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Abstract this paper aims to discuss a different issues About the devolved In 1978 when the Office of the Secretary of Defense
IPv6 As the next generation of the internet protocol and to give (OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all host-to-host data
a brief understanding of some of the most important migration exchange now has serious challenges .By 1992 it was clear
mechanisms .these include Dual-Stack, Tunneling .the paper that a shortage of address space would limit further growth of
pays especial attention for tunneling mechanism, it tries to the Internet ,There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses.
explore its related attempts in depth . While there are lots of IP addresses and it is not enough.
Consequently, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
initiated in 1994 the development of a new protocol, known as
Index Terms IPv6, Dual-Stack, IPv4 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), to support expanding
Internet usage and address security concerns.
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IPv4 to IPv6 Migration
the developer must deal with intermediate systems such as which the sender requests special handling, such as
firewalls, NATs, and caching proxies. Security, in particular, non-default quality of service or "real-time" service
is sensitive to transparency.
At the same time, IPv6 will likely never replace IPv4. It must
somehow coexist with IPv4 as it gains ground. There will be VI. IPV6 QOS
no cutover date, with all IP nodes switching from IPv4 to IPV6 brings quality of service that is required for several new
IPv6; IPv4 and IPv6 will likely always coexist. The question applications such as IP telephony, video/audio, interactive
is what share each protocol holds. While the Internet will games or ecommerce. Whereas IPv4 is a best effort service,
never cutover from v4 to v6, there will certainly be smaller IPv6 ensures QoS, a set of service requirements to deliver
networks that do change all at once, and others that will make performance guarantee while transporting traffic over the
the complete switch more slowly. As that happens, those network.
networks will either maintain a connection to the IPv4 For networking traffic, the quality refers to data loss, latency
Internet or just go on their own separate way. Should that or bandwidth. In order to implement QoS marking, IPv6
happen, parallel IPv4 and IPv6 Internets could replace provides traffic-class field (8 bits) in the IPv6 header. It also
todays single interoperable and universal Internet. has a 20-bit flow label.
The IETF chartered an Internet Protocol -Next Generation The transition between IPv4 and IPv6 will be processed in
working group that in 1993, issued a white paper soliciting which both protocol versions will coexist. To avoid disruption
suggestions. The responses were considered in developing of the Internet, the IETF has devised a number of transition
technical criteria for choosing the next generation Internet techniques. The most important are dual stack operation and
protocol. The working group stated seventeen criteria, tunneling.
including scale, transition, media independence, Dual stack operation is the notion that a host can run both
configuration, administration and operation, multicast, IPv4 and IPv6 side by side which enables communication
network service, and mobility. After considerable discussion, with both IPv4 and IPv6 nodes. The other mechanism is IPv6
the IETF recommended a next generation Internet protocol, in IPv4 tunneling, which enables the interconnection of an
specifying the important features of IPv6 a larger address Internet protocol network. Tunneling allows IPv6 packets to
pool, enhanced routing capabilities, authentication and cross that part of the network that supports only IPv4: the
encryption, mobility, quality of service functions, and more. IPv6 packets are encapsulated inside IPv4 packets, and
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol (IP) address transmitted through that part of the network, and continue on
standard intended to supplement, and eventually replace, the their way over the IPv6 network. Another technique uses a
IPv4 protocol most Internet services use today. To help ensure translation mechanism. Translation is necessary when an
the continued rapid growth of the Internet as a platform for IPv6-only host has to communicate with an IPv4only host.
innovation, IPv6 tackles some of IPv4's shortcomings of
limited amount of remaining addresses. While the technical VIII. TRANSITION MECHANISMS DUAL STACK VS TUNNELING
foundations of IPv6 are well established, significant work
remains to deploy and begin using IPv6 capabilities.
