CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In recent days power generation using renewable energy source gained more attraction. The most
commonly available and used energy resources are solar and wind. The objective presented here is charging of
low power electronic gadgets using the solar energy and wind energy available during travelling. Charging of
mobile is a big problem when travelling a long distance journey or where power supply is not available.
Travelling chargers for mobile phones ,iPods and MP3 players are available but they are expensive and need
separate models for charging at home and in the car. so we proposed a MULTI SOURCE ENERGY
GENERATOR, or simply a mobile charger using solar and wind energy. As the name indicate it is generating
electricity from multiple sources.

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 CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SOLAR
PANEL

LCD

VOLTAGE
REGULATOR

MANUAL
SWITCH LED
INDICATION
BUCK BOOST MCU

RELAY

WIND MILL

RECHARGEABLE
LPF
BATTERY

VOLTAGE MOBILE
REGULATOR CHARGING OUT

Fig.2.1 Block Diagram

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 CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATIONS

3.1 SOLAR PANEL

Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating
electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically 610 solar cells.
Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar
electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under
standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the
area of a module given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a
16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few commercially available solar panels available that exceed 22%
efficiency and reportedly also exceeding 24%. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of
power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array
of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

3.2 WIND

A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power.Wind powered
generator consisting of fan blades a rotor that picks up energy from the blades and accelerates it,and a motor
which receives energy from the rotor and produces DC current. A generator in the case of wind turbine is
simply a set of magnet spin around a coiled wire. It creates an electrical current.

3.3 BUCK BOOSTER

The buckboost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is
either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback converter using a single
inductor instead of a transformer. Two different topologies are called buckboost converter. Both of them can
produce a range of output voltages, ranging from much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage,
down to almost zero.

3.4 MANUAL SWITCH

The Manual Switch block is a toggle switch that selects one of its two inputs to pass through to the output.
To toggle between inputs, double-click the block. The block propagates the selected input to the output, while
the block discards the unselected input. You can interactively control the signal flow by setting the switch
before you start the simulation or by changing the switch while the simulation is executing. The Manual Switch
block retains its current state when you save the model.

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3.5 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnetic to mechanically operate a
switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal.

3.6 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

The heart of any embedded system is microcontroller. Microcontrollers are digital devices which can be
programmed according to the requirements of the designer and have the ability of data processing like
arithmetic and logical operations.

The main purpose of using MC in the circuit is to control the relay and perform LCD and LED operation. All
circuits are interfaced directly with the MC. The MCU takes or read data from LPF and perform analog to
digital conversion using port 0. When the input voltage exceeds the maximum charging level of the
rechargeable battery the relay gets ON to disconnect the charging circuit, Since we interfaced relay with the MC
through interrupt pin.

3.7 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a type of electrical battery which
can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times

3.8 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may
be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an
electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate
one or more AC or DC voltages.

3.9 LOW PASS FILTER

A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff
frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The exact frequency
response of the filter depends on the filter design. The filter is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or treble cut
filter in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the complement of a high-pass filter.

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3.10 LED INDICATION

A light-emitting diode(LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamp in many
devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early
LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but , modem versions are available across visible, UV and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness

3.11 DISPLAY SECTION

LCD display is used for displaying the state of the unit. It displays charge level of battery. LCD is module
is a dot matrix liquid crystal display that displays alphanumeric and symbols. The built in controller and driver
LSI, provide convectional connecting between LCD and most 4 or 8 bit microcontroller. The CMOS technology
makes the device ideal for application in handled portable and other powered instruments with low power
consumption.

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 CHAPTER 4

WORKING
Here we are introducing a mobile charger using solar and wind energy source. It consist of solar panel,
voltage regulator, fan, buck boost, manual switch, relay, rechargeable battery, low pass filter ,microcontroller
unit, output source.

The input to this circuit is either fan or solar panel. The output from the solar panel is given to the voltage
regulator to get the desired output voltage. the output voltage from solar panel will be 12 v.This regulated output
is given to the manual switch. This switch also run by output from the buck booster. Buck booster is used to
amplify the voltage from the fan output which is very small.The output of the manual switch is given to the
relay driver to connect to the battery. Here relay is used to avoid the over voltage passes to the battery which
cause battery damage. Here we use rechargeable battery of 9v storage capacity.The output from the battery is
given to lowpass filter to remove the noise and also to the regulated IC 7805 to drive microcontroller.Output of
the regulated ic connected to the output source ie mobile charger or other charging circuit upto 5v.

