APA Style Rules and Tips

The following highlights the APA style issues most applicable to CUSSW course
requirements. The information provided here is derived from the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., 2010) and the APA Style web site.
To learn more about a specific rule or example not covered here, please refer to the
manual itself or the APA Style web site, or contact the Writing Center.

Table of Contents

APA rules for citation of reference sources

Reference citation in text
Author in text
Author in parentheses
Including a quotation
Use of quotations
Citation form
One author
Two authors
Three to five authors
Six or more authors
Group author
Author unknown
Anonymous author
Multiple works by the same author
Authors with the same surname
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Old works
Varieties of publication date
Personal communication and other unrecoverable data
Citation of a work discussed in another
Use of verb tense
Reference list form
Particulars of form
o For books
o For articles
o For articles and books in press
 Electronic source
Examples of reference list types
Journal article
Book
Chapter in an edited book
Group author
In press
Non-English source
English translation
Source reprinted in another
Magazine or newsletter article
Newspaper article
Encyclopedia or dictionary
Conference presentation and poster session
Report
Legal material
Dissertation
Audiovisual media
Electronic source
Use of abbreviations
Avoiding biased and pejorative language
Use of terms gender and sex
Sensitivity to labels
Form
Page layout
Headings
Arranging items in sequence
Title page model
Running head
Abstract page model
Reference list page model
Appendix page model

APA rules for citation of reference sources

Adherence to APA rules governing the citation of reference sources will enhance your ability to
communicate effectively; therefore, it is best to know and use these rules. In addition to knowing
who wrote what and when, documenting your sources and following APA style rules can help
you as an author build credibility with your audienceyou are participating in a conversation in
a way that shows you understand well the accepted method of discourse.

Social science writing can be seen as cumulative. On any given subject, you are acknowledging,
that is, citing, what has come before and trying to add something newa new perspective,
additional data, at the very leastso the literature is constantly being replenished and enhanced.
And this is whyunlike, for example, MLA style, which is used in the humanitiesAPA wants
you to cite the year of your sources. Of great importance is when a study was done, and those
most recently published will more likely have the most up-to-date data. And they will more likely
assume, acknowledge, and or incorporate past findings and discussions of the issue under study.

Even when presenting your own ideas, try to find an authoritative source to cite because doing so
gives validity to, confirms, backs up your own position. The use of proper citation will also help
you avoid plagiarizing a source. Some students incorporate information from an article into their
own writing without referencing the source. This kind of plagiarism often occurs when students
can not appreciate the difference between what they think about a subject and what they have
read about it. Jotting down your responses to what you are reading can help you begin to notice
similarities and differences between your ideas and those in your source material.

Reference citations in text

At first mention in a paragraph of any information gathered from your reading, cite the
source and provide the year. Either use the authors name (surname only) as the subject of
that the sentence (followed by the year of publication within parentheses):

Lee (2012) stated that fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge.
or place the authors name and year of publication within parentheses at the end of the sentence:
Fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge (Lee, 2012).

Use the author as the subject in your sentence if youre going to follow up with one or more
sentences that come from that authors work. Doing so allows you to use nouns (author)
and pronouns (he, she, they) to refer back to the named author without the need to cite the year
subsequent times in the paragraph; however, include the year the first time you use that source again in
another paragraph.

Lee (2012) stated that fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge.
The author went on to state that. Lee also noted.

There is no need to include the year in subsequent references within the same paragraph as long as the
reference cannot be confused with other studies cited.
Leones (2006) multi-experiment study was a breakthrough in the field. However, Green
and Burke (2009) challenged Leones findings.

Put the author in parentheses at the end of the sentence if youre only providing one piece of
information before moving on to another subject or author.
Fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge (Lee, 2012). Studies
have highlighted techniques that foster such exploration (Henry, 2010; Yarber, 2008).

However, cite the year along with the author each time you cite within parentheses.
 Lee (2012) stated that fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge. The
author also noted. The study presented four environmental effects on childrens experience (Lee,
2012).

If including a quotation, put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quoted lines:
Lee (2012) suggested that the effect of fairy tales is muted by "the affectionate environment
in which the stories are usually told" (p. 39).
Note that the page number comes immediately after the quote, whether its at the end of the
sentence or not:
Although fairy tales contain frightening information, they thrill rather than terrify (Lee,
2012, p. 35) a healthy child.

When using a quotation from an electronic source without page numbers: provide the
title of the heading of the section where the quote appears, followed by the abbreviation for
paragraph (para.), followed by the paragraph number.
The system guarantees health benefits for all (Liu, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 4).
As noted by the National Association of Social Workers ([NASW], 1999), social workers
elevate service to others above self-interest (Ethical Principles, para. 2).
Use of Quotations
A quotation is an exact, word-for-word copy of a phrase, sentence, or paragraph of your source. It
must be surrounded by quotation marks (if consisting of fewer than 40 words), and the author
and year must be cited along with the page number (or section and paragraph number from an
electronic source without page numbers) from which the quoted material was taken.

Use quotations sparingly and only when the authors words are central to the discussion, that is,
when you need to 1) state a key theory, model, or point of the author; 2) provide explicit
credibility for a critical point; or 3) capture how something of great consequence is expressed.

Quotations of fewer than 40 words are incorporated into the text and surrounded by quotation
marks ("). The author's name and the page number (or paragraph number for electronic citations)
must also be provided.

Parks (2010) found the measurement inaccurate, thus the results skewed" (p. 10), but he did
not provide an alternative measurement tool.

Parks (2010) found the measurement inaccurate, thus the results skewed" (Discussion
section, para. 6), but he did not provide an alternative measurement tool.

