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CHAPTER 3
The Skeletal System
Bonus Question: Using this information as a reference, how would this table
appear if it was a list of the bones for a newborn?
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Elevated Landmarks:
Process: Any bony prominence mastoid process of the skull
Spine: Sharp, slender, or narrow process spine of the scapula
Crest: Narrow ridge iliac crest of the pelvis
Line: Slightly raised, elongated ridge nuchal lines of the skull
Tuberosity: Rough surface tibial tuberosity
Tubercle: Small, rounded process greater tubercle of the humerus
Trochanter: Massive processes unique to the femur greater trochanter of the femur
Epicondyle: Projection superior to a condyle medial epicondyle of the femur
Depressions or Flat Surfaces:
Alveolus: Pit or socket tooth socket
Fossa: Shallow; broad, or elongated basin mandibular fossa
Fovea: Small pit fovea capitis of the femur
Sulcus: Groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel intertubercular sulcus of the Humerus
Spaces or openings:
Foramen: Hole through a bone, usually round foramen magnum of the skull
Fissure: Slit through a bone orbital fissure behind the eye
Meatus or canal: Tubular passage or tunnel through a bone auditory meatus of the ear
Sinus: Space or cavity within a bone frontal sinus of the skull
Bonus Question: Alveolus is a common term in human anatomy. How many other examples of alveoli can
you find in Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (APR)?
Au/Ed: ital okay?
CHECK POINT:
Naming Bone Processes and Other Landmarks Lines
Crest
1. Explain the difference between a crest and
a line.
2. Explain the difference between a condyle and Sinuses
an epicondyle.
3. Explain the difference between a foramen Foramen
and a fissure. Canal
(meatus)
Process
Condyle Alveolus
Spine Foramen
EXERCISE 3.1:
Coloring Exercise
Color in the structures with colored pens or
pencils.
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Process
A Few Notes About Naming Processes
Spine Fossae A process is any bony prominencethat is, a piece
of bone that sticks out from the rest of the bone.
When it comes to naming these processes, there are
a few rules that need to be followed to minimize
confusion. For example, lets consider when a
process articulates with another bone, such as the
zygomatic process of the temporal bone. This
process is a structure on the temporal bone that
articulates with the zygomatic bone. The formula
Fovea for naming one of these processes is:
Head
the x process of the y bone
Crest
where x the name of bone articulated with
Trochanters
and y the name of the bone it is part of
So, with the ZYGOMATIC process of the TEMPO-
RAL bone, x ZYGOMATIC (the bone articulated
with) and y TEMPORAL (the bone it is part of).
Line
Now, how does the zygomatic process of the temporal
bone compare to the temporal process of the zygo-
matic bone? If you are not sure, dont worry, we will
cover these structures shortly.
Lets look at the styloid process of the temporal
bone. This styloid process does not articulate with any
other bone, but it shares its name with the styloid
Eplcondyles processes of both the ulna and radius bones of the
forearm. Therefore, it must be named in reference to
the bone that it is part of to prevent confusion
hence the name the styloid process of the temporal
Condyles bone. What problems would you predict could occur
if this distinction is not made in an emergency room
scenario?
Head Some processes, the mastoid process for exam-
Tubercle ple, are unique in name and do not articulate with
any other bones. These require no further clarifica-
tion when naming them.
CHECK POINT:
Tuberosity
A Few Notes About Naming Processes
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Pronation:
EXERCISE 3.2:
Joint Movements
From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys- Supination:
tem click the ANIMATIONS button at the top
of the screen.
From the Select animation menu, select each
of the movements listed under the Joint move- Elevation:
ments heading.
Click the Play button, and view the animation.
After viewing the animation and reading the defini- Depression:
tion, define the following joint movements. Click the
Select animation menu in the ANIMATION
LIST window to select the next term:
Circumduction:
Flexion:
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Dorsiflexion:
2. Which cells produce bone material?
Plantar flexion:
3. How is a tunnel formed around a blood vessel?
Eversion:
4. How is the tunnel filled in to produce a new
osteon?
Inversion:
Retraction:
When you are finished with the animation, click
on the Dissection button at the top of the screen
to begin the following exercises, or click on the
Exit button at the top right of the screen to exit
Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed .
CHECK POINT:
Joint Movements HEADS UP!
1. A movement that raises a body part is . . . . Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed has several
2. A movement of a body part away from the animations available to aid your study of different
main axis of the body or structure is . . . .
systems. Watch for the Animation button at the
3. A movement at the ankle so that the dorsum
of the foot is elevated is . . . . bottom of the screen to be highlighted green,
4. A movement that decreases the angle which indicates that an animation is available for
between two bones at a joint is . . . .
the specific structure(s) you are viewing.
5. A movement that increases the angle
between two bones at a joint is . . . .
Skeleton (Regions)
Animation: Appositional
Bone Growth EXERCISE 3.3:
Return to the ANIMATION LIST, and select Skeleton, Anterior View
Appositional bone growth.
From the opening screen for the Skeletal
Click the Play button, and view the animation. System, or from the Skeletal System
After viewing the animation, answer the following Animations Screen, click the DISSECTION
questions: button on the menu at the top of the screen.
From the Select topic menu, select Skeletal
under the Skeletal (Regions) heading.
