness of 0.5 when the flow is counter and the thermal capacity of one fluid is
twice that of the other fluid. Calculate the effectiveness of the heat exchanger if the direction of flow of one of
the fluids is reversed with the same mass flow rate as before. (06 Marks)
43. Derive an expression for the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMYD) for a parallel flow heat Exchanger
(12 Marks)
44. A cross flow heat exchanger, with both fluids unmixed has an area of 8.4m2 is used to heat air (Cp = 1005 J/kgK)
with water (Cp = 4180 J/kgK). Air enters at 15C, at a rate of2 kg/s, while water enters at 90C at a rate of 0.25
kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2K. Calculate exit temperatures of both fluids and the heat
transfer, using effectiveness NTU method. (08 Marks)
45. Derive an expression for LMTD of parallel flow heat exchanger. State the assumptions made.
46. A heat exchanger is used for cooling oil at 180C using water available at 25C. The mass flow rate of oil and
water Are 2.5 kg/s and 1.2 kg/s respectively. if the heat exchanger has 16m2 area available for heat transfer.
Calculate the outlet temperatures of oil and water for, i) Parallel flow and. ii) Counter flow arrangement. Take
Cp(oil) = 1900j/KG K. Cp(water)= 4184 J/KG K. U= 285 W/m2-K.
47. saturated steams at 120C condense on a 2 cm OD vertical tube which is 20 cm long. The tube wall is maintained
at a temperature of 119 C, Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient and the trickiness of the condensate
film at the base of the tube. Take the following at a pressure of Psat=1.955 bar, = 943 kg/m3,hfg = 2202.2
KJ/kg, K= 0.686 W/mK, = 237.3 x 10-6 NS/m
48. Write a note on fouling factor .
49. A heat exchanger is required to cool 55000 kg/hr of alcohol from 66C to 40C using 40000 kg/hr of water
entering at 5C. calculate the following i) The exit temperature of water.
50. ii) Surface area required for parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers
51. Take U = 580 W/m2K, Cp alcohol = 3160 J/kgk, Cpw =4180 J/kgK.
52. derive an expression for LMTD for a counter flow Heat Exchanger
53. A one shall pass two tube pass heat exchanger is used to heat water from Tc1= 25C to Tco=80C at a rate of
m=1.5 kg/s, with a pressurized water entering the tube at Th1=200 C and Tho=100C. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is : 1250 w/m2 c calculate the heat transfer surface area required.
54. Derive an expression for the effectiveness of a heat exchanger for a parallel flow arrangement.
55. A cross flow heat exchanger with both fluids un massed flow arrangement, having heat transfer area A = 8.4m2
is to heat air at [Cp = 1.005kJ/kgk] with water
56. [Cph = 4.18OkJ/kgk]. Air enters at 15C and mair = 20kg/s. While water enters at 90C and mass of water flow
rate will be 0.25 kg/s. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is Um=250 W/m2 C. Calculate the exit temperature
of both air and water as well as the total heat transfer rate. .
57. Derive an expression for the effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger.
58. Engine oil is to be cooled from 80C to 50C by using a single pass counter flow, concentric-tube heat exchanger
with cooling water available at 20C. Water flows inside a tube with an intemaldia of 2.5cm with a flow rate of
0.08 kg/s and oil flows through the annulus at a rate of 0.16 kg/s. The heat transfer coefficient for the water side

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and oil side are respectively 1000 W/m2C and 80 W/mC. The fouling factors are 0.00018 m2C/W and 0.00018
m2C/W. the tube wall resistance is negligible. Calculate the tube length required. Take specific heat of water as
4180 J/kgC and for oil. 2090J/kgC.
59. What do you mean by fouling factor? What are the causes of fouling? (04 Marks)
60. Derive an expression for effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchanger. (08 Marks)
61. In a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger, 10,000 kg/h of an oil having specific heat of 2095 J/kg-K is cooled
from 80C to 50C by 8000 kg/h of water entering at 25C. Determine the heat exchanger area for an overall
heat transfer coefficient of 300 W/m2-K. Take specific heat of water as 4180 J/kg-K. (08 Marks)
62. Derive an expression for LMTD of a counter flow heat exchanger. State the assumptions made. (08 Marks)
63. What is meant by the term fouling factor? How do you determine it? (04 Marks)
64. Engine oil is to be coded from 80C to 50C by using a single pass counter flow, concentric tube heat exchanger
with cooling water available at 20C. Water flows inside a tube with inner diameter of 2.5cm and at a rate of
0.08kg/sec and oil flows through the annulus at the rate of 0.16 kg/sec. The heat transfer coefficient for the
water side and oil side are respectively h = 1000 W/mC and hoil = 80W/m2C The fouling factors is FW 0.00018
m2C/W on both the sides and the tube wall resistance is negligible. Calculate the tube length required. , (08
Marks)
65. Derive an expression for effectiveness for parallel flow heat exchanger (08 Marks)
66. under what conditions LMTD and effectiveness methods are used in the design of heat exchanger.