Start quotes of 40 words and more on a new line, and indent the entire quote 5 to 7 spaces (one
tab setting) from the left margin. Do not enclose within quotation marks ( ). Provide the
author's name and the page number of the quote (in parentheses at the end). The quotation may
be single-spaced.
Indicate omitted words in a quotation with an ellipsis mark (three periods, with a space after
each: (. . . ). Indicate the omission of a full quoted sentence or more with an additional period (. .
. .). Do not use an ellipsis mark at the start of a quotation nor at the end, unless words have been
cut from the end of the last sentence quoted.

Meyers (2009) found that the six factors . . . diverged in their effect (p. 72).

The case of the first letter of the first word of a quotation may be changed along with the end
punctuation to match the syntax of your sentence.

Use brackets [ ], not parentheses ( ), to enclose words (syntactic additions or changes,

explanations) inserted into a quotation by a person other than the writer being quoted.

The behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic] drugs were
administered (Meyers, 2009, p. 73).

Use single quotation marks () within quotations to set off material that was within double
quotation marks () in the original source.

Though the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were
administered (Meyers, 2009, p. 73).

Citation form

Use the word "and" to join authors in an in-text citation.

Liu and Kang (2009) examined....

Use an ampersand (&) to join authors in a parenthetical citation.

One study (Liu & Kang, 2009) indicated that

Use a comma before the word "and" when listing three to five co-authors, and a comma before
the ampersand (&) in a parenthetical reference.

Snyder, Watson, Johns, Bates, and Giles (1999) proposed

(James, Jones, & Wilhelm, 2009)

When citing more than one study within parentheses, separate the works with semicolons:
Studies have shown this trend (Smith, 1999; Gerth, 2006; Lee, 2011).

To cite a Web site (but not a specific document or data), write the address in the text, but do
not include in the reference list:

The Social Work Access Network is a useful Web site (www.sc.edu/swan).

For one-author citations, include name and date (and page number if quoting):

Holder (2005) indicated....

 A recent study (Fan, 2012) noted that "foster children in kinship care have higher
education attainment levels" (p. 232) than foster children living in group homes.
For two-author citations, spell out both authors' names in every occurrence:

Smith and Jones (2000) discussed six changes in the participants behavior.
One study identified many hidden biases (Smith & Jones, 2000).

For three- to five-author citations, name all authors the first time; then use et al.
(et alii: and others) thereafter. So, the first time write, for example:
Becker, Roberts, Lee, Polya, and Crews (2011) examined six functions...
Subsequent times write:
Becker et al. (2011) stated that...

For six or more authors, use the first authors name followed by et al. for all occurrences.

Group authors (e.g., agencies, corporations, organizations, universities, government

offices) Note: when first identifying an organization by its acronym or its abbreviation and
citing it as a reference source as well, enclose the abbreviation in brackets within parentheses:

In text, first time used:

According to Columbia University School of Social Work ([CUSSW], 2012), .

A recent report (Administration for Childrens Services [ACS], 2011) examined.
Subsequent text citations:
In addition, CUSSW (2012) pointed out that students tend to...
As a result, ACS (2011) showed that the number of children....
In reference list:
Columbia University School of Social Work. (2012).
Administration for Childrens Services. (2011).

Group authors cited in full:

All text citations:
According to Googles (2012) mission statement,
In reference list:
Google. (2012).

If the authors name is unknown or unspecified, cite the title (only the first few words if
long) or some identifying aspect of the material (chapter, figure, table, etc.) and the year so the
reader may refer to it. Use quotation marks enclosing titles of articles or chapters, and italicize
 titles of periodicals, books, brochures, and reports. The reference list entry should follow this
same categorizing scheme.

Regarding social work services for adolescents ("Study Finds Correlation," 2009)
The book College Bound Seniors (2008) was used
According to Merriam-Websters Eleventh Collegiate Dictionary (2003), the word
In a recent Washington Post article (Healing Arts, 2009), an unknown source said

If a work's author is referred to as Anonymous, cite it as such (and alphabetize it as well in

reference list):

Another study (Anonymous, 2011) presented data on.

When citing multiple works by the same author at the same time, arrange dates in order
by year of publication (earliest first). Use letters after years to distinguish multiple publications
by the same author in the same year:
Several studies (Johnson, 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2012 in press-a, 2012 in press-b; Park,
2012) showed similar findings.

When citing authors with the same surname, include the first authors initials in all text
citations, even if the publication years differ:

Both P. J. Lee (2009) and R. I. Lee and Smith (2010) also found.

When referring to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, cite the title
(italicized) and author at first use:
As stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.;
DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), a diagnosis of...

Subsequent times refer to the traditional DSM form (italicized) as follows:

A manic episode, according to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), refers to a distinct
although the expansive mood lasted for over two weeks (4th ed., text rev.; DSMIV
TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000).

For old works, cite either the translation date or the original and modern copyright dates:

(Aristotle, trans. 1931) or (Freud, 1890/1983).

Varieties of publication date:

(2012, May) Use for meetings, conferences, and monthly magazines, newsletters, and
newspapers.
(2011, September 25) Use for daily and weekly publications.
(in press) Use for a work accepted for publication but not yet printed.
(n.d.) Use for a work with no date available.
Personal communication and other unrecoverable data
Any communication considered unrecoverable data (person-to-person, letters, memos, phone and
e-mail contact, discussion groups, electronic bulletin boards) is cited in text only, not in reference
list:

W. Smith, Clinical Director of the agency (personal communication, January 22, 2012) said.

As stated by an ACS assistant to the Commissioner (J.L. Rhone, personal communication,

February 25, 2012), the rules governing.