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AE AD AG. ___________________________________________
AH. ___________________________________________
AF AG
AH
CHECK POINT:
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor- Skeleton, Anterior View
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
1. Name the bones that make up the cranial
A. ____________________________________________ group. How many of each bone are in this
B. ____________________________________________ group?
2. Name the bones that make up the facial
C. ____________________________________________ group. How many of each bone are in this
D. ____________________________________________ group?
3. Name the bones that form the pelvic girdle.
E. ____________________________________________ 4. Name the bones that form the wrist.
F. ____________________________________________ 5. The vertebral column is composed of
__________ vertebrae. How many of each
G. ____________________________________________ group of vertebrae are there?
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.4:
J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________ Skeleton, Posterior View
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Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Supraorbital notch
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
External occipital
protuberance
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
Temporal bone
Carotid canal
Mastoid process
Squamous part of
temporal bone
Styloid process of
temporal bone
Zygomatic process of
temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Body
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Greater wing
Sella turcica
Sphenoidal sinus
Ethmoid bone
Crista galli
Nasal conchamiddle
Nasal conchasuperior
Bonus Question: What is the name for the bone shaped like a butterfly?
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Maxilla
Infraorbital foramen
Palatine bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Vomer bone
Mandible
Alveolar process of
mandible
Angle of mandible
Body of mandible
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
Ramus of mandible
Bonus Question: What is the anatomical term that refers to the chin area? How do you suppose it received
this name?
Table 3.5 Structures of the Head and NeckOther Skull Structures
Structures Dissection Views
Skull
Individual Inferior Mid- Cranial
Bone Anterior Skull Lateral sagittal Posterior Superior Cavity Orbit
Coronal suture
Cranial fossaanterior
Cranial fossamiddle
Cranial fossaposterior
Foramen lacerum
Hard palate
Hyoid bone
Jugular foramen
Lambda
Lambdoid suture
Pterion
Sagittal suture
Septal cartilage
Zygomatic arch
Cervical vertebrae
Intervertebral disk
Bonus Question: Which bones are characterized by the presence of transverse foramina?
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A. ___________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
B. ___________________________________________
Head and Neck, Anterior View
C. ___________________________________________
1. Name the bones contributing to the orbit.
D. ___________________________________________
2. Name the bone known as the collar bone.
3. What structures are formed by the frontal E. ___________________________________________
bone?
F. ___________________________________________
4. Which is the shortest rib?
5. Name the superior part of the sternum. G. ___________________________________________
H. ___________________________________________
I. ___________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.7:
J. ___________________________________________
Head and Neck, Lateral View
K. ___________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the L. ___________________________________________
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the M. ___________________________________________
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. N. ___________________________________________
A V. ___________________________________________
B W. ___________________________________________
C
X. ___________________________________________
D
E Y. ___________________________________________
F L J G
H I Z. ___________________________________________
K
O N Q AA. ___________________________________________
R M
P AB. ___________________________________________
S U V T
AA AC. ___________________________________________
Z
AD X W Y AD. ___________________________________________
AC AE AB AE. ___________________________________________
AF. ___________________________________________
AF
AG AG. ___________________________________________
AH
AI AH. ___________________________________________
AI. ___________________________________________
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures:
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N
EXERCISE 3.9:
O
P Abdomen, Anterior View
Q
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
From the Select topic menu, select Abdomen.
Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu.
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Q AB.____________________________________________
R CHECK POINT:
S
T Back, Posterior View
U
V 1. Name the large, triangular flat bone of the
W X superior back.
AB 2. Name the three coxal bones.
Z AA Y 3. Name the vertebrae of the lower back. How
many are there?
4. Which intervertebral discs most commonly
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the herniate?
information necessary to identify the following 5. Name the structure marked by a dimple on
structures: the lower back.
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
Skull and Associated Bones
C. ____________________________________________
Animation: The Skull
D. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-
E. ____________________________________________ tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section,
click the ANIMATIONS button at the top of the
F. ____________________________________________
screen.
G. ____________________________________________
From the Select animation menu, select
H. ____________________________________________ Skull.
I. ____________________________________________ Click the Play button, and view the animation.
J. ____________________________________________ After viewing the animation, answer these
questions:
K. ____________________________________________
1. The bones that surround and protect the brain
L. ____________________________________________
are referred to as the __________ bones.
M. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________
2. The bones that form the underlying structure
O. ____________________________________________
of the face are referred to as the __________
P. ____________________________________________ bones.
Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
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3. With one exception, the bones of the skull Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
articulate with each other through joints window, and you will see the following image:
known as __________. The exception is the
__________.
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O. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________
T. ____________________________________________
U. ____________________________________________
A
B V. ____________________________________________
C
D
E
J CHECK POINT:
I F G H
Skull, Anterior View
M K L
O N 1. Name the structures transmitted through the
P
mental foramen.
Q 2. Name a feature of the skull that can be either
R a notch or a foramen.
S 3. What two bones contain teeth?
4. What is the name for the sockets of the
U T teeth? (You may have to revisit this chapter
V to answer this one)
5. The nasal septum consists of what specific
bones or structures of bones?
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
EXERCISE 3.12:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________ Skull, Superior View
C. ____________________________________________ From the opening screen for the Skeleton Sys-
tem, click the DISSECTION button on the
D. ____________________________________________ menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
E. ____________________________________________ DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
F. ____________________________________________
From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if it
G. ____________________________________________ is not already selected.
H. ____________________________________________ From the Select view menu, select Superior.
I. ____________________________________________ Click the flashing GO button.
J. ____________________________________________
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F E
G
CHECK POINT: Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
Skull, Superior View
A. ____________________________________________
1. Name the joint between the parietal bones.
2. Name the joint between the frontal and the B. ____________________________________________
parietal bones. C. ____________________________________________
3. Name the bone type found in or near the
sutures of the skull. D. ____________________________________________
4. Where are these bones most often found? E. ____________________________________________
5. Name the skull bone that articulates with the
vertebral column. F. ____________________________________________
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H
I
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A B
C
D
G E F
I L J H
K P O
R M
S N V
W AA
Q U X Y T
AE Z AD AG AB AC
AF
AI
A AJ AH AK
D B AM AL AN
C E F AO
G
H
I
J
L Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
K mation necessary to identify the following structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
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E. ___________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
F. ___________________________________________
Skull, Mid-sagittal View
G. ___________________________________________
1. When your dentist wants to numb your
H. ___________________________________________ lower jaw by anesthetizing the nerves that
I. ___________________________________________ serve the teeth and skin, what hole in what
bone would be used to access those nerves?