67. Oil at 100C (Cp = 3.6kj/kg K ) flows at a rate of 30,000 kg/hr and enters a parallel flow heat exchanger. Cooling
water (C= 4.2kJ/kg K) enters heat exchanger at 10C at the rate of 50000kg/hr. The heat transfer area is I0m2
and u = I000 W/m2 K. Calculate outlet temperature of oil and water.
68. Derive an expression for the LMTD of a parallel flow heat exchanger. (08 Marks)
69. Define effectiveness and NTU of a heat exchanger. Give their equations. (04 Marks)
70. A tubular heat exchanger consists of 200 tubes each 20 mm outer diameter and 5 m length. Hot fluid flows
inside the tube and cold fluid flow over it but in opposite direction to that of hot fluid. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on OD is 320 W/m2- K, Determine the outlet temperatures of both fluids and total heat
transfer using the data given below: Thi = 120C, Tci = 20C, ms =20 kg/s, mc =5 kg/s. Cph =2000 j/kg-K, Cpc =4000
J/kg-K.
71. Derive an expression for LMTD for a counter flow heat exchanger. (10 Marks)
72. The velocity of water flowing through a tube of 2.2 cms diameter is 2 m/sec. Steam condensing at 150C on the
outside surface of the tube heats the water from 15 C to 60C over the length of the tube. Find the heat
transfer co-efficient and the length of the tube neglecting the tube and steam side film resistance. (10 Marks)
73. using dimensional analysis, obtain fundamental relation between dimensionless parameters in forced
Convection.
74. A vertical cylinder 1.8 m high, 7.5 cm in diameter is maintained at a temperature of 90C in an atmospheric
environment of 30C. Calculate the heat loss by convection from this cylinder. For this calculation cylinder may be
considered as a vertical plate.
75. A vertical tube 50mm dia and 1.5m long is used conducting dry steam at atmospheric pressure . the tube surface
temperature is 80C determine the mass flow rate of the condensate. Take the value of hfg = 2256.9kj/kg
76. Discuss the various regimes in boiling heat transfer.
77. Sketch the filmwise condensation on a vertical wall showing film thickness, velocity and temperature profiles. (4
Marks)
78. air free saturated steam at 85C and pressure of 57.8KPa condenses on the outer surface of 225 horizontal tubes
of 1.27cm OD arranged in a 15 by 15 array. Tube surface are maintained at a uniform temperature of 75C.
.
Calculate the total condensation rate per meter length of the tube bundle. Take hm ( )
Where N =
No. of tubes; D = dia of tubes. (8 Marks)
79.
80. Write a note on Reynolds analogy. (04 Marlis)
81. A nuclear reactor with its core constructed of parallel vertical plate 2.2 m high and 1.4 m wide has been
designed on free convection heating of liquid bismuth. The maximum temperature of the plate surface is limited

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to 960C, while the lowest allowable temperature of bismuth is 340C. Calculate the maximum possible heat
dissipation from both sides of each plate. Use the following correlation:
82. Nu = 0.13 (GrPr)0.33Take the following physical properties for bismuth: = 10000kg/m3, = 3.66 x 10-4 kg/ms,
Cp= 150.7 J/kgC, Kw= 13.02 W/mC, = 1.08 x 10-3.