Class or lecture notes and handouts:

Refer in your paper to information learned in a class lecture or discussion by writing class notes
or lecture notes and the date within parentheses: (class notes, April 2, 2012). Any handout
received in class should be referred to similarly (class handout, April 8, 2012). Do not include
such information on the reference page as it is also unrecoverable.

Citation of a work discussed in another

To cite the work of an author whom you have not read but who has been cited by one you have,
write the original authors name in the text only (do not give year and do not cite in reference list).
Then write the words as cited in and the source from which you read about the original. For
example, the author you are reading (Fay) cites another (Kim):
Another author (Kim, as cited in Fay, 2009) stated that "autism is a disorder of brain
development" (p. 85).
Cite Fay in the reference list, not Kim.
According to Mitchell (as cited in Arles, Ziegler & Curtis, 1999), children develop
Cite Arles and colleagues in reference list, not Mitchell.

Use of verb tense

Past tense (e.g., Jones and Smith showed) expresses an action or condition that occurred at a
specific time in the past. Present perfect tense (e.g., Jones and Smith have shown) expresses a
past action or condition that did not occur at a specific time, or an action beginning in the past and
continuing to the present.
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense when reporting on a researchers work, for example,
in a literature review or a description of a procedure if the discussion concerns past events.
Ofori and Matsui (2008) reported
One study (Peralto, 2009) has shown that...
Use the past tense when describing the results of a study.
anxiety decreased significantly
Use the present tense to discuss results, refer to graphic data, and present conclusions.
The results of the experiment indicate

Reference list form

The word References should appear at the top center of the reference list page.

Particulars of Form:

Use a hanging indent on the first line of each reference entry (flush left margin); indent the
second and subsequent lines one tab setting (you may use single spacing for each entry, but use
double spacing between each entry):
Berkman, B., Gardner, D., Zodikoff, B., & Harootyan, L. (2007). Social work and aging in
the emerging health care world. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 48(1/2), 43-57.
doi:10.1300/J083v48n01_14

Chen, F. (2008) Effects of a future care planning workshop for aging parents of the mentally
ill. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Service, 89(1), 44-50.

Lens, V. (2008). Welfare and work sanctions: Examining discretion on the front lines.
Social Service Review, 2, 197-222. doi:10.1086/589706
Entries should be arranged alphabetically by authors surnames; use only first letter(s) of first
and middle names:
Columbia University School of Social Work. (2009).
Macfarley, J. H. (1998).
McFarley, T. (2002).
U.S Department of Education. (2008).

For entries with two authors, use a comma and an ampersand (&) between the names. For
multiple authors up to seven, separate names with commas and use & before the last authors
name. For entries with more than seven authors, list the first six authors, followed by three
spaced ellipsis points (. . .), followed by the last authors name.
Sormanti, M., & Oppenheim, S. (2010).
Garfinkel, I., Huang, C. C., & Nadich, W. (2009).
 Yoshioka, M., Ssewamala, F. M., Gearing, R., Burnette, D., Ballan, M. S., Riedel, M., . . .
Greenberg, R. (2012).
Entries by the same author should be arranged by year of publication, the earliest first. Follow
this pattern using lower case letters alphabetically after the year to distinguish multiple publications
by the same author in the same year:
Ballan, M. (2011a).
Ballan, M. (2011b).
Ballan, M. (2011c).

Entries with no author, including legal material:

For an article or chapter: in text, cite the first few words of the title (using double quotation marks
around it) and the year:
The social welfare paradigm (New Study Finds, 2012)
In the reference list:
New Study Finds More Children More at Risk of Diabetes. (2012).
For a book: in reference list: place title in the author position and italicize entry.
Merriam-Websters Eleventh Collegiate Dictionary. (2003).

Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, of a journal article, book, book
chapter, or essay, and capitalize any proper names in a title:
Lens, V. (2008). Welfare and work sanctions: Examining discretion on the front lines.
Social Service Review, 2, 197-222.

Mui, A. C., & Shibusawa, T. (2008). Asian American elders in the twenty-first century: Key
indicators of well-being. New York: Columbia University Press.

Use italics for titles of all publications (journals, books, reports, brochures etc.); for journals, use
italics from title through volume number (not page numbers) and use uppercase and lowercase
letters:

Feminism and Psychology, 17, 523-540.

Issue numbers are included only with journals paginated by issue (each issue begins on page 1),
and they are set within parentheses (with no space after the volume number):
Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1(3), 72-86.

For books, follow this form:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2011). Title of book: Sub-title of book. City [and state if
needed] of publication: Publisher.
Kamerman, S., & Moss, P. (2009). The politics of parental leave policies. London, UK:
Policy Press.
Use italics and capitalize only the first word of the title and of the sub-title of a book, and any
proper nouns:
Miller, R. M., Forecehimes, A., & Zweben, A. (2011). Treating addiction: A guide for
professionals. NY: Guilford Press.
For journal articles, follow this form:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). Title of article. Journal Title, 24 [volume](x)[issue],
187-199 [inclusive pages].
Kaushal, N., & Nepomnyaschy, L. (2009). Wealth, race/ethnicity, and children's educational
outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 963-971.
In press:

For articles, books, and book chapters that have been accepted for publication but have not yet
appeared in print, the year of publication and page numbers can not be included. When referring to
such work in the text, use the words in press for year of publication; for example: Both Clark
(2008) and Peters (in press) noted a number of discrepancies in the findings.

Witte, S. S. (in press). Project Eban: An HIV/STD intervention for African American
couples. AIDS.
Ssewamala, F. M., Torsten B. N., Waldfogel, J., & Ismayilova, L. (in press). The impact of a
microfinance-based intervention on depression levels of AIDS orphaned children in
Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Health.