J. ___________________________________________ 2. Name the paranasal sinuses.
K. ___________________________________________ 3. Name the structure that increases the surface
area of the nasal cavity and plays an impor-
L. ___________________________________________ tant role in warming inhaled air.
M. ___________________________________________ 4. Name the structure that contains the sublin-
gual salivary gland.
N. ___________________________________________ 5. Name the muscles that attach to the styloid
O. ___________________________________________ process of the temporal bone.
P. ___________________________________________
Q. ___________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.16:
R. ___________________________________________
Skull, Inferior View
S. ___________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
T. ___________________________________________ System, click the DISSECTION button on the
U. ___________________________________________ menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
V. ___________________________________________ TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
W. ___________________________________________ From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if it
X. ___________________________________________ is not already selected.
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AB
CHECK POINT:
AC
AD Skull, Inferior View
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E. ___________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.17:
F. ___________________________________________
SkullCranial Cavity, Superior View
G. ___________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the H. ___________________________________________
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the I. ___________________________________________
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. J. ___________________________________________
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A
C B
D Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
E
F mation necessary to identify the following structures:
G H A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
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From the opening screen for the Skeleton Sys- 1. Name the characteristic features of the
tem, click the DISSECTION button on the ethmoid bone.
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the 2. Describe the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE bone.
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. 3. Name the structure that forms the superior
part of the nasal septum.
From the Select topic menu, select Ethmoid
bone.
Superior and posterior will be visible in the
Select view menu.
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C B
D
A
C B
D E
F
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the G
information necessary to identify the following
structures: I J H
A. ____________________________________________ K
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
information necessary to identify the following window, and you will see the following image:
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________ A
E. ____________________________________________
B
F. ____________________________________________ C
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________ D
I. ____________________________________________
E
J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
G F
CHECK POINT:
Mandible
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H. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.23:
I. ____________________________________________
Occipital Bone
J. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton Sys-
tem, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the CHECK POINT:
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. Occipital Bone
From the Select topic menu, select Occipital 1. Name the structures that pass through the
bone. foramen magnum.
2. What is the function of the occipital condyles?
Superior and inferior will be visible in the
3. What structures are contained within the
Select view menu.
cerebellar fossa?
Click the flashing GO button.
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.24:
Parietal Bone
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
A System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
B From the Select topic menu, select Parietal
D bone.
Lateral will be visible in the Select view menu.
E C Click the flashing GO button.
There are no TAGS for this bone, but be sure to
F G read the information in the STRUCTURE
H INFORMATION window.
I
J
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C. ____________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
D. ____________________________________________
Parietal Bone
E. ____________________________________________
1. Name the bones that articulate with the pari-
F. ____________________________________________
etal bone.
2. Name the sutures involved with each articu- G. ____________________________________________
lation listed in question 1.
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.25: J. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor- Click the flashing GO button.
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
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K B A
C D
E
F G
I H J
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
K M L
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
P Q N O
A. ____________________________________________ R
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
S
D. ____________________________________________
T
E. ____________________________________________ V U
F. ____________________________________________ W
AA X
G. ____________________________________________ Y
Z AB
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________ Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
K. ____________________________________________
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
B. ____________________________________________
Temporal Bone
C. ____________________________________________
1. Name the bony canal that ends at the D. ____________________________________________
tympanic membrane.
2. Name the bony canal traversed by the facial E. ____________________________________________
and vestibulocochlear nerves. F. ____________________________________________
3. Name the bony structure containing the
organs of hearing and equilibrium.
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Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC
window, and you will see the following image: button.
From the Select topic menu select Head and
neck.
Click the flashing GO button.
From the Select view menu in the IMAGE
TYPE/VIEW panel select Anteriorposterior.
A
B
C
B
C
D
D E
F
H G
I
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the J K
information necessary to identify the following
L
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
CHECK POINT: structures:
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EXERCISE 3.30:
Coloring Exercise
Look up the bones of the skull and then color names of important bones or bone features in the
them in with colored pens or pencils. Write the blank label lines.
S 1
R L
I
2 2
18
5 5
1 1 19
4 4
5 5
8 9 9 8
20
13 6 13
21
15
11 11
14
7 7
16
22
17
12
28
A P
1 2
I
29
23
5 4
3
9
30 25
13
7 24
26
27
31
12
32
33
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39
34
13 7 7
7 7
35
40
13
2
36 10 10
41
5
2 5
5 14
5 4
37
42
50
26
4
A 43
R L
2
P
3
2
44 19
2
45
4
46
5 1
38
5
6
47
5 48
3
5 1
L 49
P A 4
2
R
Horizontal
section
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1.__________________________________________ 26.__________________________________________
2.__________________________________________ 27.__________________________________________
3.__________________________________________ 28.__________________________________________
4.__________________________________________ 29.__________________________________________
5.__________________________________________ 30.__________________________________________
6.__________________________________________ 31.__________________________________________
7.__________________________________________ 32.__________________________________________
8.__________________________________________ 33.__________________________________________
9.__________________________________________ 34.__________________________________________
10.__________________________________________ 35.__________________________________________
11.__________________________________________ 36.__________________________________________
12.__________________________________________ 37.__________________________________________
13.__________________________________________ 38.__________________________________________
14.__________________________________________ 39.__________________________________________
15.__________________________________________ 40.__________________________________________
16.__________________________________________ 41.__________________________________________
17.__________________________________________ 42.__________________________________________
18.__________________________________________ 43.__________________________________________
19.__________________________________________ 44.__________________________________________
20.__________________________________________ 45.__________________________________________
21.__________________________________________ 46.__________________________________________
22.__________________________________________ 47.__________________________________________
23.__________________________________________ 48.__________________________________________
24.__________________________________________ 49.__________________________________________
25.__________________________________________ 50.__________________________________________
I N R E V I E W
What Have I Learned? 3. What passes through this foramen?