83. What is dimensional analysis? What are the applications of dimensional homogeneity?
84. (4 Marks)
85. Atmospheric air at mean temperature of 300k and a bulk stream velocity of 10m/s flows through a tube with
diameter 2.5mm inside diameter. Calculate the pressure drop for 100m length of the tube for i) A smooth tube
ii) Commercial steel tube. (8 Marks)
86. Water flows with a velocity of 10m/s through a tube of inside diameter 60mm and length 3.5m. Find the heat
transfer rate by forced convection. If mean water temperature is 50C and tube wall surface temperature is
70C. Using empirical correlation Nu = 0.023(Re)0.8 (F)0.4
87. A vertical cylinder 1.8m high, 7.5 cm in diameter is maintained at a temperature of 90C in an atmospheric
environment of 30C. Calculate the heat loss by free convection from this cylinder. For this calculation, the
cylinder may be treated as vertical plate. (10 Murks)
88. A vertical tube 50 mm diameter and 1.5 m long is used for conducting dry steam at atmospheric pressure. The
tube surface temperature is 80C. determine the mass flow rate of condensate Take the value of hfg= 2255.9
kJ/kgK
89. Derive an expression for LMTD for counter flow heat exchanger. State the assumptions made.
90. An oil cooler consists of straight tube of 2 cms OD and 1.5 cm ID enclosed with in a pipe and co-centric with it.
The extemal pipe is well insulated. The oil flows through the tube at 0.05 kg/sec (Cp = 2 KJ/kgC) and cooling
fluid flows in the annulus in opposite direction at the rate of 0. 1 kg/s (Cp= 4 KJ/kgC). The oil enters the cooler
at 80C and leaves at 0C while cooling liquid enters the cooler at 30C. Calculate the length of the pipe required
if heat transfer co-efficient from oil to tube surface is 1720 W/m2C and from metal surface to coolant is 3450
W/m2C. Neglect the resistance of the tube wall. (10 Marks)
Unit 7
1. Explain the influence of the non-condensable gases in condensation process.

2. Differentiate between the mechanism of film wise and drop wise condensation. Explain why drop wise
condensation is preferred over film wise condensation,
3. A metal-clad heating element of 10 mm diameter and of emissivity 0.92 is submerged in a water bath
horizontally. Ifthe surface temperature of the metal is 260C under study boiling conditions, calculate the power
dissipation per unit length of the heater. Assume that the water is exposed to atmospheric pressure and is at
uniform temperature.
4. Explain film wise and drop wise condensation.
5. Draw the boiling curve and discuss the different regimes of boiling.
6. Derive an expression for the total mass of water vapour diffused from a water column to the air passing over the
water container.
7. Explain the conditions under which dropwise condensation can take place. Why is the rate of heat transfer in
dropwise condensation larger than filmwise condensation? (05 Marks)
8. State and explain Ficks law of diffusion. (05 Marks)
9. A square array of 400 tubes 15 mm outer diameter is used to condense steam at atmospheric pressure. The
tube walls are maintained at 88C by a coolant flowing through the tubes. Calculate the amount of steam
condensed per hour per unit length of the tubes. (10 Marks)
10. Sketch a pool boiling curve for water and explain briefly the various regimes in boiling heat transfer.
11. Define mass transfer coefficient. .. (02 Marks)
12. A 12cm outside diameter and 2m long tube is used in a big condenser to condense the steam at 0.4 bar.
Estimate the unit surface conductance i) in vertical position; ii) in horizontal position. Also find the amount of

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condensate formed per hour in both the cases. The saturation temperature of the steam = 74.5C. Average wall
temperature = 50C.
13. The properties of water film at average temperature = 62.7 C are given below
14. p = 982.2 kg/m3, hf = 2480 kJ/kg, K =0.65 W/mK, = 0.47 x 10-3 kg/ms. (12 Marks)
15. With near sketch, explain the regions of pool boiling (08 Marks)
16. State and explain Ficks law of diffusion (04 Marks)
17. Dry saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a vertical tube of diameter 5cm and length 1.5m. if
the surface is maintained at 80C. Determine the heat transfer rate and the mass of steam condensed per hr
18. With a neat sketch, discuss the different regimes of pool boiling. (06 Marks)
19. Distinguish between Film condensation and dropwise condensation. (04 Marks)
20. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient and the total condensation rate for airfree saturated steam at
65C condenses on the outer surface of a 2.5 cm OD, 3 m long vertical tube maintained at a uniform
temperature of 35C by the flow of cooling water through the tube. If the tube is made horizontal, what will be
the above values? Comment on results: (10 Marks)
21. Clearly explain the regions of pool boiling with neat sketch. (06 Marks)
22. State Ficks law of diffusion. What are its limitations? (06 Marks)
23. A vertical square plate (30 cms x 30 cms) is exposed to steam at atmospheric pressure. The plate temp is
maintained at 98C. Calculate the heat transfer rate and mass of steam condensed per hour. Take the properties
of water film at mean temperature. Density 960 kg/m3 Dynamics viscosity 282 x 10-6 kg/m.s Thermal
conductivity = 0.61 W/m Latent heat = 2255 kj/kg Temp of the steam = 100 C. (08 Marks)
24. saturated steams at 65C condense on a vertical tube with an outer diameter of 25 mm, which is maintained at
35C. Determine the length of tube needed, if the condensate flow needed is 6x10-3 kg/s (10 Marks)
25. Water at atmospheric pressure and saturation temperature is boiled in a 250 mm diameter, polished stainless
steel pan, which is maintained at 116C Calculate the heat flux and the evaporation rate. (10 Marks)
26.
