CBSE-i

Rise of Popular
Movements
CLASS

X
UNIT-2
Political Science
Students Manual

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

 CBSE-i

CLASS

X
UNIT-2

Political Science
Students Manual

Rise of Popular
Movements

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

The CBSE-International is grateful for permission to reproduce
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 Preface
This International Curriculum initiated by Central Board of Secondary Education - (CBSE) is a progressive step in making the
educational content and methodology more sensitive and responsive to the global needs. It signifies the emergence of a fresh
thought process in imparting a curriculum which would restore the autonomy of the learner to pursue the learning process in
harmony with the existing personal, social and cultural ethos.
The Central Board of Secondary Education has been providing support to the academic needs of the learners worldwide. It has
about 12500 schools affiliated to it and over 158 schools situated in more than 23 countries. The Board has always been conscious of
the varying needs of the learners and has been working towards contextualizing certain elements of the learning process to the
physical, geographical, social and cultural environment in which they are engaged. The International Curriculum being designed
by CBSE-i, has been visualized and developed with these requirements in view.
The nucleus of the entire process of constructing the curricular structure is the learner. The objective of the curriculum is to nurture
learner autonomy, given the fact that every learner is unique. The learner has to understand, appreciate, protect and build on values,
beliefs and traditional wisdom, make the necessary modifications, improvisations and additions wherever and whenever
necessary.
The recent scientific and technological advances have thrown open the gateways of knowledge at an astonishing pace. The speed
and methods of assimilating knowledge have put forth many challenges to educators, forcing them to rethink their approaches for
knowledge processing by their learners. In this context, it has become imperative for them to incorporate those skills which will
enable young learners to become 'life long learners'. The ability to stay current, to upgrade skills with emerging technologies, to
understand the nuances involved in change management and the relevant life skills have to be a part of the learning domains of the
global learners. The CBSE-i curriculum has taken cognizance of these requirements.
The CBSE-i aims to carry forward the basic strength of the Indian system of education while promoting critical and creative thinking
skills, effective communication skills, interpersonal and collaborative skills along with information and media skills. There is an
inbuilt flexibility in the curriculum, as it provides a foundation and an extension curriculum, in all subject areas to cater to the
different pace of learners.
The CBSE introduced classes I and X in the session 2010-11 as a pilot project in schools. It was further extended to classes II, VI and X
in the session 2011-12. In the seesion 2012-13, CBSE-i is going to enter in third year with classes III, VII and XI. The focus of CBSE-i is
to ensure that the learner is stress-free and committed to active learning. The learner would be evaluated on a continuous and
comprehensive basis consequent to the mutual interactions between the teacher and the learner. There are some non-evaluative
components in the curriculum which would be commented upon by the teachers and the school. The objective of this part or the core
of the curriculum is to scaffold the learning experiences and to relate tacit knowledge with formal knowledge. This would involve
trans-disciplinary linkages that would form the core of the learning process. Perspectives, SEWA (Social Empowerment through
Work and Action), Life Skills and Research would be the constituents of this 'Core'. The Core skills are the most significant aspects of
a learner's holistic growth and learning curve.
The International Curriculum has been designed keeping in view the foundations of the National Curricular Framework (NCF
2005) NCERT and the experience gathered by the Board over the last seven decades in imparting effective learning to millions of
learners, many of whom are now global citizens.
The Board does not interpret this development as an alternative to other curricula existing at the international level, but as an
exercise in providing the much needed Indian leadership for global education at the school level. The International Curriculum
would evolve building on learning experiences inside the classroom over a period of time. The Board while addressing the issues of
empowerment with the help of the schools' administering this system strongly recommends that practicing teachers become skillful
learners on their own and also transfer their learning experiences to their peers through the interactive platforms provided by the
Board.
I profusely thank Shri G. Balasubramanian, former Director (Academics), CBSE, Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training) CBSE,
Dr. Srijata Das, Education Officer CBSE along with all the Officers involved in the development and implementation of this material.
The CBSE-i website enables all stakeholders to participate in this initiative through the discussion forums provided on the portal.
Any further suggestions for modifying any part of this document are welcome.
Vineet Joshi
Chairman , CBSE
 Acknowledgements
Advisory Conceptual Framework
Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSE Shri G. Balasubramanian, Former Director (Acad), CBSE
Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE Ms. Abha Adams, Consultant, Step-by-Step School, Noida
Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE
Ideators
Dr. Anju Srivastava Ms. Sarita Manuja Ms. Varsha Seth Prof. Chand Kiran Saluja
Mr. N. K. Sehgal Ms. Preeti Hans Ms. Sunita Tanwar Dr. Usha Sharma
Dr. Uma Chaudhry Ms. P Rajeshwary Ms. S. Radha Mahalakshmi Ms. Renu Anand
Ms. Anita Sharma Ms. Suganda Vallli Ms. Neelima Sharma Dr. Rajesh Hassija
Mr. Mukesh Kumar

Material Production Groups

English : Physics:
Ms. Gayatri Khannaa Ms. Novita Chopra
Ms. Renu Anand Ms. Meenambika Menon
Ms. P. Rajeshwary
Biology :
Ms. Sarabjit Kaur
Ms. Pooja Sareen
Ms. Neeta Rastogi
Hindi :
Ms. Sunita Joshi Core- Prespectives
Ms. Babita Singh Ms. Madhuchhanda,
Ms. Veena Sharma RO(Innovation)
Sh. Akshay Kumar Dixit Ms. Varsha Seth,
Consultant
Core- SEWA
Ms. Neha Sharma
Ms. Vandna
Mathematics :
Ms. Nishtha Bharati
Dr. K.P. Chinda
Ms. Seema Bhandari
Dr. Ram Avtar
Ms. Seema Chopra
Mr. Mahendra Shankar
Ms. Madhuchhanda
Mr. J.C. Nijhawan
Ms. Reema Arora
Ms. Rashmi Kathuria
Ms. Neha Sharma
Ms. Reemu Verma
Chemistry
Ms. Charu Maini Economics:
Ms. S Anjum Ms. Anubha Malhotra
Ms. Vintee Sharma
Ms. Chaitali Sengupta
ICT:
Mr. Yogesh Kumar
Ms. Nancy Sehgal
Ms. Purvi Srivastava
Ms. Babita Mahajan
Ms. Ritu Arora
Ms. Swati Panhani
Ms. Chanchal Chandna
Geography:
Ms. Meena Bharihoke
Ms. Parul Tyagi
Ms. Sudha Tyagi
Ms. Sonia Jarul
Ms. Neena Phogat
Mr. Nisheeth Kumar
History:
Ms. Sajal Chawala
Ms. Jyoti Sharma
Ms. Kamma Kurana
Ms. Shalini Chatarvedi
Mr. Dalia Haldar
Political Science:
Dr. Sangeetha Mathur
Ms. Ananya Roy
Ms. Sunita Rathee
Ms. Amarjit Kaur
Ms. Nishu Sharma
Ms. Manisha Anthwal
Ms. Mamta Talwar
Core-Research
Ms. Renu Anand
Ms. Gayatri Khanna
Dr. N K Sehgal
Ms. Anita Sharma
Ms. Rashmi Kathuria
Ms. Neha Sharma
Ms. Neeta Rastogi
Ms. Manjushtha Bose
Ms. Varsha Manku
Dr. K L Chopra

