Chapter

2
Essential Chemistry
for Biology
m
m
mm
PowerPoint Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for

Campbell Essential Biology, Sixth Edition, and

m
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fifth Edition
m Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, and Jane B. Reece
 Matter
Matter is anything that occupies ________
and has __________.

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 Elements
Matter is composed of ___________________.
Elements are substances that cannot be
broken down into other substances.
There are _____ naturally occurring elements
on Earth.
______ elements are essential for life.

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 Carbon C: 18.5%

Oxygen O:
65.0%
Calcium Ca: 1.5%
Phosphorus P: 1.0%
Potassium K: 0.4%
Sulfur S: 0.3%
Sodium Na: 0.2%
Chlorine Cl: 0.2%
Magnesium Mg: 0.1%
Hydrogen H:
9.5% Trace elements: less than 0.01%
Boron B Manganese Mn
Chromium Cr Molybdenum Mo
Nitrogen N:
Cobalt Co Selenium Se
3.3% Copper Cu Silicon Si
Fluorine F Tin Sn
Iodine I Vanadium V
Iron Fe Zinc Zn

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 Atoms
Each element consists of one kind of ______.
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that
still ____________________of an element

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 Atomic Structure
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles.
Protons are positively charged & __________
Electrons are negatively charged, has ______
_______________.
Neutrons are electrically neutral & ________.

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 _____________ ________________
Positive charge Negative charge
Determine element Participate in chemical
- reactions
Outer-shell electrons
determine chemical behavior
+
+

______________ - _____________
No charge Atom Consists of neutrons and
Determine isotope protons

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 Elements differ in the number of subatomic
particles in their atoms.
_______________: the number of protons,
determining which element it is.

_______________: the sum of both

protons and neutrons.

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 ________________ 6
Periodic Table
_______________
______________
C
12

H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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 Electron Arrangement
Electrons orbit atoms at specific distances called
electron shells.
The first (inner) shell can hold up to __________
______________.
All subsequent (outer) shells can hold up to ____
_____________.
Atoms with incomplete outer electron shells are
reactive (______________________________
___________________)

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 Om
First electron shell Outer electron shell
ocan hold 2 electrons can hold 8 electrons
Electron

Hydrogen H Carbon C Nitrogen N Oxygen O

Atomic number = 1 Atomic number = 6 Atomic number = 7 Atomic number = 8

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 Chemical Bonds and Molecules
________________ enable atoms to give up
or acquire electrons to complete their outer
shells.
These reactions result in atoms joining
together with other atoms, ____________
______________.
Atoms are held together in molecules by
________________.

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 Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond forms when two atoms
____________________.
The number of covalent bonds an atom
can form is equal to the number of
electrons needed to fill its outer shell.

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 Electron Structural Space-filling Ball-and-stick
configuration formula model model

O
O
Double
bond C
C
Single H H
H H bond

Name (molecular formula) : Formaldehyde (CH2O)

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 Chemical Reactions
Cells constantly change molecules by breaking
existing chemical bonds and forming new ones.
Chemical reactions do not create or destroy
matter; ___________________.

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 2 H2O2 2 H2O O2

Hydrogen Water Oxygen

peroxide gas

____________ __________________

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 Water
Water, which covers 75% of Earths surface and
makes up between ______________ of a cells
volume, is a polar molecule that forms hydrogen
bonds.

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 Polar Molecules
Polar molecules such as water are those in which
____________________________between atoms.

slightly + slightly +

H H

slightly
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 Hydrogen Bonds
The polarity of water results in electrical
attractions between neighboring water
molecules.
These attractions are called _____________.

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 ______________

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