Electronic source
Provide the same information, in the same order, that you would for a printed source (or as much
of that information as possible), followed by enough electronic retrieval information needed for
one to locate the source. The date that you retrieved a document is needed if the source content is
likely to change. Providing this date confirms the content at the time of your research. The date
of retrieval is not needed if the content is not likely to change, for example, a journal article or a
book. Provide path information (URL) needed to find the material:
For journal article based on a print source:
Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. (2012). A history of facilitated
communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on
facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved from the
World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html

Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. (2012). A history of facilitated

communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on
facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved April 2, 2009,
from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html

Internet content can be changed, deleted, or moved to another location, so publishers have begun
assigning a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to journal articles, books, and other published
material. Because a DOI offers a permanent link to the location of a source on the Internet,
neither the date of retrieval nor the URL are needed. If a DOI is available for a source (usually
found on the first page of an electronic journal article and on the database landing page for the
article), include it rather than the date you retrieved the source and its URL. If possible, copy and
paste the DOI into your reference list, as a DOI string may be long, and it must appear exactly as
it appears in the source. A reader may locate the reference source by pasting the DOI into a
Google Scholar search or at CrossRef.org, which is the official DOI search service.

For an article assigned a DOI (note lowercase use: doi):

Chen, F. (2010) Assisting adult clients with severe mental illness to move out of parental homes.
Community Mental Health Journal, 46(4), 372-380. doi: 10.1007/s10597-009-9263-y

Reference list types

The APA Manual lists many examples of reference types (pp. 193-224); below are some of
those most commonly used by CUSSW students. If a reference source does not include all the
necessary elements, provide as many as possible and in this order: author, year of publication,
title, and publication data (city, state, and publisher).

1) Journal article
Single author:

Mandiberg, J. M. (2010). Another way: Enclave communities for people with mental
Illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(2), 167-173.

Ssewamala, F. M. (2004). Expanding womens opportunities: The potential of Heifer

projects in sub-Saharan Africa. Development in Practice, 14, 550-559.
doi:10.1080/09614520410001686133

Multiple authors:

Hutto, N., Waldfogel, J., Kaushal, N., & Garfinkel, I. (2011). Improving the measurement of
poverty. Social Service Review, 85(1), 39-74. doi: 10.1086/659129

Pinto, R. M., McKay, M. M., Baptiste, D., Bell, C. C., Madison-Boyd, S., Paikoff, J., . . .
Phillips, D. (2007). Motivators and barriers to participation of ethnic minority families
in a family-based HIV prevention program. Social Work in Mental Health, 5, 187-201.

2) Book

Single author:

Christ, G. (2000). Healing childrens grief: Surviving a parents death from cancer. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Waldfogel, J. (2012). Britains war on poverty. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
 Multiple authors:

Garfinkel, I., Smeeding, T., & Rainwater, L. (2010). Wealth and welfare states: Is
America a laggard or leader? New York: Oxford University Press.
Mui, A. C., & Shibusawa, T. (2008). Asian American elders in the twenty-first century: Key
indicators of well-being. New York: Columbia University Press.

3) Chapter in an edited book

Single author:
Feldman, R. (2010). Critical infrastructures for social work practice research: Pondering the
past, reframing the future. In A. E. Fortune, P. McCallion & K. Briar-Lawson (Eds.),
Social Work Practice Research for the Twenty-First Century (pp.3-22). New York:
Columbia University Press.
Takamura, J.C. (2007). Healthy aging in the United States. In M. Robinson, W. Novelli, C.
Pearson, & L. Norris. (Eds.), Global health and global aging (pp.177-184). San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass/John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple authors:
Ballan, M., Franklin, C., & Gilbert, D. (2011). Qualitative assessment methods. In C. Jordan
& C. Franklin (Eds.), Clinical assessment methods for social workers: Quantitative and
qualitative methods (3rd ed., pp. 125-162). Chicago: Lyceum.
Mincy, R. B., Lewis Jr., C. E., & Han, W. J. (2006). Left behind: Less-educated young Black
men in the economic boom of the 1990s. In R. B. Mincy (Ed.), Black males left behind
(pp. 1-10). Washington DC: Urban Institute Press.
Multi-volume work:
McLanahan, S. S., & Carlson, M. J. (2001). Poverty and gender in affluent nations. In N. J.
Smesler & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral
sciences, Vol. 17 (pp.11894-11900). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Limited.

4) Group author (e.g., agencies, corporations, associations, government offices)

National Institute of Mental health. (2000). Clinical outcomes in mental illness (DHHS
Publication No. ADM 73-8709). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
If author and publisher are the same, use the term Author for publisher:

Columbia University School of Social Work. (2012). Field education manual. New York:
Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

If the online edition of the DSM was used, replace the city and publisher with the DOI:
 American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed., text rev.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349

Identify a pamphlet or brochure as such in brackets [ ]:

Research and Training Center in Independent Living. (2010). Guidelines for reporting about
people with disabilities (5th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

Sanctuary For Families. (n.d.). Sanctuary [Brochure]. New York: Author.

5) Material accepted for publication but not yet in press

Do not give the year (write the words in press), volume, or page numbers until the
article or book is published:

Schwalbe, C. S. (in press). A meta-analysis of juvenile justice risk assessment instruments:

Predictive validity by gender. Criminal Justice and Behavior.

Sormanti, M. (in press). Bereavement practice. In T. Mizrahi & L. Davis (Eds.),

Encyclopedia of social work, (20th edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

6) Non-English source

Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation:

Journal:

Wang, R. (2012). Woguo yiwu jiaoyu touru zhi gongpingxing yanjiu [Inequity in school
finance in China]. Jingjixue Jikan, 2, 453-468.