27. 8 State and prove Kirchhoffs law of radiation. (06 Marks)
28. Two large parallel plates with emissivitys 0.5 and 0.8 are maintained at 800 K and 600 K respectively. A radiation
shied having an emissivity of 0.1 on one side and 0.05 on the other side is placed in between. Calculate the heat
transfer per unit area with and without the radiation shield. (08 Marks)
29. Determine the view factors from the base of a cube to each of its five surface& (06 Marks)
30. With a neat diagram explain the regimes of pool boiling. (08 Marks)
31. With proper notations and sketch define Ficks law of diffusion. (05 Marks)
32. A vertical cooling fin approximates a fiat plate of 40 cm height and is exposed to saturated steam at 100C (hfg =
2257 kJ/kg). The fin is maintained at a temperature of 90C. Calculate, i) Thickness of film at bottom of fin. ii)
Average heat transfer coefficient and iii) Heat transfer rate after incorporating Mc Adams correction. Take the
following properties: = 965.3 kg/m3; K =0.68 W/wE and = 3.153x10-4 kg/m.s
33. (07 Marks)
34. Clearly explain the regions of pool boiling with a neat sketch.
35. Define i) Mass concentration ii) Molar concentration
36. Air free saturated steam at a temperature of 65C (p = 25O3kPa) condenses on a vertical outer surface of a 3m
long vertical tube maintained at a uniform temperature of 35C. Assuming film condensation calculate the
average heat transfer co-efficient over the entire length of the surface Calculate the average heat transfer co-
efficient and rate of condensate flow (taking the data same as for a vertical tube) for a horizontal tube of 2.5cm
Outer diameter, (lO Marks)
37. With the help of typical experimental boiling curve explain the different regimes of pool boiling.
38. List out the assumptions made in Nusselts theory of laminar film condensation on a plane vertical surface,
39. Saturated steam at 80C condenses as a film on a vertical plate at a temperature of 70C Calculate the average
heat transfer coefficient and the rate of condensation. Assume that the latent heat of vaporisation at 80C as
2309 kj/kg.
40. Two Large parallel plates are at I000K and 800K. Determine the heat exchange per unit area, when I) the
surfaces are black ii) the hot surface has an emissivity of 0.9 and the cold surface has emissivity of 0.6. Iii) A large

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plate of emissivity 0.115 inserted between them. Also find the percentage reduction in heat transfer because of
introduction of the large plate.
41. Show that the radiation shape factor for a small area dA1 to circular disc A2 of dia D which are parallel to each
other with a distance L between them is given by, FdA1-A3= .
42. two very large parallel plates with emissivitys 0.3 and O8 exchange heat, Find the percentage reduction in heat
transfer when a polished aluminium radiation shield (e = 0.04) is placed between them.
43. Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a test tube 10 mm in dia and 150 mm long into dry
atmospheric air at 25k. Take mass diffusivity, D =0.256 cm2 /s, (11h Marks)
44. Determine heat Lost by radiation per meter length of 50 mm dia steel pipe at 300C. if:
I) Enclosed in a 160 mm dia red brick duct at a temperature of 27C and
ii) located in a Large room with walls at a temperature of 27C. Take w = 0.79 and
b= 0.93.
45. With the help of typical experimental boiling curve explain the different regimes of pool boiling. (0 Mrk)
46. List ail the assumptions made in Nusselts theory of laminar film condensation on a plane vertical surface. . (06
1rks
47. Saturated steam at 80C condenses as a film on a vertical plate at a temperature of 70C.
48. Calculate the average heat transfer co efficient and the rate of condensation. Assume that the latent heat of
vaporisation at 80 C as 2309 kj/kg.
49. Prove that Emissive Power of a black body is a times the intensity of the emitted
50. radiation. (O Murks)
51. An enclosure measures 1.5m*1.7m with a height of 2m. The walls and ceiling are
52. maintained at 250 C and the floor at 130C. The walls and ceiling have an emissivity of 0.82 and the floor 0.7.
