Power is a measure of how much energy is transferred every second.
Electricity Revision Booklet P Power = I V Calculating Power Calculate the power of the following: 1. A light bulb with a potential difference of 12 V and a current of 5 A. ___________________________________________________ 2. An electric fire with a potential difference of 230 V and a current of 4 A. ___________________________________________________ Energy Transferred 1 watt of power is equal to 1 J of energy being transferred every second. Calculate the energy transferred in the following examples: 1. A 60 W light bulb switched on for 2 minutes. Name: Class: Label the plug: ___________________________________________________ 2. An 800 W microwave running for 4 minutes. ___________________________________________________ Fuse ratings Calculate the current each of the following appliances needs, and suggest which fuse would be the most suitable. Fuses are either 3 A, 5 A, or 13 A. How do the earth wire and the fuse protect people from electric shocks? Assume they are all connected to the mains at 230 V. 1. A 1.8 kW kettle. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. An 800 W microwave ___________________________________________________ What are the advantages of using circuit breakers instead of fuses? 3. A 1.15 kW electric heater. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Heating Effect of a Current Why do double insulated appliances not need an earth wire? A current carrying wire will heat up. Give one problem and one use of this effect: ___________________________________________________ Problem: ______________________________________________ Use: _________________________________________________ Ohms Law Electric Charge For a component that obeys Ohms law the ___________ Explain how you can use a cloth to charge a __________ across a component is directly __________ to the _________ flowing through it; i.e. if you ________ the plastic rod, making specific reference to potential difference, you double the _________. the transfer of electrons. Components such as resistors and connecting wires will obey Ohms law, assuming temperature stays constant. ___________________________ Words: current potential difference double proportional current ____________________________________________________ Filament Bulbs Filament bulbs do/do not obey Ohms law. As a current flows it Which combinations of positive and negative charge attract and repel each causes the filament to heat up, emitting heat and light. other? Positive & Positive: Positive & Negative: Negative & Negative: The resistance of the filament increases/decreases as the temperature increases. As the temperature increases the Explain how an aeroplane can become charged, and the dangers it can cause: resistance increases/decreases. As potential difference ____________________________________________________ increases the resistance increases/decreases, so potential difference is/is not proportional to current. ____________________________________________________ Diodes ____________________________________________________ Diodes have a very high resistance in one direction, so an electrical current can only flow in the opposite direction. It takes ____________________________________________________ a potential difference of around 0.6 V for a current to flow ____________________________________________________ through a diode. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are often used as indicator lights in electrical equipment, e.g. computers. Explain one use of static electricity: Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) ____________________________________________________ Explain how the resistance of LDRs changes with light intensity. ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Thermistors ____________________________________________________ Explain why the resistance of thermistors made from semiconductors decreases with temperature, while the resistance of metals increases. ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Resistance Electrical Circuits Resistance in an electrical circuit is provided by anything that ________ a Circuit Symbols current; i.e. it makes it ________ for current to flow. Connecting wires have Label the following circuit symbols: relatively ___ resistance compared to filament bulbs. Resistance is measured in _____, and can be calculated from the __________ ___________ V A across a component and the ________ flowing through it. Longer wires have ________ resistance than shorter wires, and thick wires have _______ resistance than thin wires. Current Words: higher harder ohms resists low Current is defined as the rate of flow of ________. potential difference current lower Calculating Resistance Q Write the equation for calculating resistance below. Current = I t V Resistance = The charge flowing in an electrical circuit is provided by free __________. I R Series & Parallel A series circuit is one continuous loop. A parallel circuit has one or more Example Questions branches connected to the loop. Label the following as series or parallel. What is the resistance of the following? 1. A bulb with a potential difference of 1.5 V and a current of 0.5 A. ___________________________________________________ 2. A resistor with a potential difference of 1 V and a current of 0.1 A. ___________________________________________________ 3. A motor with a potential difference of 6 V and a current of 12 A. Current in Series and Parallel ___________________________________________________ Current in a series circuit (is the same at all points/splits down each branch). 4. Calculate the following: Current in a parallel circuit (is the same at all points/splits down each branch). 1 .5 V a) The potential difference across the resistor. Fill in the readings you would see on each ammeter. b) The resistance of the bulb. 2A 1A 3A 0.1 A A1 A1 = A4 A6 A4 = A7 A7 = A1 0 1 0 2A A5 A5 = A8 A8 = 0.5 V V A 2 A 2= A6 = A9 A9 = A = A1 0 = A3 3 Potential Difference Current & Potential Difference Potential difference is a measure of how much ________ is transferred to/ Use the first circuit to suggest what the current would be in the other circuits. from a component. It is measured in _______ (_______ per ________). 1.5 V 3.0 V 4.5 V 4.5 V The ______ or battery provides the potential difference needed for a 1A A1 A1 = A2 A 2= A3 A3 = _________ to flow. An __________ in the potential difference of the power supply will make the current __________. Suggest why the values may not exactly match the values above. Words: cell volts increase joules higher energy coulomb current ____________________________________________________ Potential Difference in Series Circuits ____________________________________________________ The sum of potential differences across each component in a series circuit must equal the potential difference across the cell; i.e. if a cell has a potential ____________________________________________________ difference of 1.5 V, the potential differences across the other components Summary must add up to 1.5 V. Any more and we would be violating the laws of physics! In a series circuit: What would the potential differences be across the following components? Current is the same/splits up at any point 1.5 V 3.0 V 3.0 V V4 Voltage is the same/splits up over each component In a parallel circuit: Current is the same/splits up down each branch V1 1 .5V V2 1 .0 V V3 V4 = 1.0 V 3.0 V Voltage is the same/splits up across each branch V1 = V 2= V3 = Example Questions 6.0 V 9.0 V Potential Difference in Parallel Circuits The sum of potential differences across each component in each branch must 3A A3 3A A6 A1 A4 equal the potential difference across the cell. Why arent we violating the laws A1 = V1 = A4 = V4 = of physics? Each branch will have a lower current, so each branch only gets a V1 V4 A 2= V 2= A5 = V5 = fraction of the energy, thus energy is conserved. A2 A5 What would the potential differences be across the following components? A3 = V3 = A6 = V6 = V2 V3 V5 V6 1.5 V 1.5 V 3.0 V 3.0 V V9 Explain the readings on the ammeters in each of the circuits. ____________________________________________________ 1 .5V 1 .5V 1 .5V V3 1 .5V V5 ____________________________________________________ 2V V7 V1 V2 V4 1 .5V V6 ____________________________________________________ V8 2V V1 = V 2= V3 = V5 = V7 = V8 = V9 = ____________________________________________________ V4 = V6 =