Book:

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La gnese de lide de hazard chez lenfant [The origin of
the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Nazarova I. (2010). Adaptatsia I vozmojnye modeli mobilnosti sirot [Adaptation and possible
models of orphans mobility]. Moscow: Moskovskii Obshestvenniy Nauchniy Fond.

7) English translation
A chapter in an edited book, volume in a multivolume work, or republished work:

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of
the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London:
Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

8) Source reprinted in another

 Dharni, G. (2011). Elements of self-motivation theory. In K. Chesterson & T. Guthiel (Eds.),
Self-motivation theory: An appraisal (pp.119-138). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted
from Handbook of child psychology, pp. 29-48, by K.L. Halsey, Ed., 2009, New York:
Wiley)

9) Magazine or newsletter article

Give date shown on publicationmonth for monthlies and month and day for weeklies.
Give volume number and page numbers following magazine name.

Fiske, H. (2011, January 13). Nursing home social workers speak out. Social Work Today, 3(1),
8-11.

Jordan, K. (2010, August). Babies listening to Mozart. Science, 278, 986-997.

10) Newspaper article

If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, separating them with a
comma (e.g., pp. A1, A7), and for continuous pages, use a hyphen (e.g., pp. C4-C6).

Metz, A. (2011, June 27). Study shows gains in student test scores. The New York Times, pp.
A1, B3-5.

Sloan, J. (2012, January 2). Social workers engaged in rebuilding community. The Washington
Post, pp. B4-5.

11) Encyclopedia or dictionary

Barker, R. L. (2003). The social work dictionary (5th ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

Kaushal, N., Reimers, C., & Reimers, D. (2007). Essay on economy and immigration. In M.
Walters, R. Ueda, & B. H. Marrow (Eds), The new Americans: A guide to immigration
since 1965. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (pp.320-332).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ivanoff, A. M., & Riedel, M. (1997). Suicide. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social
work (19th ed. Revised, CD ROM). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

12) Conferences and presentations

Paper presented at a meeting (if not published provide year and month of event):
Shear, M. K. (2011, May). Lifting the fog: Complicated grief and its treatment. Paper
presented at APAA Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI.

Poster session:
 Mui, A. C. (2009, June). Religiosity and psychological well-being among Asian American
elders in New York City. Poster presented at the 4th International Spirituality and Social
Work Conference in Los Angeles, CA.

13) Reports
Available from the Government Printing Office (GPO):

National Institute of Mental Health. (2008). Clinical outcomes in mental illness (DHHS
Publication No. ADM 73-8709). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Obesity in children: New prevention
methods (AHCPR Publication No. 567-98007). Washington, DC: Author.

Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service (article or
chapter in an edited collection):

Liu, J. P. (2007). Assessment of Type A behavior. In K. H. Hensen (Ed.), Measuring

psychological variables in epidemiologic studies (NIH Publication No. 76-6954, pp. 28-
62). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC):

George, O. P. (2006). Teacher preparedness in early childhood education centers (Report No.
NCRTL-OP-23-4). Newark, NJ: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. ED573980)

Available from a university:

McLanahan, S., Garfinkel, I., Reichman, N., Teitler, J., Carlson, M., & Audigier, C. (2001).
The fragile families and child wellbeing study national baseline report. Princeton
University, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing.

14) Legal Material

APA defers to the style used by the legal profession for the citation of legal material. See pages
216-224 of the APA Manual for more in depth details, and see The Blue Book: A Uniform
System of Citation (Bluebook; 18th ed., 2005) for a comprehensive discussion.

For a court decision:

In text citation:
Lee v. Jones (1998) or (Lee v. Jones, 1998)
In reference list:
(Abbreviate any published source, court, and date)
 Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date).
Lee v. Jones, 870 G. Supp. 1654 (E.D. NY 1998).

For an act:

In text citation:
Mental Health Systems Act (1988) or Mental Health Systems Act of 1988
In reference list:
Provide source and section number of act, and the publication date of the statutory compilation
(in parentheses), which may not be the same as the year of the act:
Name of Act, Volume Source xxx (Year).
Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. 9401 (1988).

15) Doctoral Dissertation

Matthieu, M. M. (2004). Path analysis of acute stress reactions after the World Trade Center
disaster: Social work students in New York City. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64
(12 A), 4627. (UMI No. 3115359).

Lee, Y. (2007). Early motherhood and harsh parenting: The role of human, social, and
cultural capital. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University.

For a dissertation retrieved from a database:

Lee, Y. (2007). Early motherhood and harsh parenting: The role of human, social, and
cultural capital. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3285112)
16) Audiovisual media
Motion picture:
Anderson, W. (Producer/Director/Writer). (2012). Moonrise Kingdom [Motion picture]. United
States: Indian Paintbrush.
For a film, video, etc. not widely available, include distributor name and address:

American Psychological Association (Producer). (2007). Responding therapeutically to patient

expressions of sexual attraction: A stimulus training tape [Motion picture]. (Available from
the American Psychological Association, 750 1st Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242)

Television broadcast:

Werner, D. (Executive Producer). (2012, February 12). The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

Television series:
 Brooks, J. L. (Producer). (2010). The Simpsons [Television series]. Hollywood: 20th Century
Fox Television.

Single episode from a television series:

Kelley, B. (Writer), & Nastuk, M. (Director). (2009). Lisa the Drama Queen [Television series
episode]. In J. L. Brooks (Producer) The Simpsons. Hollywood: 20th Century Fox
Television.

Music recording form:

Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from writer]. On
Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc]. Location: Label.
(Recording date if different from copyright date).
Mayfield, C. (1964). People get ready [Recorded by Seal]. On Soul [CD]. Burbank, CA:
Warner Brothers Records.

