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The
Nucleus
MED PHYS 1E03
We
also
know
the
charge
of
a
nucleus
is
equal
to
the
atomic
number,
Z,
=mes
the
charge
of
a
proton
We
can
think
of
the
nucleus
as
a
sphere
of
charge
distribu=on
which
has
a
charge
density
The
atomic
number
denes
the
element
i.e.
the
posi=on
in
the
periodic
table
The
radius
of
a
nuclei
is
typically
less
than
10F
(Fermi)
1F=1x10-15m.
Compare
this
with
the
radius
of
an
atom
at
~10-10m
The
mass
of
both
protons
and
neutron
is
1.675x10-27kg.
Compare
this
with
the
mass
of
an
electron
at
9.109x10-31kg
Note
that
1AMU
=
1.661x10-27kg
The
charge
on
a
proton
is
the
same
as
the
electron
but
is
posi=ve
rather
than
nega=ve
+1.602x10-19
C
The
Nucleus
MED PHYS 1E03
There
is
a
nuclear
force
ac=ng
between
the
par=cles
in
the
nucleus
that
must
be
an
aVrac=ve
force
that
keeps
the
nucleus
together
The
nuclear
force
is
a
very
short
(<
2F)
range
force
and
must
be
a
very
strong
force
compared
to
the
repulsive
Coulomb
force.
+
+
The
Nucleus
MED PHYS 1E03
There
is
a
nuclear
force
ac=ng
between
the
par=cles
in
the
nucleus
that
must
be
an
aVrac=ve
force
that
keeps
the
nucleus
together
The
nuclear
force
is
a
very
short
(<
2F)
range
force
and
must
be
a
very
strong
force
compared
to
the
repulsive
Coulomb
force.
+ +
There
is
a
nuclear
force
ac=ng
between
the
par=cles
in
the
nucleus
that
must
be
an
aVrac=ve
force
that
keeps
the
nucleus
together
The
nuclear
force
is
a
very
short
(<
2F)
range
force
and
must
be
a
very
strong
force
compared
to
the
repulsive
Coulomb
force.
N P
The
nuclear
force
is
charge
independent
i.e
it
is
the
same
between
protons
and
protons,
protons
and
neutrons
or
neutrons
and
neutrons
Binding
Energy
MED PHYS 1E03
The
nucleons
(protons
and
neutrons)
each
have
binding
energy
giving
the
nucleus
a
total
binding
energy
value.
If
we
were
to
take
the
cons=tuent
nucleons
of
a
nucleus
(i.e.
all
the
protons
and
neutrons)
M
=
m
Binding
Energy
MED PHYS 1E03
MNucleus = m-M
There
are
many
unstable
nuclei
in
which
some
of
the
nucleons
may
obtain
enough
energy
to
break
free
of
the
nucleus.
These
nuclei
are
said
to
disintegrate
or
decay
and
are
known
as
radioac=ve.
In
the
process
of
disintegra=on,
a
nucleus
can
eject
alpha
par=cles,
beta
par=cles
and
gamma
rays.
Nuclear
Emissions
MED PHYS 1E03
Unstable
nuclei
Gamma
()
rays
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Beta
(-)
par=cles
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
Alpha
()
par=cle
+ +
Positrons
(+)
par=cles
Radioac=vity
MED PHYS 1E03
The
disintegra=on
process
is
one
of
pure
chance
and
there
is
no
way
of
knowing
when
a
par=cular
nucleus
will
decay
However,
if
there
are
many
nuclei
present
we
know
that
sta=s=cally
a
certain
percentage
will
disintegrate
over
a
given
=me
depending
on
the
nuclei
in
ques=on
Isotopes
MED PHYS 1E03
Elements
Elements
are
dis=nguished
from
each
other
by
atomic
number
(ie
number
of
protons
in
the
nucleus)
Elements
can
have
more
than
one
isotope
Isotopes
Are
atoms
having
the
same
atomic
number
but
dierent
mass
number
(ie
dierent
number
of
neutrons)
Isotopes
of
an
element
have
the
same
chemical
proper=es
as
the
number
of
electrons
is
the
same
Radioisotopes
A
naturally
or
ar=cially
produced
radioac=ve
isotope
of
an
element.
The
Decay
Equa=on
MED PHYS 1E03
The
probability
of
a
radioac=ve
atom
decaying
in
say
one
second
is
called
the
transforma*on
constant
or
the
decay
constant
,
.
If
we
have
N
radioac=ve
atoms,
the
number
decaying
every
second
will
be
given
by
N.