Chief Co-ordinator : Dr. Srijata Das, EO

Coordinators:
Ms. Sugandh Sharma, EO Dr Rashmi Sethi, EO Ms. S. Radha Mahalakshmi, E O Mr. Navin Maini,
RO (Tech)
Ms. Madhuchhanda, Shri Al Hilal Ahmed, AEO Ms. Anjali Chhabra, AEO Sh R. P. Sharma
RO (Inn) Consultant (Science)
Ms. Neelima Sharma, Ms. Reema Arora, Mr. Sanjay Sachdeva, SO
Consultant (English) Consultant (Chemistry)
Preface
Content
Acknowledgment
1. Type of Movements: 1
Long Term and Short Term (Popular Movements) 1
i. Long Term - [Indian National Movement]
ii. Short Term- [Bolivia Water War]
2. Various Popular Movements 14
A. Women's Movement (Case Studies) 14
i. India
ii. China
iii. USA
B. Social Movements 16
i. Definition
ii. Types of Social Movements
iii. Industrialisation & Urbanisation in 1990
(Kenya: Mao Moa)
iv. American Civil Rights Movement
C. Political Movements 19
i. Meaning
ii. Globalization.
iii. Russian Revolution
D. Environmental Movements 20
i. Meaning
ii. US Environment Movements
iii. Chipko Movement
3. Relationship Between Popular Movements and Political Parties 22
4. Conclusion
 Unit-II
Rise of Popular Movements
INTRODUCTION

1. POPULAR MOVEMENTS: -

Movements that are popular among masses and of, representing, or carried on by the
people at large: are known as popular movements. Popular Movements helps a lot in
shaping and bringing Democracy in a Country.

2. TYPES OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS

A. Short term movements

B. Long term movements

A. SHORT TERM MOVEMENTS

Short Term movements achieve a single objective within a limited time frame.
There is a clear leadership in the movement. Peoples organizations run these
movements. These movements active life is usually very short. For instance,
Anticorruption Movement.

They are more of general movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the
long run. These movements have independent leadership. Example: The
Environmental and the Womens Movements.

B. LONG TERM MOVEMENT

The Indian National Movement

The term Indian National Movement encompasses a wide spectrum of political organizations,
philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Rule
in India. This movement is also known as the Indian Freedom Struggle, Indian Independence
Movement etc. The movement incorporates various National and Regional campaigns,
agitations and efforts of both Non-Violent and Militant philosophies.

The first organized militant movements were in Bengal, but it later took political stage in the
form of a mainstream movement in the then newly-formed Indian National Congress (INC)in
1885, with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for civil
service examinations, as well as more economic rights for the people of the soil. The early

1
part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political Independence
proposed by leaders such as the Lala Lajpat Rai, Balagangadhara Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and
Sri Aurobindo etc. Militant Nationalism also emerged in the first decades.

The last stages of the freedom struggle from the 1920s onward saw the adoption of Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi's policy of Non-violence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's
constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns by the
Congress. Prominent leaders such as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, later came to adopt a
military approach to the movement, and others like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who, along
with political freedom, wanted economic freedom for India's peasants and toiling masses.
Poets like Allama Iqbal used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness.
The period of World War II saw the peak of movements such as the Quit India movement
(led by Gandhi) and the Indian National Army (INA) Movement (led by Subhash Chandra
Bose), Swadeshi Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement (led by Gandhi), and the Home
Rule Movement.

These various movements led to the formation of the Independent dominions of India and
Pakistan in 1947. India remained a dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950, when the
Constitution of India came into force, establishing the Republic of India.

Major events in Indian National Movement

Fig. 1 Indian National Movement

Major events that shaped and nurtured the Indian National Movement may be discussed in
brief below.

The East India Company had established its control over almost all parts of India by the
middle of the 19th century. There were numerous risings in the first hundred years of British
rule in India. They were, however, local and isolated in character. Some of them were led by
the nobility who were refusing to accept the changing patterns of the time and wanted the
past to be restored. The Revolt of 1857, which was called a Sepoy Mutiny by British historians
and their imitators in India but described as "the First War of Indian Independence" by many
Indian historians, shook the British authority in India from its very foundations.

The Revolt of 1857, an unsuccessful but heroic effort to eliminate foreign rule, had begun.
The capture of Delhi and the proclamation of Bahadurshah as the Emperor of Hindustan are a

2
positive meaning to the Revolt and provided a rallying point for the rebels by recalling the
past glory of the imperial city.

On May 10th, 1857, soldiers at Meerut refused to touch the new Enfield rifle cartridges. The
soldiers along with other group of civilians went on a rampage shouting 'Maro Firangi Ko'. They
broke open jails, murdered European men and women, burnt their houses and marched to
Delhi. The appearance of the marching soldiers next morning in Delhi was a 'signal to the
local soldiers, who in turn revolted, seized the city and proclaimed 80-year old Bahadurshah
Zafar, as Emperor of India.

Within a month of the capture of Delhi, the Revolt spread to the different parts of the
country. Kanpur, Lucknow, Banaras, Allahabad, Bareilly, Jagdishpur and Jhansi etc became
part of the revolt. In the absence of any leader from their own ranks, the insurgents turned to
the traditional leaders of Indian society. At Kanpur, Nana Saheb, the adopted son of last
Peshwa, Baji Rao II, led the forces. Rani Lakshmi Bai in Jhansi, Begum Hazrat Mahal in
Lucknow and Khan Bahadur in Bareilly were in command. However, apart from a commonly
shared hatred for alien rule, the rebels had no political perspective or a definite vision of the
future. They were all prisoners of their own past, fighting primarily to regain their lost
privileges. Unsurprisingly, they proved incapable of ushering in a new political order.