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 CHAPTER 5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.5.1 Circuit Diagram

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 CHAPTER 6

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXLPANATION

6.1 BUCK BOOSTER

The buck booster circuit consist of IC XL6009,inductor,resistors and capacitors.The main working principle
of Buck Boost converter is that the inductor in the input circuit resists sudden variations in input current. When
switch is ON the inductor stores energy from the input in the form of magnetic energy and discharges it when
switch is closed. The capacitor in the output circuit is assumed large enough that the time constant of RC circuit
in the output stage is high. The large time constant compared to switching period ensures that in steady state a
constant output voltage Vo(t) = Vo(constant) exists across load terminals.

Fig.6.1 Buck Boost

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6.2 MICROCONTROLLER WITH LCD

Fig. 6.2 MCU with LCD

PIC16F877 is used as the microcontroller in our project. It reads the analog input and displays the
charging level.The LCD is used to display the system status. Software communication takes place between the
controller of the LCD & the microcontroller. Control lines of the LCD modules (RS,R/W,EN) are connected to
RC0,RC1,RC2 of the microcontroller respectively. The data transfer from LCD to MUC takes place through
port D. Data lines of the LCD are connected to port D as the figure.

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6.3 LCD

The LCD contains 2 register data and command register. It contains 8 data lines 1 register select pin and one
enable pin.The address of the LCD starts from 0x80.

For the proper working of the LCD we have to send five commands to the command register they are

0X38- On the LCD

0X0E- On the cursor

0X01- Clear the screen

0X06- Right shift the data

0X80- Address of the LCD

The address of the LCD varies from 0X80- 0X8F for the first row and 0XC0 0XcF for the second row.

6.4 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

The power supply is the most indispensible part of any project. IC regulators are versatile and relatively
inexpensive. The regulated circuit is used to maintain constant output level. The integrated circuit regulator,
some time called the three terminal regulators contain the circuitry of reference source error amplitude control
device and overload protection all in a single IC chip. They are connected between output of the filter and input
of the load.The 78xx series consists of three terminal +ve voltage regulators. With adequate heat sinking they
can deliver output current in excess of 1A.For proper operation ,there should be a common ground between the
input and output voltages.

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference
source , comparator, amplifier ,control device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide
regulation of either a fixed positive voltage , a fixed negative voltage or an adjustably set voltage. The series
78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volt

6.5 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light,
but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high
brightness.

LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are
able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. The LED
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is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) with integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and
assist in reflection

Fig.6.5 LED

6.6 RELAY

Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and
mechanically. Relays consist of a n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The
switching mechanism is carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are
also other operating principles for its working. But they differ according to their
applications. Most of the devices have the application of relays. Fig.6.6 Relay

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit. It
is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. The application of relays
started during the invention of telephones. They played an important role in switching calls in telephone
exchanges. They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from
one source to another destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to perform Boolean and
other logical operations. The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric motors
and so on. Such relays are called contactors.

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6.7 MCU (MICROCONTROLLER UNIT):

Here the popular microcontroller PIC 16F877 from MICROCHIP Corporation is used as the CPU of the
system. PIC microcontrollers are the most popular 8 bit microcontroller in the world. They are available in wide
variety in pin outs, memory capacity and have lots of integrated peripherals like ADCs, SERIAL modules and
EEPROM.

The PIC 16F877 is available in 40 pin DIP package and have program memory capacity of 8 Kb , ram of 368
bytes and 256 bytes of EEPROM. They are working in clock speed range of 0 Hz to 20 MHz and the operation
is fully static also. They have 5 I/O ports named as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD and PORT E. Among
these PORT A is 6 bit wide and PORT E is 3 bit wide and all other ports are 8 bit wide. Most of the peripheral
I/O functions are multiplexed with PORTC pins. The ADC inputs are available in PORT A and PORT E.

The PIC controllers have 14 bit wide program memory space by which an instruction occupies only one
memory space. This allows more program density. These are addressed with a 13 bit wide program counter
during execution .The program memory is addressed from 0000h to 1fffh and the reset vector is at 0000h and
interrupt vector is at 0004h. The program counter points the address of the memory location to be executed next
and increments in every machine cycles. One machine cycle consists of 4 clock cycles. Generally they are low
power devices and works in voltage range of 2v to 5.5v. They have 13 interrupt sources like external pulse
interrupt and serial receive interrupt etc.