N = Nt
t
N = N 0e
where
N0
is
the
original
number
of
atoms
at
t=0
Half
Life
MED PHYS 1E03
The
half
life
(T1/2),is
the
=me
it
takes
for
half
the
number
of
atoms
in
a
quan=ty
of
Radioac=ve
material
to
decay
No of atoms
1000
Exponen=al
decay
500
250
125
T1/2
=
10
hrs
20
hrs
30
hrs
Time
(hours)
Ac=vity
MED PHYS 1E03
t
A = A0 e
Unstable
Nuclei
MED PHYS 1E03
N
=
Z
line
Too
many
neutrons
and
protons
Line
of
stability
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Beta
Decay
(-)
MED PHYS 1E03
neutrino
Unstable
nuclei
too
many
neutrons
+
n p + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
par=cle
(electron)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A A +
Z X Z +1 Y +
+
+
+
+
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
Energy of atom
14
6C Parent
14
7 N Daughter
Increasing
Z
Beta
Decay
(-)
MED PHYS 1E03
14
6 C Parent
14
7 N Daughter
The energy carried away by the electron and the neutrino in this example is 0.156MeV
E average
Frequency
Emax
Energy
(MeV)
Excited
or
metastable
daughter
product
?
A A * A
X Y
Y +
Z Z +1 Z +1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
Energy of atom
Parent
-
(beta
decay)
Daughter
(excited
state)
(gamma)
Increasing
Z
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
60
27 Co Parent
(5.26
yrs)
This
leads
to
Ni-60
in
an
excited
state.
This
gives
up
its
energy
via
the
emmision
of
two
gamma
rays
with
energies
1.173
and
1.332
to
Ni-60
in
the
ground
state
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
60
27 Co Parent
(5.26
yrs)
1.173 MeV
1.332 MeV
60
28 Ni Daughter
It
is
these
two
gamma
rays
that
provide
radia=on
in
therapy
cobalt
units.
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
60
27 Co Parent
(5.26
yrs)
1.332 MeV
60
28 Ni Daughter
In
the
0.12%
of
cases
when
this
does
not
happen
there
is
an
alterna=ve
beta
decay.
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
133
54 Xe
1
0.384
2
6 5 4
3 0.181
1
0.081
2 3
0
133
55 Cs
Internal
Conversion
MED PHYS 1E03
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
--
+
-
--
Internal
Conversion
MED PHYS 1E03
-
-
Conversion
Electron
+
+
-
+
+
+
--
+
The
energy
of
the
conversion
electron
is
the
same
as
the
gamma
ray
would
have
been,
minus
the
binding
energy
-
of
the
electronic
shell
(in
this
case
the
--
K
shell)
Decay
Scheme
for
Internal
Conversion
MED PHYS 1E03
137
55 Cs
1-
(94.6%)
0.514
MeV
IC
e-
137
56 Ba
137
56 Ba
Internal
Conversion
MED PHYS 1E03
+
p n + e + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A + A +
+
+
Z X Z 1 Y +
+
+
Positron
Annihila=on
MED PHYS 1E03
511 keV
Energy
of
atom
15
8 O Parent
1.022 MeV
+ (Positron decay)
15
7 N Daughter
Decreasing
Z
Beta
Plus
Decay
(+)-
positron
decay
MED PHYS 1E03
In
order
for
this
decay
to
occur
there
must
be
at
least
2m0c2
(1.022MeV)
dierence
in
the
parent
and
daughter
nuclei.
The
remaining
energy
is
given
to
the
positron
and
the
neutrino.
13
7 N Parent
1.022
MeV
+
(Positron
decay)
2.21
MeV
Emax
=
2.21
1.022
=
1.19
MeV
13
6 C Daughter
Electron
Capture
MED PHYS 1E03
p + e n +
-
A EC A -
Z X
Y
Z 1
+
+
-
+
+
+
--
+
-
--
Electron
Capture
MED PHYS 1E03
An=
neutrino
p + e n +
-
A EC A -
Z X
Y
Z 1
+
+
-
+
+
+
--
+
-
--
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
125
53 I
EC
Excited
state
125
Te
52
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
7
4 Be
EC
(10.3%)
Excited
state
0.862
MeV
0.478
MeV
7
3 Li
Neutrino
will
have
energy
=
(0.862-0.478)
-
BE
K
shell
Decay
Scheme
MED PHYS 1E03
7
4 Be
EC
(10.3%)
Excited
state
0.862
MeV
0.478
MeV
EC
(89.7%)
7
3 Li
Neutrino
will
have
energy
=
0.862
-
BE
K
shell
Alpha
()
Decay
MED PHYS 1E03
Unstable nuclei
Alpha
()
par=cle
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A A 4
Z X
Y
Z 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Decay
Scheme
for
Alpha
Decay
MED PHYS 1E03
222
86 Rn *
0.18 MeV
222
86 Rn
Alpha
()
Decay
MED PHYS 1E03
For
example
in
human
son
=ssue
a
5MeV
alpha
will
be
brought
to
rest
in
a
few
tens
of
microns.
The energy is deposited in the =ssue over this very short distance
Of
par=cular
concern
is
if
the
alpha
emiVer
is
in
the
form
of
a
gas
and
is
taken
into
the
lungs
Nuclear
Fission
MED PHYS 1E03
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Nuclear
Fission
MED PHYS 1E03