Government of India Act 1858

This Act was one of the direct impacts of the Revolt of 1857.

Queen Victoria issued a proclamation on November 1st, 1858, placing India under direct
Government of the Crown, whereby:

(a) A Viceroy was appointed in India

(b) Princes were given the right to adopt a son (abolition of Doctrine of Lapse)

(c) Treaties were honoured

(d) Religious freedom was restored and equality of treatment promised to Indians.

The Proclamation was called the 'Magna Carta of Indian Liberty'. The British rule in India
was strongest between 1858 and 1905. The British also started treating India as its most
precious possession and their rule over India seemed set to continue for centuries to come.
Because of various subjective and objective factors which came into existence during this
era, the feelings of Nationalism in Indians started to grow.

Indian National Congress (1885)

Although the British succeeded in suppressing the 1857 Revolt, they could not stop the growth
of political awareness in India. The Indian National Congress was founded in December 1885.
It was the visible embodiment of the National Awakening in the country. Its founder was an

3
Englishman, Allan Octavian Hume, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service. The Indian
leaders, who cooperated with Hume in launching the Congress, were patriots of high
character. The first President of the Congress was W.C. Bannerjee.

The aims of the Congress were: promotion of friendship and cooperation amongst the
nationalist political workers from the different parts of the country; the eradication of
racial, creed or provincial prejudices and promotion of national unity; formulation of
popular demands and their presentation before the Government; and, most important of all,
the training and organization of public opinion in the country.

The formation of the Indian National Congress was a mile stone in the History of Freedom
Movement in India.

Partition of Bengal (1905)

On December 30th, 1898, Lord Curzon took over as the new Viceroy of India. The partition of
Bengal came into effect on October 16th, 1905, through a Royal Proclamation, reducing the
old province of Bengal in size by creating a new province of East Bengal, which later on,
became East Pakistan and present day Bangladesh. The Government explained that it was
done to stimulate growth of underdeveloped eastern region of Bengal. But, actually, the main
objective of the British was to 'Divide and Rule' the most advanced region of the country at
that time. In fact, this policy, along with other factors paved the way for the emergence of
communalism in India.

Swadeshi Movement (1905)

The Swadeshi movement has its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was started to
oppose the British decision to divide Bengal. With the start of the Swadeshi Movement at the
turn of the century, the Indian National Movement took a major leap forward.

The Indian National Congress took up the Swadeshi call in Benaras Session, 1905, presided
over by G.K. Gokhale, and supported the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement of Bengal. Militant
Nationalism spearheaded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and
Aurobindo Ghosh was, however, in favour of extending the movement for the rest of India and
carrying it beyond the programme of just Swadeshi and boycott of goods to full-fledged
political mass struggle.

Muslim League (1906)

In 1906, All India Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimul-
lab of Dacca and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. The League supported the partition of Bengal,
opposed the Swadeshi Movement, and demanded special safeguards for its community and
separate electorates for Muslims. This led to communal differences between Hindus and

4
Muslims. Both sections carry their own responsibility for the further growth of communal
politics in Indian National Movement along with the British.

Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)

Morley-Minto Reforms were introduced in 1909 during the period when Lord Minto was the
Governor General of India. The reforms envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims besides
other constitutional measures. The Government thereby sought to create a rift within the
Congress on the one hand by winning the support of the Moderates, and on the other, to win
favour of Muslims against Hindus. To achieve the latter objective, the reforms introduced the
system of separate electorates under which Muslims could only vote for Muslim candidates.
This was done to encourage the notion that the political, economic and cultural interests of
Hindus and Muslims were separate and not common. Indian political leaders were however
dissatisfied by these reforms.

Lucknow Pact (1916)

An important step forward in achieving Hindu-Muslim unity was the Lucknow Pact 1916. Anti-
British feelings were generated among the Muslims following a war between Britain and
Turkey which opened way for Congress and Muslim League unity. Both the Congress and the
Muslim League held sessions at Lucknow in 1916 and concluded the famous Lucknow Pact. The
Congress accepted the separate electorates, and both organizations jointly demanded
dominion status for the country.

Hindu-Muslim unity weakened the British attitude and forced the Government to announce its
future policy. In 1916 a British policy was announced whereby association of Indians was
increased and there was to be a gradual development of local self-governing institutions.

Home Rule Movement (1915-16)

Dr. Annie Besant, inspired by the Irish rebellion, started a Home Rule Movement in India in
September 1916. The movement spread rapidly and branches of the Home Rule League were
established all over India. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wholeheartedly supported this movement and
rejoined forces with Dr. Besant and persuaded the Muslim League to support this programme.

5
 The Gandhian Era (1918-1947)

Fig. 2 : The Gandhian Era

Mahatma Gandhi dominated the Indian political scene from 1918-1947. This period of the
Indian National Congress is also referred to as the Gandhian Era. It was the most intense and
eventful phase of India's freedom struggle. Mahatma Gandhi provided the leadership of the
highest order and his philosophy of Non-Violent Satyagraha became the most potent weapon
to drive out, the British from the Indian soil.

Khilafat Movement (1920)

The Caliph, Sultan of Turkey, was looked upon by the Muslims as their religious head. During
the First World War, when the safety and the welfare of Turkey were threatened by the
British thereby weakening the Caliph's position, Indian Muslims adopted an aggressive anti-
British attitude. The two brothers, Mohammed Ah and Shaukat Ali launched an Anti-British
movement in 1920-the Khilafat Movement for the restoration.

The Rowlatt Act (1919)

While trying to appease Indians, the British Government was following a policy of repression.
Throughout the First World War, repression of freedom fighters had continued. The
revolutionaries had been hunted down, hanged or imprisoned. The Government now decided
to arm itself with more powers in order to suppress the freedom fighters. In March 1919, it
passed the Rowlatt Act. This Act authorised the Government to detain any person without
trial. The Rowlatt Act came like a sudden blow. The Indians had been promised extension of
Democracy during the war. They felt humiliated and were filled with anger when they found
that their civil liberties were going to be curtailed still further. Unrest gripped the country
and a powerful agitation against the Act started. During this agitation, Gandhiji took
command of the Nationalist Movement. March and April 1919 witnessed a remarkable political

6
awakening in the country. There were hartals, strikes and demonstrations at various places.
The slogans of Hindu-Muslim unity filled the air.

Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (1919)

The Government was bent on suppressing the mass agitation. In Bombay, Ahmedabad,
Calcutta, Delhi and at other places demonstrators were lathi-charged and fired upon.
Gandhiji gave a call for a general hartal on April 6th, 1919. The call was responded to with
great enthusiasm. The Government decided to resort to repression to suppress the agitation.
At this time the British Government committed one of the worst political crimes in modem
history. A large unarmed crowd had gathered in Jallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar (Punjab) on April,
13th, 1919 for a meeting. General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on them without
warning. This massacre of unarmed people (hundreds died and thousands were wounded) in
an enclosed place from which there was no exit, was followed by a reign of terror in several
districts under martial law.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

Fig 3 : Non-cooperation Movement

With the Congress support of the Khilafat movement, Hindu-Muslim unity was achieved which
encouraged Gandhiji to launch his Non-Violent, Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Calcutta
Session in September 1920, the Congress resolved in favour of the Non-Violent, Non-
Cooperation movement and defined Swaraj as its ultimate aim. The movement envisaged: (i)
Surrender of Titles and Honorary officers; (ii) Resignation from nominated offices and posts in
the local bodies; (iii) Refusal to attend Government darbars and official functions and boycott
of British courts by the lawyers; (iv) Refusal of general public to offer themselves for military
and other Government jobs, and boycott of foreign goods, etc.

The Non-Cooperation movement also saw picketing of shops selling foreign cloth and boycott
of the Foreign cloth by the followers of Gandhiji.

7
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)- Civil Disobedience Movement

Fig: 4 Chauri Chaura Incident

The Congress session held at Ahmedabad in December 1921 decided to launch a Civil
Disobedience Movement while reiterating its stand on the Non-Violent, Non Cooperation
movement of which Gandhiji was appointed the leader. Before Gandhiji could launch the Civil
Disobedience Movement, a mob of countrymen at Chauri Chaura, a place near Gorakhpur in
U.P., clashed with the police which opened fire. In retaliation the mob burnt the police-
station and killed 22 policemen. This compelled Gandhiji to call off the Civil Disobedience
Movement on February 12th , 1922.

Despite this Gandhiji was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment. The Chauri
Chaura incident convinced Gandhiji that the Nation was not yet ready for the mass-
dis6bedience and he prevailed upon Congress Working Committee in Bardoli on February 12th,
1922 to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Swaraj Party (1922) STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY IN NEPAL

History of the Nepal Political Scenario

Nepal was ruled by Hereditary Monarch and was a

traditional society with predominantly agricultural
economy. Nepalese Society is predominantly a caste
oriented society. Nepal had been existed as a
Kingdom Centered in the Kathmandu Valley for more
than 1500 years.

Modern Nepal began its evolution in the sixteenth

century with the founding of the House of Gorkha by
Dravya Shah in 1559. In the late eighteenth century, Fig. 9, Political
Gorkha conquests extended the kingdom through the

8
Himalayas for almost 1,500 kilometers from the western boundary of Garhwal, India, through
the territory of Sikkim in the East. In the early nineteenth century, Gorkha power came into
conflict with the British East India Company. The resulting Anglo- Nepalese War (1814-16) was
devastating for Nepal: The Treaty of Sagauli reduced the kingdom to the boundaries it has
since occupied, less than 900 kilometers from East to West. For almost thirty years after the
treaty was concluded, infighting among aristocratic factions characterized Nepal.

The next stage of Nepalese politics was the period of hereditary Rana rule--the establishment
of a Dictatorship of successive Rana Prime Ministers beginning with Jang Bahadur Kunwar in
1846. During the period of Rana rule, which lasted until the end of 1950, Nepal was governed
by a landed Aristocracy; Parliamentary Government was in name only. This period provided
stability, but also inhibited political and economic development because the Ranas isolated
the country and exercised total control over internal affairs. Although during this period
Nepal was a Constitutional Monarchy with Universal Suffrage granted at age eighteen,
political parties were not formed until the mid-twentieth century and were later banned. The
longevity of the Ranas Dictatorship was also a result of a partnership between the rulers and
the army. Patronage ensured loyal soldiers: the military supported the Rana Prime Ministers
and, later, the Shah monarchs, who were figureheads during Rana rule.

In January 1951, the Ranas were forced to concede to the restoration of the monarchy, which
then assumed charge of all executive powers: Financial Management, appointment of
Government officials, and command of the armed forces. The latter power became an
increasingly useful tool for enforcing control. In 1962 King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
devised the centrally controlled council system of Government called panchayat. This
system served as the institutional basis of the king's rule and was envisioned by the palace as
a Democratic administration although it functioned only at the king's behest. Incorporated
into the 1962 constitution, the panchayat system was established at the village, district, and
national levels. Successive changes in Government and Constitutional revisions did not
weaken the powers of the Absolute Monarchy. In fact, a May 1980 referendum reaffirmed the
status quo of the panchayat system and its continuation as a rubber stamp for the king.
Elections in 1981 and 1986 were characterized by the lack of political programs.

Government by an Absolute Monarch behind a democratic faade lasted for some thirty years.
Although many party members were exiled to India, opposition to the government and the
panchayat system continued to grow, particularly in the late 1980s when the outlawed
political parties announced a drive for a multiparty system. A coalition between the Nepali
Congress Party and the Communist Party of Nepal was formed in late 1989. The increasing
disillusionment with and unpopularity of King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev's regime and the
worsening economic situation caused by the trade and transit dispute with India added to the
momentum of the incipient pro-Democracy movement.

The dissolution of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union, and the successes of the
pro-Democracy movements in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, had an impact
in Nepal. In part as a result of the participatory experiences of Nepalese in India, movements

9
arose to effect changes in Nepal's Government and society. Nepal's longstanding history of
continuity of rule and relative stability was challenged when the Movement for the
Restoration of Democracy, or pro-Democracy movement, was formally established on
February 18th, 1990, almost forty years after the end of Rana control. Demonstrations and
rallies--accompanied by violence, arrests, and even deaths, were held throughout the
country. Political unrest became widespread. Ethnic groups agitated for official recognition of
their cultural heritage and linguistic tradition and demonstrated against the Monarchy. The
goal of the pro-Democracy movement, however, was to establish a more Representative
Democracy and to end the panchayat system.

The demonstrations and protests characterizing the proDemocracy movement gained

momentum when the ban on political parties and activities was lifted in April 1990. That
same month, the Prime Minister resigned, the Council of Ministers and the Rashtriya
Panchayat (National Panchayat, or Parliament) were dissolved, and talks with the opposition
were begun. A multiparty Interim Government replaced the panchayat system. The king
nominated a four-member council, established a Constitution Recommendation Commission,
and announced that he would begin an official inquiry into the deaths that had resulted from
the proDemocracy demonstrations. In mid-May, a general amnesty was declared for all
political prisoners. A draft constitution was announced in the summer of 1990. King Birendra
wanted the draft amended to give him more leverage, but subsequent negotiations did not
yield as much as he desired. In November 1990, the king finally approved and promulgated a
new, more Democratic Constitution that vested sovereignty in the people.