17) Electronic source

Provide the same information, in the same order, that you would for a printed source (or
as much of that information as possible), followed by enough electronic retrieval
information needed for one to locate the source. The date that you retrieved a document is
needed if the source content is likely to change. Providing this date confirms the content at
the time of your research. The date of retrieval is not needed if the content is not likely to
change, for example, a journal article or a book. Finally, provide path information (URL)
needed to find the material.

If the source has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), usually found on the first page of an
article and in the results of a database search, include it (in lowercase: doi) rather than the
date you retrieved the source and its URL.

For an article with a DOI:

Sormanti, M., Wu, E., & El-Bassel, N. (2004). Considering HIV risk and intimate partner
violence among older women of color: A descriptive analysis. Women & Health, 39(1),
45-63. doi:10.1300/J013v39n01_03

For an article in an Internet-only journal:

Marx, K. (2008, March 31). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention & Treatment, 8, Article 3038 b. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume 8

Online journal, FTP:

Funder, D.C. (1999, March). Judgmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler on
base-rate [9 paragraphs] Pscyoloquy [Online serial], 5(17). Retrieved May 4, 2012, from
 FTP: Hostname: princeton.edu Directory: pub/harnad/Psycholoquy.94.5.17.base-
rate.12.funder

For databases accessed via the Web:

Kerrigan, D.C., Todd, M.K., & Riley, P.O. (2007). Knee osteoarthritis and high-heeled shoes.
The Lancet, 251, 1399-1401. Retrieved September 15, 2011 from DIALOG database
(#457, The Lancet) on the World Wide Web: http://www.dialogweb.com

For on-line databases:

Davis, T. (1999). Examining educational malpractice jurisprudence: Should a cause of action

be created for student-athletes? Denver University Law Journal, 69, 57+. Retrieved
September 30, 2012 from WESTLAW on-line database (69 DENULR 57).

For databases on CD-ROM (omit retrieval date):

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2007, March). Encryption: Impact on law enforcement.

Location: Publisher. Retrieved from SIRS database (SIRS Government Reporter, CD-
ROM, Fall 2009 release)
For on-line abstracts:

Meyer, A.S., & Bock, K. (2011). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial
activation? [On-line]. Memory & Cognition, 20. 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File:
PsychINFO Item:80-16351
For abstracts on CD-ROM:
Bower, DL. (2012). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of
referring and nonreferring supervisors [CD-ROM]. Abstract from: Proquest File:
Dissertation Abstracts Item: 9315947
For newspaper articles:
Li, S. (2012, May 2). Social workers engaged in rebuilding community. New York Times, pp.
1, 33. Retrieved June 1, 2012, from the World Wide Web: http://www.nytimes.com
For online periodical:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2011). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx,
xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
For online document:
Author, A. A. (2012). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

For Discussion List and Listserv messages:

Retrieval statement forms:

Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium].
Retrieved [month, day, year] from E-mail: DISCUSSIONLIST@e-mail address.
 Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium].
Retrieved [month, day, year] from E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address.

Use of abbreviations
Abbreviations are usually said as a series of letters and often preceded by an article: an
ATM, an IRA, the FBI, the CIA, the UN, the EU, a CPU; but AT&T, CUSSW, GM, HIV,
ICU, KFC, LGBTQ, and all she needs is TLC.

Acronyms are abbreviations that have become namesAIDS, NATO, UNICEF, NASA,
WASPand they usually do not need articles preceding them.

If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it does not require explanationIQ, LSD,

REM, ESP, AIDS, HIV.

Write out abbreviations the first time they occur followed by the abbreviated term in
parentheses:
The Columbia University School of Social Work (CUSSW), located at
Thereafter, use the abbreviated term without the parentheses:
Students at CUSSW believe

The following abbreviations should be used ONLY within parentheses:

cf. Use compare in your text.

e.g. Use for example

etc. Use and so forth, and so on, and the like. However, when listing, its better
to introduce elements in a series with words that limitfor example, such as,
includingthereby eliminating the need for such endings.

i.e. Use that is

viz. Use namely

vs. Use versus or against

Avoiding biased and pejorative language

In general, avoid anything that causes offense.

Do not use When you can use

mankind humans, human beings
males, females men, women, boys, girls, adults, children, adolescents
manpower workforce, personnel, workers, human resources
man a project staff a project
mothering parenting, nurturing
housewife homemaker
chairman chair
homosexuals gay men and lesbians
minorities name specific population
sexual preference sexual orientation
lower class people who are poor
underclass with low incomes
poverty class living under poverty conditions
upper class with high incomes
the disadvantaged with socio-economic disadvantages
disabled person person with (who has) a disability
defective child child with a congenital disability (or a birth impairment)
the retarded people with disabilities
the learning disabled children with [specify the characteristics]
challenged person who has_______
epileptics individuals with epilepsy
Amputee person with an amputation
Paraplegics individuals with paraplegia
wheelchair-bound uses a wheelchair
Cripple person who has a limp
Deformed person with a shortened arm
the blind people who are blind
mentally ill person person with mental illness or psychiatric disability
schizophrenics people diagnosed with schizophrenia
depressives people who are depressed
crazy, paranoid, etc. person with symptoms of mental illness
borderlines people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder
neurotic patients patients with a neurosis (or neuroses)
chronic mental illness long-term or persistent mental illness
AIDS victims people with AIDS
high-risk groups high-risk behavior
stroke victim individual who had a stroke
person afflicted with person with
population suffering from people who have
afflicted with cerebral palsy person with cerebral palsy
stroke victim individual who had a stroke
real parent, natural parent birth parent
adopted child, own child my child
child out-of-wedlock non-marital birth
illegitimate born to unmarried parents
give away, place for adoption make an adoption plan
reunion meeting, making contact with
adoptive parent parent
search, track down parents to locate, contact
an unwanted child child in need of adoption
hard to place child who has special needs
foreign child child from another country
is adopted was adopted

Use of the terms "gender" and "sex"

The term "gender" refers to culture and should be used when referring to men and women as
social groups, as in this example from the publication manual: "sexual orientation rather than
gender accounted for most of the variance in the results; most gay men and lesbians were for it,
most heterosexual men and women were against it."