Determine the net radiation to the floor. (5 Marks)
53. With the help of typical experimental boiling curve, explain the different regimes of pool boiling.
54. List all the assumptions made in Nusselt theory of laminar Film condensation on a plane vertical surface. 06
MHth)
55. Saturated steam at 80C condenses as a film on a vertical plate at a temperature of 70C. Calculate the average
heat transfer coefficient and the rate of condensation. Assume that the latent heat of vaporization at 80C as
2309kJ/kg.
56. Define the following: ) Solid angle ii) Radiation iii) Radiosity iv) Black body v) Radiation shape factor, (10 Marks)
57. A spherical tank with diameter 50 cm filled with a cryogenic fluid at 70 K is placed inside a spherical container of
diameter 75 cm and is maintained at 300 K, the emissivitys of inner and outer tanks are 0.1 and 0.2 respectively.
Calculate the rate of evaporation of cryogenic fluid. Take hfg= 2.1 x105j/kg. (lOIWark)
58. State and prove the Kirchhoffs law of Radiation.
59. Explain the following:i) Solid angle ii) Radiosity iii) Irradiation iv) Black body. (OS Marks)
60. Two parallel plates at T1 = 900 K and T2 = 500 K. have emissivities1= 0.6 and 2= 0.9 respectively. A radiation
shield having an emissivity 31= 015 on one side arid emissivity32 = 0.06 on the other side is placed between
the plates. Calculate the heat transfer rate by radiation per square meter with and without radiation shield. (08
Marksj
61. Define the following i)Solid angle ii) Irradiation iii) Radiosity v) Black body vi) radiation shape factor
62. A spherical tank with diameter 50 cm filled with a cryogenic fluid at 70k is placed inside a spherical container of
diameter 75cm and is maintained at 300k. The emissivities of inner and outer tanks are 0.1 and 0.2 respectively.
Calculate the rate of evaporation of cryogenic fluid. Take hfg=2.1x105j/kg
63. Explain, the following terms: i) Solid angle ii) Irradiation iii) Radiosity
64. Explain the concept of perfect black body.
65. Bring about a relation between intensity of radiation and emissive power of a black body.
66. State and prove lamberts Cosine law of intensity of radiation in along any direction is same for diffused radiation
(In =Io)
67. For a back body enclosed in a hemisphere space, prove that emissive power of the black body is times the
intensity of radiation

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68. Consider two large parallel plates; one at 1000 K with emissivity 0.8 and other is at 300 K having emissivity 0.6. A
radiation shield is placed between them the shield has emissivity as 0.1 on the side facing hot plate and 0.3 on
the side facing cold plate. Calculate percentage reduction in radiation heat transfer as a result of radiation
shield, (10
69. State and explain Ficks law of diffusion, (04 Marks)
70. Distinguish between the nucleate boiling and film boiling. (06 Marks)
71. A vertical tube of 60 mm outside diameter and 1.2 m long is exposed to steam at atmospheric pressure. The
outer surface of the tube is maintained at a temperature of 50C by circulating cold water through the tube.
Calculate the following: i) The rate of heat transfer to the coolant. ii) The rate of condensation of steam. (10
Marks)
72. With the help of typical experimental boiling curve, explain the different regimes of pool boiling. (08 Marks)
73. List all the assumptions made in Nusselts theory of laminar film condensation on a plane vertical surface. (06
Marks)
74. Saturated steam at 80C condenses as a film on a vertical plate at a temperature of 70C. Calculate the average
heat transfer coefficient and the rate of condensation. Assume that the latent heat of vapourisation at 80C as
2309 kJ/kg. (06 Marks)
75. Sketch and explain boiling curve. (06 Marks)
76. Saturated water at Tsat =100C is boiled inside a copper pan having a heating surface area 5 x 10m which is
maintained at uniform surface temperature T = 110C. Calculate: i) The surface heat flux (q) ii) The rate of
evaporation (m). (08 Marks)
77. State and explain Ficks law of diffusion. (06 Marks)
78. State and prove Kirchhoffs law of radiation. (05 Marks)
79. With neat sketch explain the concept of black body. (08 Marks)
80. Two concentric spheres of 20m and 30m are used to store liquid nitrogen at 120K in a room at 300K. The space
between the spheres is made perfect vacuum. The surfaces are highly polished to attain an emissivity of 0.04.