These chips are supplied with in circuit serial programming facility and are flash technology also. The flash
memory can be re written 1000 times

Fig.6.7 Microcontroller

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PIN DIAGRAM

Fig.6.71 Pin Diagram

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 CHAPTER 7

SOFTWARE SECTION

FLOW CHART

Fig.7.1 Flow Chart

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 CHAPTER 8

PCB PREPARATION AND LAYOUT

PCB PREPARATION

You need to generate a positive (copper black) UV translucent art work film. You will never get a good
board without good art work, so it is important to get the best possible quality at this stage. The most important
thing is to get a clear sharp image with a very solid opaque black. Art work is done using ORCAD software. It
is absolutely essential that your PCB software prints holes in the middle of pads, which will act as centre marks
when drilling. It is virtually impossible to accurately hand-drill boards without these holes. If you are looking to
buy PCB software at any cost level and want to do hand-prototyping of boards before production, check that this
facility is available when defining pad and line shapes, the minimum size recommended (through-linking holes)
for reliable result is 50 mil, assuming 0.8mm drill size; 1 mil=(1/1000)th of an inch. You can go smaller drill
sizes, but through linking will be harder. 65 mil round or square pads for normal components.

Fig8.1Mica Sheet

COPPER CLAD LAMINATE:

ICs, with 0.8 mm hole, will allow a 12.5mil, down to 10mil if you really need to. Center-to-centre
spacing of 12.5 mil tracks should be 25 mil-slightly less may b possible if your printer can manage it. Take care
to preserve the correct diagonal track-track spacing on mitered corners; grid is 25 mil and track width 12.5mil.
The art work must be printed such that the printed side is in contact with PCB surface when exposing, to avoid
blurred edges. In practice, this means that if you design the board as seen from the component side, the bottom
(solder side) layer should be printed the correct way round, and top side of the double-sided board must be
printed mirrored.

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ETCHING

Ferric chloride etchant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper than most alternatives. It attacks
any metal including stainless steel. So when setting up a PCB etching area, use aplastic or ceramic sink, with
plastic fitting and screws wherever possible, and seal any metal screws with silicon. Copper water pipes may be
splashed or dripped-on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic; heat-shrink sleeve is great if you are installing new
pipes. Fume extraction is not normally required, although a cover over the tank or tray when not in use is a good
idea. You should always use the hex hydrate type of ferric chloride, which should be dissolved in warm water
until saturation. Adding a teaspoon of table salt helps to make the etchant clearer for easier inspection. Avoid
anhydrous ferric chloride. It creates a lot of heat when dissolved. So always add the powder very slowly to
water; do not add water to the powder, and use gloves and safety glasses. The solution made from anhydrous
ferric chloride doesnt etch at all, so you need to add a small amount of hydrochloric acid and leave it for a day
or two. Always take extreme care to avoid splashing when dissolving either type of ferric chloride, acid tends to
clump together and you often get big chunks coming out of the container and splashing into the solution. It can
damage eyes and permanently stain clothing. If you are making PCBs in a professional environment where time
is money you should get a heated bubble-etch tank. With fresh hot ferric chloride, the PCB will etch in well
under 5 minutes. Fast etching produces better edge-quality and consistent line widths. If you arent using a
bubble tank, you need to agitate frequently to ensure even etching. Warm the etchant by putting the etching tray
inside a larger tray filled with boiling water.

DRILLING

Fig.8.2 Drilling

If you have fiber glass (FR4) board, you must use tungsten carbide drill bits. Fiber glass eats normal
high-speed steel (HSS) bits very rapidly, although HSS drills are alright for older larger sizes (> 2mm). Carbide
drill bits are available as straight-shank or thick-shank. In straight shank, the hole bit is the diameter of the hole,
and in thick shank, a standard size (typically about 3.5 mm) shank tapers down to the hole size. The straight-
shank drills are usually preferred because they break less easily and are usually cheaper. The longer thin section
provides more flexibility. Small drills for PCB use usually come with either a set of collets of various sizes or a three-jaw
chuck. Sometimes the 3-jaw chuck is an optional extra and is worth getting for the time it saves on changing collets. For
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accuracy, however, 3-jaw chucks are not brilliant, and small drill sizes below 1 mm quickly formed grooves in the jaws,
preventing good grip. Below 1 mm, you should use collets, and buy a few extra of the smallest ones;keeping one collect
per drill size as using a larger drill in a collet will open it out and it no longer grips smaller drills well. You need
a good strong light on the board when drilling, to ensure accuracy. A dichroic halogen lamp, under run at 9V to
reduce brightness, can be mounted on a microphone gooseneck for easy positioning. It can be useful to raise the
working surface above 15 cm above the normal desk height for more comfortable viewing. Dust extraction is
nice, but not essential and occasional blow does the trick! A foot-pedal control to switch the drill off and on
is very convenient, especially when frequently changing bits. Avoid hole sizes less than 0.8 mm unless you
really need them. When making two identical boards, drill them both together to save time. To do this, carefully
drill a 0.8 mm whole in the pad near each corner of each of the two boards, getting the center as accurately as
possible. For larger boards, drill a hole near the centre of each side as well. Lay the boards on the top of each
other and insert a 0.8 mm track pin in two opposite corners, using the pins as pegs to line the PCBs up. Squeeze
or hammer the pins into boards, and then into the remaining holes. The two PCBs are now nailed together
accurately and can be drilled together.