T
he following questions cover the material that you
just read, the introduction to the skeleton and the 4. Name the two bones that form the bridge of the
skeletal structures of the head and neck. Apply nose.
what you have learned in answering these questions:
1. The hard palate consists of which bones?
5. At the junction of the temporal and occipital
bones, the internal jugular vein passes through
which foramen?
2. What is the name for the large foramen on the
inferior side of the occipital bone?
Continued
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6. The greater and lesser wings are parts of what 10. What bony landmark is defined as a pit or
bone? socket?
7. Name the bony canal of the external ear. What 11. What bony landmark is defined as a hole
bone is it a part of? through a bone, usually round?
8. What is the attachment site for the sternocleido- 12. What bony landmark is defined as a smooth,
mastoid muscle on the skull? rounded knob?
EXERCISE 3.31:
Thoracic Cage B A
C
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
IMAGING section, click the DISSECTION E D F
button at the top of the screen. G
H
You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/
VIEW button to continue.
I
From the Select topic menu, select Thoracic
cage under the Thoracic cage and verte-
bral column heading.
J
Anterior will be visible in the Select view K
menu.
Click the flashing GO button.
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D. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: N. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
A
B
C CHECK POINT:
D
Thoracic Cage
E
F 1. Describe the thoracic cage.
G H I 2. Define a true rib. How many are there?
J 3. Define a false rib. How many are there?
K 4. Define a floating rib. How many are there?
L M
N
EXERCISE 3.32:
O ImagingThorax
From the opening screen for the Skeletal
P
System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION
section, click the IMAGING button at the top of
the screen.
You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the button.
information necessary to identify the following
structures: From the Select topic menu select Thorax.
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Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will Click the flashing GO button.
see the following image:
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
A
B A
B
C
D E
F G
H I
J
K
D
L
M
C
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A
H I
J EXERCISE 3.34:
K L Cervical Vertebra
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
M N menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
B O TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
P S
Q From the Select topic menu, select Cervical
R vertebra.
Superior and lateral will be visible in the
Select view menu.
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
Click the flashing GO button.
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
A. ____________________________________________
window, and you will see the following image:
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ A
F. ____________________________________________
B
G. ____________________________________________ C
H. ____________________________________________ E D
I. ____________________________________________ H F G
J. ____________________________________________ I
K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________ J
N. ____________________________________________ K
O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
information necessary to identify the following window, and you will see the following image:
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
A
E. ____________________________________________ B
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ D E C
F
H. ____________________________________________ G
I. ____________________________________________
H
J. ____________________________________________ I
J
K. ____________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
Cervical Vertebra information necessary to identify the following
1. Name a characteristic unique to the trans- structures:
verse processes of the cervical vertebrae. A. ____________________________________________
2. What structure passes through this opening
in C1-C6? B. ____________________________________________
3. What is unique about the spinous process of C. ____________________________________________
most cervical vertebrae?
4. Which vertebra does not have a spinous D. ____________________________________________
process? E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.35:
H. ____________________________________________
Atlas (C1 Vertebra)
I. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on J. ____________________________________________
the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are
in the DISSECTION section, click the
CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top CHECK POINT:
of the screen. Atlas (C1 Vertebra)
From the Select topic menu, select Atlas
(C1 vertebra). 1. What is the most posterior structure of the
Atlas (C1 vertebra)?
Superior will be visible in the Select view 2. What is its function?
menu. 3. What structure is lacking on the atlas and
Click the flashing GO button. coccygeal vertebrae that is present on all
other vertebrae?
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H. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.36:
I. ____________________________________________
Axis (C2 Vertebra)
J. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the K. ____________________________________________
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. CHECK POINT:
From the Select topic menu, select Axis Axis (C2 Vertebra)
(C2 vertebra).
1. Name a structure unique to the axis.
Posterosuperior will be visible in the Select 2. What is another name for this structure?
view menu. 3. What does this structure represent?
Click the flashing GO button.
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: EXERCISE 3.37:
Thoracic Vertebra
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
A TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
From the Select topic menu, select Thoracic
B
vertebra.
C
E D Superior and lateral will be visible in the
F Select view menu.
G Click the flashing GO button.
H Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
I J window, and you will see the following image:
A
B C
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the D F E
information necessary to identify the following G
structures:
H
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
I
D. ____________________________________________ J K
E. ____________________________________________ L
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
information necessary to identify the following window, and you will see the following image:
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
A
C. ____________________________________________
D C B
D. ____________________________________________
F E
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ G
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
H
K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
I
CHECK POINT:
Thoracic Vertebra
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
1. List the characteristic features of thoracic information necessary to identify the following
vertebrae. structures:
2. How many thoracic vertebrae do you have?
3. Where are they located? A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.38:
D. ____________________________________________
Lumbar Vertebra
E. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
F. ____________________________________________
System, click the DISSECTION button on
the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are G. ____________________________________________
in the DISSECTION section, click the
H. ____________________________________________
CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top
of the screen. I. ____________________________________________
From the Select topic menu, select Lumbar
vertebra.