Calculate the rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen per hour if the latent heat of nitrogen is 1255 KJ/kg. (07
Marks)
Unit 8
1. Explain the following w.r.t mass transfer: i) Steady state diffusion through a plane membrane, ii) Steady state
equimolar counter diffusion, (In Nhark)
2. Hydrogen gas at 25C and 2.5 atmosphere flows through a rubber tubing of 12mm inside radius and 24mm
outside radius. The binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen is 2.1 x 10-8 m/s and the solubility of hydrogen is
0.055m3 of hydrogen per m3 of rubber at 1 atmosphere. If the gas constant for hydrogen is 4160j/kg K and the
concentration of hydrogen at the Outer surface of the tubing is negligible, calculate the diffusion flux rate of
hydrogen per meter length of rubber tubing.
4. Define the following : i) Mass diffusion coefficient. ii) Mass transfer coefficient. iii) Correlation for convection
mass transfer. (08 MArks)
5. Air at 20C ( p 1205 kg/m3, v= 150.6 x 10-6 m2/s, D =4.166 x 10-5 m/s) flows over a tray, length is equal to 320
mm, width is equal to 420 mm, full of water with a velocity of 2.8 m/s. The total pressure of moving air is 1atm
and the partial pressure of water present in the air is 0.0068 bars if the temperature on the water surface is
15C. Calculate the evaporation rate of water
6. Obtain an expression for Stefans law of diffusion of an ideal gaseous component through a practically stagnant
and ideal constituents of the binary system and show that the isothermal evaporation of mass of water into air
by diffusion is given by
7. ( ) = ln
8. The diffusion of air at 35C and 1 atmosphere flows at a mean velocity of 30m/s over i) flat plate of 50 cm long
and ii) a sphere of 5cm in diameter. Determine the mass transfer co-efficient of water vapour from the above

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mentioned surface in air. Assume that the water vapour content of air initially in negligible. Take D = 0.256 x 10-
4
m2/S; = 1,15kg/m3; Cp = 1.OO6kJ/kg , C = 3x10-6 kg/ms, Pr = 0.7 use the relation Jm = O.0296(Re)-2 for
turbulent flow over flat plate;
9. Sh= 2[1 + O.276(Re)-5(Sc)0.33] for turbulent flow over sphere. (10 Marks)
10. An open pan 20 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 25 C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. if
the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54 x 10-4 kg/h. estimate the diffusion co-efficient of water in air,
11. Define the Schmidt, Sherwood and Lewis number. Explain the physical significance of each.
12. An open pan 20 cm is diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. 1f
the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54 X 10-4 kg/hr. estimate the diffusion coefficient of water in air. (08
Marks)
13. Define the Schmidt. Sherwood and Lewis number. Explain the physical significance of each! (05 Marks)
14. An open pan 20 cm is diameter and 8 cm deep Contains water at 25C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air, if
the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54 X 10-4 kg/hr, estimate the diffusion coefficient of water in air. (08
15. Define the following: i) Convective mass transfer coefficient ii) Sherwood number iii) Lewis number
16. An open pan 20 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. If
the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.45 x 10-4 kg/h. estimate the diffusion coefficient of water in air.
17. State and prove Kirchhoffs law of radiation. (IS Marks)
18. Two large parallel plates at 800 K and 60O K have emissivitys of 0.5 and 0.8 respectively.
19. A radiation shield having emissivity of 0.1 or the surface facing 800 K plate and 0.05 on the surface lacing and
600 K plate is placed between the two plates in parallel direction with respect to the plates, Calculate
20. The radiation heat transfer between the two plates in presence of the radiation shield.
ii) The equilibrium temperature of the shield.
iii) The rate of heat transfer between the two plates without the presence of the radiation shield. (12 Marks)
21. Define Ficks first and second Law of diffusion.
22. Define the following: I) Convective mass transfer coefficient ii) Sherwood number iii) Lewis number iv) Schmidt
number 8 Marks
23. An open pan 20 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. If
the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.45 x 10-4 kg/h, estimate the diffusion coefficient of water in air. (08
Marks)
24. Explain steady state equimolal diffusion in gases. (06 MHrLc)
25. Calculate the rate of diffusion of water vapour from a pool of water at the bottom of a well 6 meters in height to
dry air flowing over the top of the well. Assume the entire system is at 25C and one atmosphere. If the well
diameter is 3 meters, then find the total weight of water diffused per hour From the surface of water in the
well, Take diffusion coefficient, D= 0.256 cm2/s. (OX Marks)
26. Define the following. I) Solid angle ii) Irradiation iii) Radiosity w) Black body vi) radiation shape factor (10 Marks)
27. A spherical tank with diameter 50 cm filled with a cryogenic fluid at 70k is placed inside a spherical container of
diameter 75cm and is maintained at 300K. The emissivities of inner and outer tanks are 0. 1 and 0.2
respectively, calculate the rate of evaporation of cryogenic fluid. Take h= 2*1 Xl05 .1/kg.