Fig 8.3 PCB

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SOLDERING

Fig.8.4 Soldering

Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conductivity.
It is used primarily in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at
normal room temperatures and become liquid between 180 and 200 degree Celsius. Solder bonds well to various
metals, and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill you need to learn to successfully build
electronics circuits.

To solder you need a soldering iron. A modern basic electrical soldering iron consists of a heating
element, a soldering bit (often called a tip), a handle and a power cord. The heating element can be either a
resistance wire wound around a ceramic tube, or a thick film resistance element printed on to a ceramic base.
The element is then insulated and placed into a metal tube for strength and protection. This is then thermally
insulated from the handle. The heating element of soldering iron usually reaches temperatures of around 370 to
400 degreeCelsius (higher than need to melt the solder). The strength or power of a soldering iron is usually
expressed in watts. Irons generally used in electronics are typically in the range of 12 to 25 watts. Higher
powered iron will not run hotter. Most irons are available in a variety of voltages; 12V, 24V, 115V and 230V
are most popular. Today most laboratories and repair shops use soldering irons, which operate at 24V. You
should always use this low voltage where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced soldering work, you will
need a soldering iron with temperature control. In this type of soldering irons, the temperature may be usually
set between 200 and 450 degree Celsius.

You will occasionally see gas-powered soldering irons which use butane rather than the main electrical
supply to operate. They have a catalytic element which once warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes
over them. Gas powered soldering irons are designed for occasional on the spot used for quick repairs, rather
than for main stream construction or for assembly work. Currently, the best commonly available, workable, and
safe solder alloy is 63/37. That is, 63% lead, 37% tin. It is also known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable
characteristic is that it solids (pasty) state, and its liquid state occur at the same temperature -361 degree
Fahrenheit. The combination of 63% lead and 37% tin melts at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there
is tendency to move to use lead free solders, but it will take years until they catch on normal soldering work.

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Lead free solders are nowadays available, but they are generally more expensive or harder to work on than
traditional solders that they have lead in them.

The metals involved are not the only things to consider in a solder. Flux is vital to a good solder joint.
Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxide and impurities from the parts to be soldered. The chemical
reactions at the point(s) of connection must take place for the metal to fuse. RMA type flux (Rosin Mildly
Active) is the least corrosive of the readily available materials, and provides an adequate oxide removal.In
electronics, a 60/40 fixed core solder is used. This consists of 60% lead and 40% tin, with flux cores added to
the length of solder.There are certain safety measures which you should keep in mind when soldering. The tin
material used in soldering contains dangerous substances like lead (40-60% of typical soldering tins are lead and
lead is poisonous). Also the various fumes from the soldering flux can be dangerous. While it is true that lead
does not vaporize at the temperature at which soldering is typically done.

PCB LAYOUT : COMPONENT SIDE

Fig.8.5 PCB Layout: Component Side

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PCB LAYOUT : SOLDER SIDE

Fig.8.6 PCB Layout: Solder Side

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 CHAPTER 9

ADVANTAGES

The main advantages of multisource energy generator is that it is portable, i.e, it can be taken easily
taken from one place to another .It is economical as it is of low cost and it also reduces the use of electricity
generating from non-renewable energy source and therefore helps in efficient use of renewable or non-
conventional energy source. It can be applied on rural areas and also reduces the rush in charging.

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 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

In this project wind and solar mobile charger have been designed for travelers and remote areas where
electricity is not easily available. since this charger is based on non conventional source of energy and hence the
running cost of this charger is very low. The energy must thus be conserved and used efficiently. In this charger
ripples are not produced as a direct DC power is supplied and they are highly applicable on present situation.

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