The term "sex" refers to biology and should be used when biological distinctions are
emphasized, for example, "sex differences in hormone production."

Sensitivity to labels

Be sensitive to labels. A person in a clinical study should be called a "client," not a "case."
When possible, replace terms like subjects with more descriptive termsparticipants,
individuals, college students, children, respondents. Avoid equating people with
their conditions, for example, do not say "schizophrenics," say "people diagnosed with
schizophrenia." Use the term "sexual orientation," not "sexual preference."
 The phrase "gay men and lesbians" is preferred to the term "homosexuals." To refer to all
people who are not heterosexual, the manual suggests "lesbians, gay men, and bisexual
women and men." To avoid confusion between orientation and specific sexual behaviors,
use terms such as (1) female-female sexual activity, rather than lesbian sexual activity, and
(2) bisexual participants engaged in both male-male and male-female sexual encounters,
rather than gay and heterosexual sexual encounters.
In racial references, respect current usage: Both the terms "Black" and "African American"
are widely accepted. Capitalize Black and White when the words are used as proper nouns to
refer to groups of people. Do not use color words for other ethnic groups. Hyphens should not
be used in multiword names such as Asian American or African American.

Depending on where a person or group is from, the terms Chicano, Hispanic, Latino,
Latina, and or Latina/o may be are preferred. These terms may be more precisely
understood as fitting into an extensive language, regional, ethnic, and cultural category rather
than a racial one. The safest procedure is to use geographical references, for example,
"Mexican Americans", when referring to people from Mexico or of Mexican descent.

"American Indian", "Native American", and Native North American are all acceptable
terms, but there are nearly 450 Native American groups, including Hawaiians and Samoans, so
specific group names are far more informative.

The term Asian American is acceptable, but use the specific country of origin, when known:
Chinese American, Vietnamese American.

In general, call people what they want to be called, and do not contrast one group of people
with another group called "normal" people. Write "we compared people with autism to
people without autism," not "we contrasted autistics to normals." Do not use pejorative terms
like "stroke victim" or "stroke sufferers." Use a more neutral terminology such as "people who
have had a stroke." Avoid the terms "challenged" and "special" unless the population referred
to prefers this terminology (e.g., Special Olympics). As a rule, use the phrase "people with
_______" (e.g., "people with AIDS," not "AIDS sufferers").

If possible, be specific about age ranges; avoid ambiguous definitions such as "under 16" or
"over 65." When possible, give age range (ages 1216) rather than a broad category
(younger adolescents). For persons 12 and younger, "boy" and "girl" are acceptable; for
persons 13 to 17, use young man or male adolescent and young woman or female
adolescent; for persons 18 and older use "man" and "woman." The term older adults is
preferred over "elderly." For older adult groups, the terms young-old, old-old, very old,
oldest old, and centenarians may be used, but the specific age ranges should be
identified.

Provide as much demographic information as needed when describing a population under

study: The sample of 60 U.S. graduate students was made up of 47 Whites (25 females and 22
males), 11 African Americans (7 females and 4 males), 9 Latino/as (5 females and 4 males),
 and 7 Asian Americans (4 females and 3 males). If relevant, include additional information as
well (e.g., age range, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc.).

Form

Page layout

o Maintain a minimum of one inch margins on all sides of a page.

o Justification should be set to "off" or "left margin only" (the right margin should be
uneven).

o Indent paragraphs and footnotes five to seven spaces (one tab setting).

o Double-spacing throughout a manuscript is most often required. However, to improve

readability, single-spacing may be allowed, for example, when quoting passages of more
than 40 words and for table titles and headings, figure captions, footnotes, and citation
sources on the references page (though double-spacing is required between each reference
entry).

o The preferred typeface of APA is Times New Roman, with a 12-point font size.

o The title page (see model on page 26) consists of the (a) title, centered and placed in the
upper half of the paper; (b) authors name, below the title, centered; and (c) institutional
affiliation (CUSSW, spelled out), below authors name. Any other information (e.g.,
course, section, instructor, date) is placed below the first three elements, centered as well.
In addition, page numbers run consecutively, beginning with the title page, and appear in
the upper right corner of every page, in the Header. Also in the Header, flush left margin
of only the title page, should appear the term Running head: followed by a shortened
title, typed out in all uppercase letters, in no more than 50 characters, including letters,
punctuation, and spaces.

o If called for, the abstract appears on page 2 (see model on page 27).

o The reference list starts on its own page and at the end of the manuscript (see model on
page 28).

o If an appendix is included it appears after the reference page (see model on page 29).
 Headings
Headings help the reader follow the organization of a paper. They function as an outline, indicating
the hierarchy of your ideas. Use the same heading level for topics of equal importance throughout
your paper. Use at least two subsection headings within any given subsection. APA designates the
use of from one to five levels. For most student papers, one, two, or three levels are sufficient.
Below presents how the heading title of each level is formatted (notice the use of bold and italics):

One level:
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Two levels:
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Three levels:
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Four levels:
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Five levels:
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

In lowercase paragraph headings, only the first letter of the first word is uppercase.
 Arranging items in sequence

Similar to headings, the ordering of your material within sections, paragraphs, and sentences will
help the reader grasp the overall organization of your paper. Arranging items in a determined
sequence, one in which the items correspond grammatically and conceptually, will aid you in the
presentation of your work.