28. State and explain Kirchhoffs law. What are the condition under which it is applicable? (lit Lrks)
29. Derive an expression for net radiation heat transfer between two black bodies.
30. two large parallel plates are at 1000K and 800K. Determine the heat exchange per unit area when, i)The
surfaces are black. ii) The hot surface has an emissivity of 0.9 and cold 0.6 iii) A large plate of emissivity 0.1 is
inserted between them. Also find the percentage reduction in heat transfer because of introduction of the large
plate. (08 Marks)
31. Explain i) Steam lloltzman law ii) Kirchoffs law . iii) Planks law iv) Weins displacement law
32. v) Radiation shield. (10 marks)
33. Two large parallel plates with e = 0.5 each, are maintained at different temperatures and are exchanging heat
only by radiation. Two equally large radiations shields with surface emissive 0.05 are introduced in parallel lo the
plates. Find the percentage reduction in net radiative heat transfer(06
34. State and explain Ficks Law of diffusion.
35. define the following and explain their significance i) Mass Transfer coefficient ii) Schmidt number iii) Sherwood
number,

Page 30 of 31
36. Explain the physical significance of i) Schmidt number ii) Lewis number iii) Prandtl number. (06
37. With usual notation for one dimensional steady state diffusion in gases, prove that the Logarithmic mean partial
pressure PBin of component B is defined as PBin =
38. A deep narrow cylindrical vessel, which is open at the top, contains some toluene at the bottom. The air within
the vessel is considered motionless, but there is sufficient air current at the top surface of the vessel that any
toluene vapour arriving at the top surface is immediately removed to ensure zero toluene concentration at the
top surface, The entire system is at atmosphere pressure and 18.7C. Under these conditions the diffusivity of
air toluene vapour is D = 0.826x10-5 m2/s and saturated vapour pressure at the liquid surface in the vessel is
0.026 atm, Determine the rate of evaporation of toluene into the air per unit area of the liquid surface if the
distance between the liquid toluene surface and the top of the vessel is 1.524m.
39. An open pan 20cm diameter and 8cm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed to day atmospheric air. If the
rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54 x10-4 kg/hr, estimate the diffusion of water in air.
40. A thin metal plate 0.1 m by 0.1m is placed in a large container whose walls are kept at 300K The bottom surface
of the plate is insulated and the top surface is maintained at 500k as a result of electric heating. If the emissivity
of the surface of plate is 0.8, what is the rate of heat exchange between the plate and the walls of container?
Take 5.67 x108W/m2 (04 Marks)
41. Explain Ficks law of diffusion. What is mass diffusivity? (10 Marks)
42. Define and explain the physical significance of: i) Schmidt number ii) Sherwood number (04 Marks)
43. Air at 1 atm and 25C containing small quantities of iodine, flows with a velocity of 6.2 m/s inside a 35mm
diameter tube. Calculate the mass transfer coefficient for iodine. Take properties of air as = 15.5x10-6m2/s; D =
0.82x10-5m2/s (06 Marks)
44. State and explain the following: i) Stefan Boltzmann law. ii) Kirchhoffs law. iii) Plancks law iv) Wiens
displacement law v) Lamberts cosine law. (10 Marks)
45. For a black body enclosed in a hemispherical space, prove that emissive power of the black body is times the
intensity of radiation. (10 Marks)
46. Explain various regimes of boiling in pool boiling with a suitable sketch. (05 Marks)
47. Differentiate between filmwise condensation and dropwise condensation. (05 Marks)
48. Explain Ficks law of diffusion. (05 Marks)
49. Write a note on fouling factor. (05 Marks)
51. What do you mean by equimolar counter diffusion? (04 Marks)
52. The molecular weights of the two components A and B of a gas mixture are 24 and 28 respectively. The
molecular weight of a gas mixture was found to be 30. If the mass concentration of the mixture is 1.2 kg/m ,
determine the following: I) Molar fractions ii) Mass fractions iii) Total pressure if the temperature of the mixture
is 290K. (12 Marks)
53. For a black body enclosed in a hemispherical space show that emissive power of the black body is time the
intensity of radiation. (08 Marks)