CHECK POINT:
Superior and lateral will be visible in the
Select view menu. Lumbar Vertebra
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B A
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures:
D
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C
E C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the I. ____________________________________________
information necessary to identify the following
J. ____________________________________________
structures:
K. ____________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
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I N R E V I E W
What Have I Learned? 7. Which vertebra has a dens?
T
he following questions cover the material that
you just read, the thoracic cage and vertebral col-
umn. Apply what you have learned in answering 8. Which vertebra has no vertebral body?
these questions:
1. Describe the thoracic cage.
4. Define a floating rib. How many are there? 11. What is unique about the spinous process of
most cervical vertebrae?
Continued
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Continued
13. What is the most posterior structure of the Atlas 21. Where are they located?
(C1 vertebra)?
15. What structure is lacking on the atlas and 23. How many lumbar vertebrae do you have?
coccygeal vertebrae that is present on all other
vertebrae?
19. List the characteristic features of thoracic 27. Describe the coccyx.
vertebrae.
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb From the Select topic menu, select Shoulder
and arm under the Pectoral girdle and
upper limb heading.
EXERCISE 3.40: From the Select view menu select Anterior.
Shoulder and Arm, Anterior View Click the flashing GO button.
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on
the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are
in the DISSECTION section, click the
CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top
of the screen.
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EXERCISE 3.41:
U
W V Shoulder and Arm, Posterior View
Y X From the opening screen for the Skeleton
Z AB AA System, click the DISSECTION button on the
AC AD menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures: From the Select topic menu, select Shoulder
and arm, if it is not already selected.
A. ____________________________________________
From the Select view menu select Posterior.
B. ____________________________________________
Click the flashing GO button.
C. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
D. ____________________________________________
window, and you will see the following image:
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ A
H. ____________________________________________ B
C
F D
I. ____________________________________________ E
H G
J. ____________________________________________ I
K. ____________________________________________
K J
L M
L. ____________________________________________
N O
M. ____________________________________________
Q P
N. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________ R
R. ____________________________________________
T S
S. ____________________________________________
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the From the Select topic menu select Shoulder
information necessary to identify the following and arm.
structures:
Click the flashing GO button.
A. ____________________________________________
Anterior-posterior will be visible in the
B. ____________________________________________ IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel select.
C. ____________________________________________ Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will
see the following image:
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
A
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________ B
E C D F
J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________ G
N. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________
T. ____________________________________________ Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures:
CHECK POINT:
A. ____________________________________________
Shoulder and Arm
B. ____________________________________________
1. Which bony structures form the gleno- C. ____________________________________________
humeral joint?
2. How many ribs do you have? D. ____________________________________________
3. Both true and false ribs articulate with ______. E. ____________________________________________
4. Name the characteristic features of the
scapula. F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.42:
EXERCISE 3.43:
ImagingShoulder and Arm
From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys- Clavicle
tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, From the opening screen for the Skeleton
click the IMAGING button at the top of the screen. System, click the DISSECTION button on the
You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
button. IMAGING section, click the DISSECTION
button at the top of the screen.
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You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/ Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS
VIEW button to continue. window, and you will see the following image:
From the Select topic menu, select Clavicle.
Superior and inferior will be visible in the
Select view menu.
Click the flashing GO button.
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
B A
C
A D
C B
D
B. ____________________________________________ Clavicle
Scapula
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
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A B
A D C
C B
E
G
E K I F
F H O N
L
J I
M J
G K P
H N L
O
P
Q
R M
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor- Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures: mation necessary to identify the following structures:
A. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
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E. ____________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
F. ____________________________________________
Scapula
G. ____________________________________________
1. Name a landmark for intramuscular injections.
H. ____________________________________________
2. Name another visible subcutaneous landmark.
I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.45: K. ____________________________________________
Humerus L. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton M. ____________________________________________
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the N. ____________________________________________
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE O. ____________________________________________
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
P. ____________________________________________
From the Select topic menu, select Humerus.
Q. ____________________________________________
Anterior and posterior will be visible in the
Select view menu. R. ____________________________________________
A M
A B B N
M
N C D
D C E
E O
F
F P
G O
G
H Q
H P
I I J
J K Q R
K L R L
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E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ A
D
G. ____________________________________________ C B
H. ____________________________________________ F
E
I. ____________________________________________ G
I H
J. ____________________________________________
J K
K. ____________________________________________
L
L. ____________________________________________ P M
N
M. ____________________________________________ O
R Q
N. ____________________________________________ S
U
O. ____________________________________________ W V
P. ____________________________________________
X Y T
AB AA
Q. ____________________________________________ AC Z
AD
R. ____________________________________________ AE AF
CHECK POINT: Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
Humerus
A. ____________________________________________
1. How many necks are on the proximal end of
B. ____________________________________________
the humerus? Where are they located?
2. Which neck is a common site for fractures? C. ____________________________________________
3. Why is your elbow referred to as your funny
D. ____________________________________________
bone?
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.46: G. ____________________________________________
Forearm and Hand, Anterior View H. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton Sys- I. ____________________________________________
tem, click the DISSECTION button on the
J. ____________________________________________
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE K. ____________________________________________
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
L. ____________________________________________
From the Select topic menu, select Forearm
M. ____________________________________________
and hand.
N. ____________________________________________
From the Select view menu, select Anterior.
O. ____________________________________________
Click the flashing GO button.
P. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________
T. ____________________________________________
U. ____________________________________________
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C B Y.____________________________________________
Z.____________________________________________
D
AA.____________________________________________
AB.____________________________________________
E F
G CHECK POINT:
H
NI Forearm and Hand
J L K
P M 1. List the proximal carpal bones from lateral to
O
Q R S medial.
U T 2. List the distal carpal bones from lateral to medial.
V W 3. List the phalanges of fingers II through V
Y X from proximal to distal.
Z 4. List the phalanges of finger I from proximal
AA
AB to distal.
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J. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.48:
K. ____________________________________________
Radius and Ulna
L. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the M. ____________________________________________
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the N. ____________________________________________
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. O. ____________________________________________
L
A
A B M B
C
N D
C O
E F
G
D
E P Q
F R H
G I
H
S
T
J
I
J
K
K
L
B. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________
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C F EXERCISE 3.50:
H D
E Wrist and Hand, Posterior View
I G
K From the opening screen for the Skeleton Sys-
O L J M tem, click the DISSECTION button on the
N menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
P Q
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
T S R TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
From the Select topic menu, select Wrist and
U V hand, if it is not already selected.
From the Select view menu select Posterior.
W Click the flashing GO button.
X
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A EXERCISE 3.51:
B
Wrist and Hand, Anterior
D and Posterior View
C
E F From the opening screen for the Skeleton
H G
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
J I K L menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
N M DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
P O Q
From the Select topic menu, select Wrist and
hand, if it is not already selected.
R
S From the Select view menu, select Anterior
and posterior.
T Click the flashing GO button.
U Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
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C. ___________________________________________
D. ___________________________________________ P
E. ___________________________________________
F. ___________________________________________ B A C
Q
G. ___________________________________________ F D
G E
H. ___________________________________________
J H I
I. ___________________________________________ K
M R
J. ___________________________________________ L
N
K. ___________________________________________ S
L. ___________________________________________ O T
M. ___________________________________________
N. ___________________________________________
O. ___________________________________________
P. ___________________________________________
Q. ___________________________________________
R. ___________________________________________ Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
S. ___________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________
T. ___________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
U. ___________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
V. ___________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
W. ___________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
X. ___________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
Y. ___________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
Z. ___________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
AA. ___________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
AB. ___________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
AC. ___________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
AD. ___________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
AE. ___________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
AF. ___________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS O. ____________________________________________
window, and you will see the following image:
P. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________
T. ____________________________________________
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E
F G I
H
J
A M L
B K O
N
P
Q
C D
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Self Test
Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the
SELF TEST.
From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-
tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section,
I N R E V I E W
What Have I Learned? 5. Name another visible subcutaneous landmark of
the scapula.
T
he following questions cover the material that
you just learned: the pectoral girdle and upper
limb. Apply what you have learned in answering
these questions: 6. How many necks are on the proximal end of the
1. Which bony structures form the glenohumeral humerus? Where are they located?
joint?
Continued
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Continued
9. List the proximal carpal bones from lateral to 16. Name the lateral bone of the forearm.
medial.
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the From the Select topic menu, select Pelvis.
information necessary to identify the following
Superior will be visible in the Select view
structures:
menu.
A. ____________________________________________
Click the flashing GO button.
B. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
C. ____________________________________________ window, and you will see the following image:
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________ A
I. ____________________________________________ B
D C
J. ____________________________________________
E
K. ____________________________________________ F G H
L. ____________________________________________ I
J K
M. ____________________________________________ L
M N
N. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________ P O
P. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________ R Q
R. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
T. ____________________________________________ mation necessary to identify the following structures:
U. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________
V. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
CHECK POINT: D. ____________________________________________
Hip and Thigh E. ____________________________________________
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B D C
E
F
I H G
J K
M L
A B N O
P
C R T
Q S V U
D X
G F E W
H
I
J K Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
L mation necessary to identify the following structures:
N M
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
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A U. ____________________________________________
V. ____________________________________________
B C W. ____________________________________________
F E D G
X. ____________________________________________
H I
J
K L
CHECK POINT:
O M Pelvic GirdleMale
N
UT P
Q R 1. Describe the difference between the male and
S
X female obturator foramena.
V W 2. What structures are found in the right iliac
fossa? The left iliac fossa?
3. The subpubic angle in males is usually
_________ degrees.
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures:
EXERCISE 3.58:
A. ____________________________________________
Hip Bone
B. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
C. ____________________________________________
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
D. ____________________________________________ menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in
the DISSECTION section, click the
E. ____________________________________________
CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top
F. ____________________________________________ of the screen.
G. ____________________________________________ From the Select topic menu, select Hip
bone.
H. ____________________________________________
Medial and lateral will be visible in the
I. ____________________________________________
Select view menu.
J. ____________________________________________
Click the flashing GO button.
K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________
113
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Q U. ____________________________________________
R
V. ____________________________________________
S
T Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
A B
C U
D
E O
V P
F Q
A R
H K J G
S
I T
L M B C U
D V
O N X
P E W
F Z Y
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the G H
information necessary to identify the following I
structures: J
L K
A. ____________________________________________ M
N
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________ Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
E. ____________________________________________ information necessary to identify the following
structures:
F. ____________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________
114
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L. ____________________________________________
DC B H
M. ____________________________________________
A
N. ____________________________________________ I
O. ____________________________________________ E F
K J
P. ____________________________________________ L
M
Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
G
S. ____________________________________________
N
T. ____________________________________________ O
P
U. ____________________________________________
Q
V. ____________________________________________
W. ____________________________________________ R
T
X. ____________________________________________ S
Y. ____________________________________________
Z. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
CHECK POINT:
A. ____________________________________________
Hip Bone
B. ____________________________________________
1. Describe the acetabulum.
C. ____________________________________________
2. Name a hip landmark for intramuscular
injections. D. ____________________________________________
3. Name a hip landmark for administering anes-
E. ____________________________________________
thetic during childbirth.