When writing separate paragraphs and sentences in a series, such as for listing conclusions or steps
in a procedure, use numbers followed by a period.

1. participants who agreed[paragraph continues].

2. participants who did not agree[paragraph continues].

3. participants who had no opinion[paragraph continues].

To avoid the implication of chronology, significance, or hierarchy, use bullets rather than numbers.

participants who agreed[paragraph continues].

participants who did not agree[paragraph continues].

participants who had no opinion[paragraph continues].

Use lowercase letters within parentheses to identify items in a series.

The participants who agreed were (a) 65 years of age and older; (b) capable of performing
the prescribed ADLs on their own, though some experienced difficulties (e.g., see p. 64); and
(c) willing to take part in a follow-up study.

As an alternative, and most useful in long and complex phrases, bulleted lists within a sentence
may be used as well to separate three or more elements; however, maintain proper punctuation
throughout.

The participants who agreed were

65 years of age and older;

capable of performing the prescribed ADLs on their own, though some experienced
difficulties (e.g., see p. 64); and

willing to take part in a follow-up study.

Title page model

Running head: LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE 1

(In the Header, type the words Running head: exactly as above,
followed by a shorter version of the title, no more than 50 UPPERCASE
characters, including spaces. This shorter version of the title, along
with the page number, in the upper right corner, appears on ALL
subsequent pages of your paper.)

Title Page Layout Guidelines for

Writing a Paper in APA Style (double spaced and

centered: title, your
Jane Doe name, affiliation; any
other info goes below,
Columbia University e.g., course, date,
instructor)
School of Social Work

A formatting note about the Running head:

To format your paper so that the phrase Running head: appears only in the header of the
first pagethe title pageof your paper, follow these instructions:

In Microsoft Word:
1. On the View menu, click on Header and Footer.

2. In the toolbar that appears, choose the Page setup image and then the tab Layout.

3. In the menu, under Headers and footers, click the box that says Different first page.

4. In the First Page Header box at the top of page 1, type Running head: and then your

abbreviated title.

5. Go to page 2 of your document and delete the phrase Running head:.

6. On page 1, Running head will remain in your first page header, and only your abbreviated

title will appear on subsequent pages.

Abstract page model

LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE 2

Abstract

An abstract for a paper goes on the second page. A brief, comprehensive summary of your

paper, the abstract allows the reader to quickly survey its contents. An abstract will usually

range between 150 and 250 words, and it should be informative, well-organized, accurate,

concise, and readable. A well-prepared abstract can be the most important paragraph in an

article. Most readers get their first contact with an article by reading the abstract, usually

online. Mention only the most important points, ideas, results, and or implications. Include

terms you think researchers will use in their electronic searches. Write your abstract in the third

person using an active voice. Use the present tense to describe results and the past tense

to describe specific variables manipulated or tests applied. Avoid jargon, such as policy

implications are discussed or it is concluded that.

Reference list page model

LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE 29

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(4th ed., text rev.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349

Burnette, D. (2009). Grandparent caregiving in Caribbean Latino families: Correlates of

childrens departure from care. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 7(2), 331-43.

Chen, F., & Ogden, L. (2012). A worker-client relationship model that reduces homelessness
among people with mental illness. Qualitative Health Research, 22(3), 373-383.
doi:10.1177/1049732311421180

Chen, W. Y. (2004). The role of violence exposure in adolescents internalizing behaviors: A

comparison between African American and Asian American youth. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Columbia University.

Columbia University School of Social Work. (2012). Field education manual. New York:
Author.

Garfinkel, I., Smeeding, T., & Rainwater, L. (2010). Wealth and welfare states: Is America a
laggard or leader? New York: Oxford University Press.

Metz, A. (2012, June 27). Study shows gains in student test scores. The New York Times,
pp. A1, B 3-4.

Pinto, R. M., McKay, M. M., Baptiste, D., Bell, C. C., Madison-Boyd, S., Paikoff, J., . . .
Phillips, D. (2007). Motivators and barriers to participation of ethnic minority families in a
family-based HIV prevention program. Social Work in Mental Health, 5, 187-201.

Research and Training Center in Independent Living. (1999). Guidelines for reporting
about people with disabilities (5th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

Ssewamala, F. M. (2004). Expanding womens opportunities: The potential of Heifer project in

sub-Saharan Africa. Development in Practice, 14, 550-559. doi: 10.1080/0961452041000

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Obesity in children: New
prevention methods (AHCPR Publication No. 567-98007). Washington, DC: Author.

Waldfogel, J. (2012). Britains war on poverty. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Wang, R. (2003). Woguo yiwu jiaoyu touru zhi gongpingxing yanjiu [Inequity in school
finance in China]. Jingjixue Jikan, 2(2), 453-468.

Yoshioka, M. R., & Noguchi, E. (2009). The developmental life course perspective: A
conceptual and organizing framework for HBSE. Journal of Human Behavior and the
Social Environment, 19(7), 873-884.

Appendix page model

LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE 30

Appendix

An appendix is used to provide additional information that would be either distracting for the

reader or inappropriate if it were in the main body of the text.

Common types of appendixes include a large table, a word list, a mathematical proof, a

computer program that is new or unique to the research referred to in the paper, verbatim

instructions to participants, original scales or questionnaires, and raw data.

An appendix should be used only if it helps the reader understand and or evaluate the paper.

The appendix comes after the reference page(s).

A paper may include more than one appendix. If you use only one, label the page as such (see

above), centered, at the top of the page. If you use more than one appendix, label each

one with a capital letter (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.), and in the text, refer to each

one accordingly.