The panchayat system finally ended in May 1991, when general elections, deemed "generally
fair, free, and open" by an international election inspection team, were held. Approximately
65 percent of the populace voted. Although more than forty political parties registered with
the election commission, only twenty political parties--mostly small, communist splinter
groups--were on the ballot. The Nepali Congress Party won 110 of the 205 seats in the House
of Representatives, and the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) won 69 seats.
Previously operating in exile and behind the scenes, the various communist and other parties
and coalitions became a powerful presence in the newly constituted bicameral Parliament.
Nepal continued its gradual move toward a multiparty Democracy.

Pro-Democracy protests continued unabated. Demonstrations were held on February 18th,

1992, the second anniversary of the founding of the pro-Democracy movement. In early April
1992, rival student groups clashed, and communist and leftist opposition groups called for a
general strike as a response to double digit inflation and a more than 60 percent increase in
water and electricity tariffs. As a result of skirmishes between the police and demonstrators,
a curfew was imposed. In addition, the Government banned primary and secondary school
teachers from political activities and from joining or campaigning for political parties.

Elections to the village development committees and municipalities were held in late May
1992; the elections pitted the various communist factions and other parties against the Nepali
Congress Party administration of Prime Minister Girija Prasad (G.P.) Koirala. More than 90,000

10
civilian and security personnel were assigned to safeguard the elections. In contrast to the
May 1991 parliamentary election, the Nepali Congress Party routed the communists in the
urban areas and even made some gains in the rural areas. The Nepali Congress Party won 331
positions, or 56 percent of the seats, in the municipalities; the Communist Party of Nepal
(United Marxist-Leninist) won 119 seats, or 20 percent of the seats; and other lesser parties
won the remainder of the seats. In newly established village development committees, the
Nepali Congress Party won 21,461 positions; the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-
Leninist) won 11,175 seats.

Although Nepal emerged as a democratic form of political system in 1990s, the power of
royal politics under king Gyanendra, was the head of the state still, and the final authority.
This form of political pattern of Nepal witnessed a number of peoples movements under the
leadership of various communist groups. King Gyanendra had to confront with the Maoists
uprising in the country. He tried to control the Peoples Movement but did not succeed. In
November 2005, the Maoists joined hands with the other political parties and signed a 12-
Point Agreement between SPA and CPN (M). Nepalese people fought for several years to
establish Democracy and finally in April 2000, the powers of king came to an end. The Unified
Communist Party of Nepal UCPN (M) believed in the ideology of Mao, the leader of Chinese
revolution. Maoists were followers of communalism which wanted to establish rule of
peasants and workers. They opposed King Gyanandras Monarchial Dictatorship. Several
European powers removed the CPN (M) from their Governments terrorists list.

In 2005, the CPN (M) sought a different strategy of seeking permanent peace accords while
forming a pro democratic alliance with several other political parties. It was an opposition to
the Monarchical Dictatorship of the King. New constitution was written to establish
Democracy. Actually they did not want to continue the previous constitution. In April 2006,
the King restored the Third Parliament and asked parties to form a Government, in 2007.

In early 2008 CPN (M) won the largest votes in Nepalese Constituent Assembly. Maoists
announced Peoples War on February 13th, 1996. They gave slogan "Let us march ahead on
the path of struggle towards establishing the people's rule by wreaking the reactionary ruling
system of state." CPN (M) chairman Prachanda was elected as Prime Minister in August 2008.

Young Communist League (YCL) played an active role in mobilizing the people for the
movement. Senior Maoist leader, Mohan Vaidya (Kiran) says Just as Marxism was born in
Germany, Leninism in Russia and Maoism in China, Prachanda Path is Nepals identity of
Revolution.

Women, young students and many other people from different groups joined the struggle
Maoists were also supported by South Asian Organizations, Strikes were declared. Security
forces were unable to control, as the people gathered to restore Democracy. 24th April, 2004
was the last day of ultimatum. The king accepted 3 demands to the people.

11
 1. Restoration of Parliament

2. Powers to all party Governments

3. New Constituent Assembly

SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister. On April 1st, 2007- a new
Government was formed in which five Maoists party leaders sworn in, but due to the rejection
of CPN (M) they resigned the demand to give priority to the Constituent Assembly. In the next
election they planned to abolish monarchy. April 10th, 2008 CPN (M) gained 30% votes. In 16th
August, 2008 Mr Prachanda was sworn in as Prime Minister of Nepal. He resigned on 4 May,
2009. This Government again resigned and then seven months coalition of CPN (M) and (UML)
formed Nepal Parliament. They elected Jhala Nath Khanan as the Chairman of the CPN. So
the struggle of the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to other Democrats of the World.

RELATION BETWEEN- DEMOCRACY, MASS MOBILIZATION AND POPULAR

MOVEMENTS

Democracy

The term Democracy comes from two Greek onwards (Demokratia) means Rule of the
People.Demos mean People and Kratos means power. Abrahim Lincoln defined
Democracy as the Government of the people, for the people and by the people. It means
that citizens choose their representatives to form the Government. The Government would
work for the collective interest of the people. All people participate in the decision making,
proposal and developments. It also covers social, economic and cultural conditions. In this all
people are equal to practice their right and political self determinations.

Fig. 10: These pictures show the equal right to vote.

12
Mass mobilization
Mass mobilization (also known as social mobilization or popular mobilization) refers to
mobilization of civilian population as part of contentious politics. Mass mobilization is often
used by grassroots-based social movements, including revolutionary movements, but can also
become a tool of elites and the state itself. The process usually takes the form of large public
gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those
gatherings usually are part of a protest action.

Mass mobilization usually starts in places where individuals have significant ties to their
communities (peasant villages, urban craft and worker guilds and labor unions, or religious
communities). News or rumors of political change (or political opportunity) are common
triggers for mass mobilization, whose aim is to call attention to economic distresses of the
community. Peasant rebellions are an example of such an occurrence. The extent to which
mass mobilization is organized versus spontaneous and the extent to which it relies on reason
versus emotions are still debated by scholars. Informal mass mobilization is Popular
Movement.