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.59: H. ____________________________________________
Femur I. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton J. ____________________________________________
System, click the DISSECTION button on
K. ____________________________________________
the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are
in the DISSECTION section, click the L. ____________________________________________
CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of
M. ____________________________________________
the screen.
N. ____________________________________________
From the Select topic menu, select Femur.
O. ____________________________________________
Anterior and posterior will be visible in the
Select view menu. P. ____________________________________________
Click the flashing GO button. Q. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS R. ____________________________________________
window, and you will see the following image:
S. ____________________________________________
T. ____________________________________________
115
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B A CHECK POINT:
H I
C Femur
J
1. Name a common site of femur fractures, espe-
K
L cially in the elderly.
2. What correlation exists between the length of
D the femur and body height?
3. Name the central depression of the head of
M the femur.
E
EXERCISE 3.60:
N O Patella
P From the opening screen for the Skeleton
F Q System, click the DISSECTION button on the
R
G U menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
T S DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
From the Select topic menu, select Patella.
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures: Anterior and posterior will be visible in the
Select view menu.
A. ____________________________________________
Click the flashing GO button.
B. ____________________________________________
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
C. ____________________________________________
window, and you will see the following image:
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
C
I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________ D
A
L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
B
N. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
S. ____________________________________________
116
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor- Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
mation necessary to identify the following structures: information necessary to identify the following
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
A. ___________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
B. ___________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
C. ___________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
D. ___________________________________________
E. ___________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
F. ___________________________________________
Patella
G. ___________________________________________
1. Describe the location of the patella.
2. What structures form the knee joint? H. ___________________________________________
3. What affect does the patella have on the ten- I. ___________________________________________
don of the quadriceps femoris muscle?
J. ___________________________________________
K. ___________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.61: L. ___________________________________________
Leg and Foot, Anterior View M. ___________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton N. ___________________________________________
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
O. ___________________________________________
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE P. ___________________________________________
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
Q. ___________________________________________
From the Select topic menu, select Leg and foot.
R. ___________________________________________
From the Select view menu, select Anterior.
S. ___________________________________________
Click the flashing GO button.
T. ___________________________________________
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
U. ___________________________________________
window, and you will see the following image:
V. ___________________________________________
W. ___________________________________________
A
B X. ___________________________________________
C
D Y. ___________________________________________
E
F Z. ___________________________________________
AA. ___________________________________________
G AB. ___________________________________________
H AC. ___________________________________________
J I
L M K
N
RO P
S Q
V T
X U
WY Z
AB
A A AC
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H. ____________________________________________
EXERCISE 3.62:
I. ____________________________________________
Leg and Foot, Posterior View
J. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the K. ____________________________________________
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the L. ____________________________________________
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen. M. ____________________________________________
L M
N EXERCISE 3.63:
O
P Tibia and Fibula
Q
RST U From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on
the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the in the DISSECTION section, click the
information necessary to identify the following CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of
structures: the screen.
A. ____________________________________________ From the Select topic menu, select Tibia and
B. ____________________________________________ fibula.
118
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Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: window, and you will see the following image:
A
A C L C B I
B J
D E M D K
N
G F L
H
I O
E
J F M
G
P N
Q
K R H
O
P
Q
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following information necessary to identify the following
structures: structures:
A. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________ N. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________ O. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________ P. ____________________________________________
Q. ____________________________________________ Q. ____________________________________________
R. ____________________________________________
119
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A U. ___________________________________________
B L M
C N V. ___________________________________________
O P
D E W. ___________________________________________
R Q
T X. ___________________________________________
F S V
U Y. ___________________________________________
X
W Z. ___________________________________________
G Y Z
H AA. ___________________________________________
AA
I J AB. ___________________________________________
AB
AC AC. ___________________________________________
AE AD. ___________________________________________
AD
K AE. ___________________________________________
120
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Q W. ___________________________________________
A R
C S X. ___________________________________________
B T
D U Y. ___________________________________________
F E
G V Z. ___________________________________________
I AA. ___________________________________________
H J
K L AB. ___________________________________________
N O W X AC. ___________________________________________
M Y
Z
P AA
AB CHECK POINT:
Ankle and Foot
AC
1. Name the structure commonly called the
ball of the foot.
2. Name the structures that are the surface con-
tact points on the plantar foot.
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the 3. List three common names for digit I of the
information necessary to identify the following foot.
structures:
A. ____________________________________________ Self Test
B. ____________________________________________ Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the
SELF TEST.
C. ____________________________________________
From the opening screen for the Skeletal
D. ____________________________________________ System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION
E. ____________________________________________ section, click the SELF TEST button at the top of
the screen.
F. ____________________________________________
From the Select test topic menu, select
G. ____________________________________________ Skeleton.
H. ____________________________________________ From the Select region menu, select Lower
I. ____________________________________________ limb.
121
Au: Correct? (in order of CD)
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From the Select test type menu, select Click From the Select number of questions menu,
to identify. select ALL.
From the Select number of questions menu, Complete the SELF TEST, and save your results.
select ALL.
After completing the SELF TEST and saving your
results, click the Select test type menu, select
Multiple choice.
I N R E V I E W
What Have I Learned? 9. How much movement does this joint allow?
Why?
T
he following questions cover the material that
you have just learned: the pelvic girdle and
lower limb. Apply what you have learned in
answering these questions: 10. Name the landmark for administering anesthetic
1. Where on the femur does the lateral collateral during childbirth.
ligament attach?