Because IPv6 is central to the continued growth and stability Dual Stack Tunneling
of the Internet, the Internet Society is working with its Description In Dual stack the is the mechanism in
members and other organizations to promote its deployment equipment is which encapsulates
by sharing information and helping to build the required implementing IPv6 packets within
operational capability among the Internet community. both IPv4 and IPv4 packets for
IPv6. It is traversal over an IPv4
V. THE NEW INTERNET PROTOCOL Mechanism in network. As the
Accordingly, IPv6 is a new version of the protocol. It serves which an network becomes IPv6
the same function as IPv4 does, but without the limitations of application, a dominant, the
IPv4. According to IETF the changes from IPv4 to IPv6 fall node, a device remaining few IPv4
primarily into the following categories: or any other applications could use
network entity the reverse mechanism
1. Expanded Addressing Capabilities - IPv6 supports more supports both by which IPv4 packets
levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of IPv4 and IPv6 are encapsulated in
addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of simultaneously IPv6 packets.
addresses.
2. Header Format Simplification - Some IPv4 header fields Architecture Simple and Complicated
have been dropped or made optional. flexible and
3. Improved Support for Extensions - More efficient easy to use
forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and Security Ipv6 network More secure
greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future. security like
4. Options and Flow Labeling Capability IPv6 enables the ipv4 networks
labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic "flows" for
Cost cheap Expensive
182 www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014
Algorithm two routing from:http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2009/01/the-year-in-ipv4
-addresses-almost-200-million-served.ars [Accessed April 2009].
tables and two [5] Intec NetCore, Inc. (2009). IPv4 Exhaustion Counter [online] Available
routing from:
processes may http://inetcore.com/project/ipv4ec/index_en.html
be required [6] Anonymous. (no date). IPv4 address report [Available from:
http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/ .
Protocol Both IPv4 and Tunnels carry one [7] Patrizio, A. (2008). IPv4 addresses expected to run out in 2010.
IPv6 run protocol inside Internetnews.com. Available from:
independent of another, tunnels take http://www.internetnews.com/infra/article.php/3680121
each other IPv6 packets and [8] Reza Tadayoni & ,Anders Henten,. (2012). Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
, Center for Communication, Media and Information technologies
encapsulate them in (CMI) Aalborg University Copenhagen , 23rd European Regional ITS
IPv4 packets to be sent Conference
across portions of the [9] Miller, M. A. (2008). IPv6--ready for prime time? Part I: history and
network design criteria Available from:
http://www.enterpriseitplanet.com/networking/features/article.php/3
OS Additional CPU Additional CPU 655801
memory memory load to [10] IEFT (1998). Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6), Specification
encapsulation Available from:
/de-capsulation http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2460
[11]Ernest BYARUHANGA, & Brice ABBA , & Hisham IBRAHIM ,IPv6
Access Native High volume for Engineer , Afrinic -17 Khartoum Sudan 24-29 November 2012
IPv4/IPv6 deployment of IPv6 [12] Gilligan, R. E. and Nordmark, E. (1996). Transition mechanisms for
services while underlying IPv6 hosts and routers Available from:
between infrastructure is still http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1933.txt
[13] Carmes, E. (2002). The transition to IPv6 [online]. Available from:
aggregation IPv4 http://www.isoc.org/briefings/006/
and end users. [14 Carmes, E. (2002). The transition to IPv6 [online]. Available from:
WAN IPv4 and IPv6 IPv6 services between http://www.isoc.org/briefings/006/
[15] Anonymous. (no date). IPv6 deployment challenges and risks [online].
services large number of sites
Available from:
available from acrossIPv4 http://www-dsg.stanford.edu/papers/triad/node24.html.
ISP. infrastructure.
Clients and Great for using older
Servers have to legacy equipments
support both
IPv4 and IPv6
Scalability Easy to Easy to implement
implement, but over existing IPv4
complex infrastructure
management
Performance Can be slow Depend on tunnel
with stacked speed(performance)
protocol on the
network
IPSec IPSec IPSec(security)
IX. CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
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