The Popular Movement

Movement which is popular among masses is known as Popular Movement. Struggle in

Bolivia was for one specific issue but struggle in Nepal was for the foundation of Democracy in
Nepal.

Democracy evolves through popular struggles. Sometimes significant decisions were taken.
For example in 1957, a Conservative Liberal party was established by Berbar Caid Mahajoubi
with the help of Dr Abdelkrim at Khatib. Later he founded a separate party. (Morocco)

ROLE PLAYED BY PEOPLE IN THE STRUGGLE

AND EXPRESSION OF DEMOCRACY

Peoples movement is described in many forms of collective actions like Narmada Bachao
Andolan, Movement for rights to information, Anti Liquor Movement, Womens Movement
etc. Movements also attempt to influence politics. Nepalese Movement for Democracy arose
with the specific objectives to restore Democracy. Indian National Movement also led in the
restoration of Democracy.

13
I. VARIOUS POPULAR MOVEMENTS

WOMENS MOVEMENT

Women individually or
collectively struggled to bring
about changes in the society.
This struggle is known as
Womens Movement.
Individual women and women
organizations from different
parts of the country are part of Fig. Womens Movement
the movement.

Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and

defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for
women. Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues. Feminists are "persons whose
beliefs and behavior are based on feminism."

Feminist activists campaign for women's rights such as in contract law, property,
and voting while also promoting bodily integrity and autonomy and reproductive
rights for women. Feminist campaigns have changed societies, particularly in the
West, by achieving women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, equal pay for
women, reproductive rights for women and the right to enter into contracts and own
property. Feminists have struggled to protect women and girls from domestic violence,
sexual harassment. They have also advocated for workplace rights, including maternity
leave, and against forms of discrimination against women.

The history of the Modern Western feminist movements is divided into three
"waves" Each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The First
wave comprised women's suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, promoting women's right to vote. The Second wave was associated with the
ideas and actions of the women's liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The
second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women. The Third wave is a
continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism,
beginning in the 1990s.

14
 Fig. 12: Parallel Rights of women

Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the nineteenth century and early
twentieth century. In the U.K. and U.S., it focused on the promotion of equal contract,
marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the nineteenth century,
activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of
women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's
sexual, reproductive, and economic rights at this time.
<

Mid-twentieth century
Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960 and continuing to
the present and it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second wave feminism is largely
concerned with issues of equality other than suffrage, such as ending discrimination

Second-wave feminists see women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked
and encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and
as reflecting power structures.

Second and Third-wave feminism in China has been characterized by a re-examination of

women's roles during the communist revolution and other reform movements, and new
discussions about whether women's equality has actually been fully achieved

15
Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

Fig. 13: Parallel Rights of women

In the early 1990s in the USA, third-wave feminism began as a response to perceived failures
of the second wave and to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the
second wave. Third-wave feminists often focus on "micro-politics" and challenge the second
wave's Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave, such as Gloria Anzaldua, Bell Hooks, Chela
Sandoval, Cherrie Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston, and many other black
feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-
related subjectivities

Since the 1980s standpoint feminists have argued that the Feminist movement should address
global issues and culturally specific in order to understand how gender inequality interacts
with Racism, Homophobia, Classism and Colonization in a "matrix of domination. Third-wave
feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists, who believe that there
are important differences between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no
inherent differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social
conditioning

Women from different parts of the world played an important role in social, economic,
Political and environmental Movements

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Definition- Charles Tilly defines social movements as a series of contentious performances,

displays and campaigns by which ordinary people made collective claims on others. Sidney
Tarrow defines social movements as collective challenges [to elites, authorities, other groups
or cultural codes] by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions
with elites, opponents and authorities.

16
Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals
and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues. It is sometimes argued that
the freedom of expression, education and relative economic independence prevalent in the
modern Western culture is responsible for the unprecedented number and scope of various
contemporary social movements. However others point out that many of the social
movements of the last hundred years grew up, like the Mau Mau in Kenya, to oppose Western
colonialism. Either way, social movements have been and continued to be closely connected
with Democratic Political Systems. Occasionally social movements have been involved in
democratizing nations, but more often they have flourished after-democratization. Over the
past 200 years, they have become part of a popular and global expression of dissent.

Modern movements often utilize technology and internet to mobilize people globally.
Adapting to communication trends is a common theme among successful movements.

Fig. 15, Martin Lutherking Fig. 16, Types of Social Movements

American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements in the 20th
century. Here, Martin Luther King is giving his "I Have a Dream" speech, in front of the Lincoln
Memorial during the 1963 Freedom change. In the post-war period, women's rights, gay
rights, peace, civil rights, anti-nuclear and environmental movements emerged, often dubbed
the Social Change.

Types of Social Movements

Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movements: They have classified that
movement based on their characteristics:

a. Reform Movement - Movements advocating changing some norms or laws. Examples

of such movements would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers
rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws.

b. Radical movement - Movements dedicated to change the value systems in a

fundamental way. Examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement

17
 which demanded full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans,
regardless of race.

Social Movement can be aimed at a change on an individual level, or change at a societal

level.

a. Innovation Movement - Movements which want to introduce or change particular

norms, values, etc.

b. Conservative Movement - Movements which want to preserve existing norms,

values, etc. For example, the anti-technology 19th century Luddites movement

Targets evident to come here

a. Group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for

example, advocating the change of the political system. Some of these groups

b. Transform into or join a political party, but many remain outside the reformist party
political system.

c. Individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals. Most religious

movements would fall under this category.

Methods of work:

a. Peaceful Movements Oppose to Various movements which use non-violent means of

protest as part of a campaign of non-violent resistance, also often called Civil
Resistance. The American Civil Rights movement, Polish Solidarity Movement,
Violent movements - various movements which resort to violence; they are usually
armed and in extreme cases can take a form of a paramilitary or terrorist
organization. Examples: the Rote Armee Fraktion, Al-Qaida.

Old and New Social Movements:

a. Old Movements - movements for change have existed for many centuries. Most of
the oldest recognized movements, dating to late 18th and 19th centuries, fought for
specificsocial groups.

b. New movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of the
20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights
movement, environmental movement.

18
Range:

Global Movements - social movements with global (transnational) objectives and goals.
Movements such as the First (where Marx and Bakunin met), Second, Third and Fourth
Internationals, the World Social Forum, the Peoples' Global Action and the Anarchist
movement seek to change society at a global level.

Local Movements - most of the social movements have a local scope. They are focused on
local or regional objectives, such as protecting a specific natural area etc.