54. State and explain: 1) Kirchoffs law. ii) Planeks law. iii) Weins displacement law. iv) Lamberts cosine law.
55. Explain briefly the concept of a black body.
56. Clearly define: i) Black body ii) Plancks law iii) Weins displacement law iv) Lainberts law
57. y) View factor vi) Radiation shield. (09 Marks)
58. It is desired to calculate the net radiant heat exchange between the floor of a fumace 4mx2m and a side wall
3mx2m. The emissivity of the floor material is 0.63 and that of the side wall material is 0.2. If the temperature of
the floor and side wall are 600C and 400C respectively. Calculate the net heat exchange between them. (05
Marks)
59. Two large parallel planes with emissivity 0.6 are at 900 K and 300 K. A radiation shield with one side polished
and having emissivity of 0.05 and the other side unpolished with emissivity of 0.4 is proposed to be used
between them. Which side of the shield should face the hotter plane, if the temperature of the shield is to be
kept minimum? Justify you answer. (06 Marks)
60. Explain briefly the concept of a black body. (04 Marks)

Page 31 of 31
61. State and explain, i) Kirchhoffs law. ii) Plancks law. iii) Weins displacement law. iv) Lamberts cosine law, (08
Marks)
62. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per unit area for two large parallel plates at temperature of 427C and
27C respectively. hotplate= 0.9, coldplate =0.6. if a polished aluminium shield is placed between them. Find the
percentage reduction in the heat transfer. shield = 0.04.
63. Explain briefly the concept of a black body.
64. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel plates at temperature of 427C and
27C respectively for hot plates is 0.9 and for cold plate it is 0.6. If polished aluminium shield is placed between
them. Find percentage reduction in the heat transfer. Assume E for shield 0.4.
65. Show that the emissive power of a black body is -times the intensity of emitted radiation.
66. (06 Marks)
67. Obtain an expression for the rate of heat transfer when radiation shield is introduced between two parallel
plates. (08 Marks)
68. Two very large parallel planes with emissivities 0.3 and 0.8 exchange radiative energy. Determine the
percentage reduction in radiative energy transfer where a polished aluminium radiation shield having emissivity
of 0.04 is placed between them. (06 Marks)
69. Explain brief the concept of black body.
70. State and explain the following laws:
71. ii) Stefan -Boltzmann law. ii). Kirchhoffs law. iii)Plancks law. iv) Wiens displacement law.
72. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel planes at temperatures of 427C and
27C respectively. Take for hot and cold planes to be 0.9 and 0.6 respectively. If a polished aluminium shield is
placed between them, find the percentage reduction in the heat transfer, given E for shield = 0.04
73. Define:
74. i) Black body ii) Planks law iii) Wien displacement law iv) Lamberts law,
75. Prove that emissive power of a black body in a hemispherical enclosure is times the intensity of radiation. (08
Marks)
76. Calculate net hear radiated (exchange) per m2 for two large parallel plates maintained at 800C and 300C. The
emissivities of two plates are 0.3 arid 0.6 respectively. (04 Marks)
77. State and prove Wiens displacement law of radiation. (06 Marks)
78. State and prove the Kirchhoffs law of radiation. (04 Marks)
79. With usual notations, prove that the emissive power of a diffuse surface is times its intensity.
80. Two large parallel plates of equal areas are at temperature of 150C and 40C, while their emissivitys are 0.6
and 0.7 respectively If a radiation shield of emissivity 0.04 is inserted in between the plates, estimate the
percentage reduction in heat exchange by radiation. (08 Marks)
81. The temperature of a black surface 0.2m2 in area is 540C. Calculate: i) The total rate of energy emission. ii) The
intensity of normal radiation. iii) The wavelength of maximum monochromatic emissive power. (06 Marks)
82. Derive an expression for a radiation shape factor and show that it is a function of geometry only. (08 Marks)
83. Two large parallel planes having emissivities at 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at temperature of 800 C and 300C
respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity of 0.05 on both sides is placed between the two planes.
84. Calculate: i) Heat transfer per unit area without shield. ii) Find the temperature of the shield and heat transfer
per unit area with shield. (10 Marks)

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HMT QUESTON BANK

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

52. For a material with variable thermal conductivity, show that:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

1. Explain the influence of the non-condensable gases in condensation process.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore-01.

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