8. Name the synovial joint between the sacrum and 17. Name a common site of femur fractures, espe-
the ilium. cially in the elderly.
122
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18. What correlation exists between the length of 22. What bone contributes to the knee and ankle
the femur and body height? joints?
19. Name the central depression of the head of the 23. Name the largest tarsal bone. Where is it located?
femur.
21. What bone forms the connecting link between 25. What structure on the fibula contributes to the
the foot and the leg? ankle joint?
123
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A
B
C D
E
F
G
124
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C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
E D
B Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the
A
F information necessary to identify the following
C structures:
G
H A. ____________________________________________
I
B. ____________________________________________
J
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
126
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS
information necessary to identify the following window, and you will see the following image:
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________ B A
C. ____________________________________________ C D
E
Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: F
H
A G
B I
J
L K
M
D
E Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
F G B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following E. ____________________________________________
structures: F. ____________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________ Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins)
Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) H. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________ J. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ K. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ L. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ M. ____________________________________________
127
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Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: window, and you will see the following image:
A A
B H B H
C D C D E
E F
F
G
I
G I
J
K
L
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following information necessary to identify the following
structures: structures:
A. ____________________________________________ A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________ B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________ D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ G. ____________________________________________
Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins) Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins)
H. ____________________________________________ H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________ I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
128
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L EXERCISE 3.67:
M
Elbow Joint
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
From the Select topic menu, select Elbow
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
joint.
information necessary to identify the following
structures: Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu.
A. ____________________________________________ Click the flashing GO button.
B. ____________________________________________ Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
A B
L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
129
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS
information necessary to identify the following window, and you will see the following image:
structures:
A. ____________________________________________ A
B. ____________________________________________
H G
I
J
K
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following D. ____________________________________________
structures:
E. ____________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
O. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
P. ____________________________________________
130
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Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: window, and you will see the following image:
F E
G A
H
B
A C E D
B C F G
D H I
J
I
J K
Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
information necessary to identify the following mation necessary to identify the following structures:
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins)
F. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
CHECK POINT:
Elbow Joint
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EXERCISE 3.68:
B
Knee Joint, Anterior View
From the opening screen for the Skeleton
System, click the DISSECTION button on the
menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the
DISSECTION section, click the CHANGE
TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.
From the Select topic menu, select Knee
joint.
From the Select view menu, select Anterior. A
Click the flashing GO button.
Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
132
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Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor- Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLS
mation necessary to identify the following structures: window, and you will see the following image:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________ A
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________ B
E D C
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________ F G
Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS
H
window, and you will see the following image: I J
K L
A M
B
D C Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
E
G H information necessary to identify the following
F structures:
I A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
J E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
H. ____________________________________________
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
I. ____________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
J. ____________________________________________
133
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134
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Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLS Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image: window, and you will see the following image:
A B C A
D B
F G I D E G
J E H C F
K L
M
Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
information necessary to identify the following mation necessary to identify the following structures:
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
G. ____________________________________________
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins)
J. ____________________________________________
K. ____________________________________________
L. ____________________________________________
M. ____________________________________________
N. ____________________________________________
bro78143_03_49-144.QXD 9/17/07 2:12 PM Page 136
I H
J
K EXERCISE 3.70:
136
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C
E D
F
H
B
I
G A
Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-
mation necessary to identify the following structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures: Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins)
C. ____________________________________________
C
D. ____________________________________________ D
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________ E
A F
G. ____________________________________________
B G
H. ____________________________________________
I. ____________________________________________
138
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Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLS Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
window, and you will see the following image: information necessary to identify the following
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
B
F. ____________________________________________
C
Click LAYER 4 in the LAYER CONTROLS
window, and you will see the following image:
A
139
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140
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I N R E V I E W
What Have I Learned? 8. Name the bones associated with the elbow joint.
T
he following questions cover the material that
you have just learned: joints. Apply what you
have learned in answering these questions: 9. Name the structures that make up the unhappy
triad.
1. Name the structure that encloses the temporo-
mandibular joint.
4. Name the structure enclosing the acromioclavic- 12. What is the function of the posterior cruciate
ular joint. ligament?
5. What is the result of a torn coracoclavicular 13. Name the strongest tendon of the body. Why is
ligament? it considered the strongest?
6. Name the tough, fibrous envelope of the gleno- 14. What is the extensor retinaculum of the foot?
humeral joint. What is its function?
EXERCISE 3.72:
HistologyElastic Cartilage A
B
From the opening screen for the Skeletal
System or, if you are in the DISSECTION C
section, click the HISTOLOGY button at the top
of the screen.
From the Select topic menu select Elastic D
cartilage.
Click the flashing GO button.
E
Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will
see the image to the right:
141
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HistologyFibrous Cartilage
Click the CHANGE TOPIC button in the
CURRENT TOPIC window.
From the Select topic menu select Fibrous
cartilage.
A
Click the flashing GO button. B C
Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will
see the following image: D
E
142
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B A
C D Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
information necessary to identify the following
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________
F. ____________________________________________
From the Select magnification menu select Click the flashing GO button.
High magnification.
143
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Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you will Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the
see the following image: information necessary to identify the following
structures:
A. ____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________
Self Test
A Take this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking the
B SELF TEST.
From the opening screen for the Skeletal
System, or, if you are in the DISSECTION
C section, click the SELF TEST button at the top of
the screen.
From the Select test topic menu, select
Histology.
From the Select number of questions menu,
select ALL.
Complete the SELF TEST and save your results.
I N R E V I E W
What Have I Learned? 6. Describe an osteon.
T
he following questions cover the material that
you have just learned: histology. Apply what you
have learned in answering these questions: 7. Describe a perforating canal.
144