Fig. 17; Stages of Social Movements

Movements occur in liberal and authoritarian societies but in different forms. For example,
American Civil Rights Movement grew on the reaction to black woman, Rosa Parks, riding in
the whites-only section of the bus (although she was not acting alone or spontaneously
typically activist leaders lay the foundation of movements in USA. For example: Rosa Park
refused to give up her seat in a bus to a white man on 1st December, 1955. Her refusal on that
day started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African Americans were
treated and that came to be known as Civil Rights Movement Act of 1964. This Act prohibited
discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It stated school would be open
to African American children and they would no longer attend separate schools.

POLITICAL MOVEMENTS

A Political Movement is a social movement in the area of politics. A Political Movement may
be organized around a single issue or a set of issues, or around a set of shared concerns of a
social group. In contrast with a political party, a Political Movement is not organized to elect
members of the movement to Government office; instead, a political movement aims to

19
convince citizens and/or Government officers to take action on the issues and concerns which
are the focus of the movement.

Political movements are expressions of the struggle of a social group for the political space
and benefits. The Political Movements are presented by non-state groups who are led by
their lites. In fact the process of the construction of identities and reinforcing them is also a
part of political movements.

Types of Political Movements: Local, Regional, National, or International

GLOBALISATION AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION

Globalisation: A new type of political movement emerges that is not merely international or
single-issue focused, but is characterized with Global approach.

This has been termed a global citizens movement.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS

The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green politics, is a
diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues.

The US environmental movement emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
century, with two key strands preservationist such as John Muir wanted land and nature set
aside for its own sake, while conservationists such as Gifford Pinchot wanted to manage
natural resources for human use. Among the early protectionists that stood out as leaders in
the movement were Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and George Perkins Marsh. Thoreau
was concerned about the wildlife in Massachusetts; he wrote Life in the Woods. He studied
the wildlife from a cabin. John Muir founded the Sierra Club, one of the largest conservation
organizations in the United States. Marsh was influential with regard to the need for resource
conservation. Muir was instrumental in the creation of the world's first National Park at
Yellowstone in 1872.

It was UNs first major conference on International Environment issues, and marked a journey
point in the development of International Environment Politics.

In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm.
The United States also passed new legislation such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act,
the Endangered Species Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act Which had the
foundations for current environmental standards.

By the mid-1970s Anti-Nuclear Activism had moved beyond local protests and politics to gain a
wider appeal and influence. Although it lacked a single co-ordination organization the Anti-

20
Nuclear Movement's efforts gained a great deal of attention. In the aftermath of the Three
Mile Island accident in 1979, many mass demonstrations took place in America. The largest
one was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved two hundred thousand people
who were addressed by Jane Fonda and Ralph Nader.

Social and Environmental Movements play an important role for betterment of society by
being an integral part of it. Public Welfare Environment Movement is a label for a large
number of organizations and issue specific movements. All these have separate organizations,
independent leadership etc.

In the United States today, the organized environmental movement is represented by a wide
range of organizations sometimes called Non-Governmental Organizations or NGOs. These
organizations exist on local, national, and international scales. Environmental NGOs vary
widely in political views and in the amount they seek to influence the environmental policy of
the United States and other Governments.

Fig. 18: Pollution due to industries Fig. 19: Chipko movement

CHIPKO MOVEMENT

The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan (literally "to cling" in Hindi) is a Social-Ecological
movement that follow the Gandhian methods of Satyagraha and Non-Violent resistance,
through the act of hugging trees to protect them from falling. The modern Chipko movement
started in the early 1970s in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, with growing
awareness towards rapid deforestation. A group of peasant women in Reni village,
Hemwalghati, in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India, acted to prevent the cutting of trees
and reclaim their traditional forest rights that were threatened by the contractor system of
the State Forest Department. Their actions inspired hundreds of such actions at the grassroots
level throughout the region. By the 1980s the movement had spread throughout India and led
to formulation of people-sensitive forest policies, which put a stop to the open felling of trees
in regions as far reaching as Vindhyas and the Western Ghats.

The first recorded event of Chipko however, took place in village Khejarli, Jodhpur district, in
1730 AD, when 363 Bishnois, led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives while protecting green
Khejri trees, considered sacred by the community, by hugging them, and braved the axes of

21
loggers sent by the local ruler, today it is seen an inspiration. In 1987 the Chipko Movement
was awarded the Right Livelihood Award.

ADIVASIS (TRIBAL) MOVEMENT

Adivasis led their movement for their rights like the adivasi activists who were forcibly
displaced from their traditional land. C.K.Janu in Wayned District, Kerala an activist pointed
out the Government, where non-tribal encrochers like timber merchants, paper mills etc
exploit tribal land. After a long popular struggle, Government had to pass a law to punish
those people.

Fig. 20 Fig. 21
Junglistan

Save jungle movement starts, known as JUNGLISTAN.

"To symbolize this struggle for the safety of our forests, we are asking people to become
citizens of a virtual land called Junglistan - the country of the forests and pledge to protect
it from mining and show the Government that we want our forests to remain intact, '' says
Preethi Herman, Climate and Energy Campaigner, Greenpeace India. It will encourage
peoples support by providing them citizenship of Newspaper like the Times of India
Newspapers like the Times of India highlighted and encouraged people to understand the
importance of jungle and jungles.

III RELATION BETWEEN POPULAR MOVEMENTS AND POLITICAL

PARTIES

Political Parties are formed for specific aim .But some Movements which are popular
can become successful as the political parties join them. Political Parties are born out
of Popular Movements. Many such groups take the shape of political parties and they
contest elections, for example Assam Movement led by students to drive out of the
Foreigners led to the formational Asom Gana Parishad party. DMK and ADMK are
also result of Social Reform Movement in Tamil Nadu.

22
 They try to influence the media for giving more attention to these issues.

They organize protest activities like strikes or disrupting Government programmes.

For example- Workers Organizations and Employees Associations.

Some people from the pressure groups may participate in official bodies and
committees that offer advice to the Government.

Movements seek to exert influences on political parties; so relation between

Popular Movements and Political parties may be direct or indirect.

Pressure groups may be led by leader of political parties.

Movement groups raise new issues that have been taken up by political parties. So
new leadership of political parties comes from interest of Movement groups.

Bolivian Movement was supported by Socialist Party. In 2006 this party came into
power.

The Nepalese movement for Democracy arose with specific objectives. SPA,
Nepalese Communist Parties and many other organizations joined the movement.

Peoples movement to describe many forms of collective action: A movement also attempts
to influence politics. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. They depend much
more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.More general or generic
movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long term.The Nepalese movement
for Democracy arose with the specific objective of reversing the Kings orders that led to
suspension of Democracy. It became a wider movement. The environmental movement and
the Womens movement are examples of such movements. Environmental movement is a
label for a large number of organisations and issue-specific movements.

Movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways

They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activities by carrying
information campaigns, organizing meetings, filing petitions etc. Some people from pressure
groups or Movement Groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer
advice to the Government. In some instances, the pressure groups are either formed or led by
the leaders of political parties. Most of the leaders of such pressure groups are usually
activists and leaders of party. Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. For
example, when the Assam movement led by students against the foreigners came to an end,
it led to the formation of the Asom Gana Parishad. The roots of parties like the DMK and the
AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can be traced to a long-drawn social reform movement during the
1930s and 1940s. Movement groups have raised new issues that have been taken up by
political parties. Most of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or
movement groups.

23
 WORKSHEETS

WORKSHEET -1

1. Match the following

Column A Column B
1. May 18 declared as. 1. Jan Andolan II
2. In Bolivia access to piped water decreased 2. SPA
3. Reinstitution of Parliament was accepted by 3. Loktantrik
Day
4. In Nepal Movement referred to as 4. 70% TO 40 %
5. On 19thJan 2006 a settlement reached 5. Government of Bolivia
between_________and Augus del Tunar

2. Multiple Choose Questions

Q. No.2. The Seven Party Alliance was formed by_________

(a) Maoist insurgent (b) Non govt organization

(c) Major political parties (d) local people

Q. No.3. What was the struggle of the people of Bolivia

(a) Monarchy (b) Poverty

(c) Unemployment (d) Privatization of water

Q. No.4. What was the Bolivian protest called?

(a) Bolivian war (b) Bolivias water war

(c) Water for Bolivia (d) Bolivian crisis

Q. No.5. Constitution of India came into force on __________

(a) 26 Jan 1940 (b) 26 Jan 1950

(c) 26 Jan 1960 (d) 26 Jan 1930

24
 Q. No.6. Water works of Cochabamba were controlled by the _________ agency
SEMAPA

(a) National (b) Political

(c) Social (d) State

3. WRITE ANSWERS OF THESE QUESTIONS

1 Name any two popular movements

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2 Differentiate between long term and short term movement

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3 What do you know about Bolivias water war?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

25
 WORKSHEET - II

Q. No.1. Write short Answers

1. Who was the founder of UPCN (M)?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Give full form of UPCN (M)

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

3. Why was the 12 Point Agreement created between Seven Party Alliance and Maoist rebel
in Delhi?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

4. Who says?

Just as Marxism was born on Germany, Leninism in Russia and Maoism in China, the
Parchanda Path is as Nepals identity of revolution.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. After more than seven months of political grid lock what type of government was
formed in Nepal?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

6. Who are Maoists?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

7. Who said Let us march ahead on the path of struggle towards establishing the peoples
rule by weakening the reactionary ruling system of state.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

26
8. Who was the first Prime Minister of Nepal?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

9. Write two similarities between Bolivia Water War and Nepalese Movement

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

10. How were the Movements of Nepal and Bolivia Water War different from each other?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

11. What do you know about UCPN?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

12. Who are Maoists? How did they influence the government of Nepal?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

13. Write in brief about the movement for democracy in Nepal

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

27
 WORKSHEET III
1. Give One Word answers

1. Form of government in which all people have an equal say in the decision that
effect their lives.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

2. Mobilisation of Civilian Population as part of Contentious politics? Movement that is

very popular among masses.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

2. Multiple Choose Questions

1. Democracy evolves through_________

(a) Popular struggles (b) Significant decision

(c) Popular demand (d) Shared feelings

2. The Maoists aims in the PEOPLES WAR are to establish _______ in Nepal.

(a) Peoples Democracy (b) Dictatorship

(c) Monarchy (d) Aristocracy

3. The sixth five year plan declares ____________ Parties in development .

(a) Men (b) Women

(c) Children (d) None

4. Civil Rights Act on employment passed in __________

(a) 1934 (b) 1954

(c) 1964 (d) 1944

28
Answer these questions

5. Give full form of (AIWC).

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

6. Write any two achievements due to Womens Movements

_______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

7. How are popular struggles undertaken in a democracy?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

8. Define democracy. Is this running successfully in your country? If not give name of
a country where it is running successfully.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

29
 WORKSHEET-IV
1. Write different Stages of Social Movement and draw diagram related to it

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Mau Mau in __________ opposes Western Colonisation.

(a) Japan (b) Kenya

(c) England (d) China

3. What are group focus movements?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

4. Give example-one of the most famous social movements of the 20th c.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. Differentiate between Reform and Radical Movement.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

6. In a democracy several different kinds of organizations work behind any big struggle.
How can people influence the Government to listen to them?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

7. What kind of role id played by people struggle in expression of democracy?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

8. Differentiate between Old and New movements. Explain with examples.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

30
 WORKSHEET -V
1. Write the aim of Political Movements.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Write examples of different Political Movements.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you mean by Political Movement?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

4. Define Globilisation.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. How did organizations in a democracy Mobilize movements?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

31
 WORKSHEET VI

Fill in the blanks

1. Assom Movement led by students and formed by___________________.

a. Two parties DMK and AIADMK result of ______________Movement.

b. Relation between Popular Movement and Political Parties may be __________or

indirect.

2. What was Chipko Movement?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

3. Do you think Environmental Movement play an important role in bringing Public Welfare

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

32
References

General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions: Honour Nepali Sentiment; Continue support
to Jana Andolan II

Sengupta, Somini (25 April 2006). "In a Retreat, Nepal's King Says He Will Reinstate
Parliament". The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/world/asia/25nepal.html?hp&ex=1146024000&en=
8fe71bf94d2a73c8&ei=5094&partner=homepage.

"Full text: King Gyanendra's speech". BBC. 24 April 2006.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4940876.stm.

PBS program NOW on the Water Wars

"Bechtel battles against dirt-poor Bolivia: Nation severed water deal after hefty rate
increases led to protests"

"Cochabamba's Water Rebellion -- and Beyond" February 11, 2001 San Francisco Chronicle

The Cochabamba Water Wars: Marcela Olivera Reflects on the Tenth Anniversary

Olivera, Oscar, "The voice of the People can dilute corporate power". Wednesday July 19,
2006 The Guardian

S .Chands-cce manual

R Gupta and M Arora-Inspiration

NCERT Text books

Web source -http://india.wikia.com/wiki/

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