To understand the systems-Suspension and Cable

stayed
Building Material And Construction-VIII

Prithvirajsinh Bilkha B5312

Shilpy Mehta B5612
Suril Gajera B4111
Jwalant Shingala B5811
Index

1. What is Suspension And Cable - Stayed System

2. Shape Derivation of the Systems
3. Load and Force diagrams for the systems
4. Material and Sequence of construction for Suspension System
5. Material and Sequence of construction for Cable Stayed
6. Evolution Principle
7. Design Evolution of the Systems
8. Evolution of Structures with Time line
9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Systems
10. Suspension Structures
The Qube, Vancouver, Canada
Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis
Dymaxion House, Green Plains, U.S.A
Dulles Airport, Washington, U.S.A
11. Cable Stayed Structures
Gerald Ratner Athletic Centre, University of Chicago, U.S.A
Lufthansa Hanger , Munich, Germany
Millennium Dome, London, U.K
Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, U.K
PA Technology Centre, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A
Aim: To understand the systems Suspension and Cable stayed.
Query: Evolution of Cable Stay and suspension system structure and its impact on the formation of
space across the period of time.
Method of Study:
Introduction of systems
Understanding the working principle
Difference between the two systems
Reasons for using such systems
Evolution of the structures.
Study of the buildings using these systems.
Building examples for suspension
Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis, USA.
Dymaxion house, Kansas U.S.A
Dulles airport, Washington
The Qube, Vancouver, Canad

Building examples for cable stayed

Gerald Ratner Athletic Centre, University of Chicago,
Lufthansa Hanger, Munich.
Millennium Dome, London.
Pat centre, Princeton N, J, U.S.A.
Renault distribution centre, Swindon U.K.
Suspension And Cable Stayed- Load Diagram

Suspension Bridge A structure of cables suspended and pre-stressed between

compression members to support the applied loads on it is called
Suspension structure.

A Cable-stayed structure has one or more

towers
(or pylons), from which cables support the hanging Cable Stayed Bridge
structure, i.e., floors, decks, etc. A distinctive
feature are the cables which run directly from the
tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-like
pattern or a series of parallel lines.
Shape Derivation Of Cable Stayed Structure and Suspension Structure
Triangles are one of the shapes
used by the attachment of the
cables and the beam this shape is
used because of its ability to
transfer the tension as the moving
load goes across the bridge
In this bridge, the distance of
the cable up the tower is
equal to the distance from the
tower to connection point on
the beam and is a 90 degree
angle
The curvature of the Suspended Cable is due to
the downward pull of gravity and its self weight

A rectangle is
attached at the
convergence
point of the
beam and tower
for stability
Triangulated bracing between the cables reduces
the amplitude of oscillations
The cable is let to be
suspended from the two end
points and eventually on the
cables at different points the
load (deck is suspended)
which when equally given
load at equal interval of
points forms the curvature of
the suspension cable.

FUNICULAR SHAPE OF THE CABLES:

The cables are flexible members by geometry.
They change their profile or shape according to the loading pattern.
Types Of Loads On Cable Stayed

Tension

Types of loads:

Dead Load Types of loads:

Thermal load Compression Dead Load

The roadway hangs from massive steel cables, which are
Wind load draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete Thermal load
blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge.
Seismic load Wind load
The cars push down on the roadway, but because the
roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into
Dynamic load Seismic load
compression in the two towers.
Live Load The two towers support most of the bridge's weight. Dynamic load

Live Load
Materials used in Suspension and Its System of Construction

Anchoragesstructures that support the bridge's cablesare

massive concrete blocks securely attached to strong rock formations.
When the towers and anchorages have been completed, a pilot line
must be strung along the cable's eventual path, from one anchorage
across the towers to the other anchorage.

Tower constructions that will stand in water begin with caissons

(a steel and concrete cylinder that acts as a circular dam) that
are lowered to the ground beneath the water, emptied of water,
and filled with concrete in preparation for the actual towers.

Once the vertical cables are attached to the main support

cable, the deck structure must be built in both directions
from the support towers at the correct rate in order to
keep the forces on the towers balanced at all times.
A moving crane lifts deck sections into place, where
workers attach them to previously placed sections and to
the vertical cables that hang from the main suspension
cables.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF CABLES

Different kinds of cables are manufactured and used according to its area of
applicability.
The most common types of cables found in the market are:

Parallel-bar cables
Locked-coil strand cables:
Parallel-wire cables
Stranded cables

Parallel Bar Cable

Parallel-Wire Cables

Locked Coil Strand Cable

Materials used in Cable Stayed and Its System of Construction

A cable may be composed of one or more structural ropes,

structural strands, locked coil strands or parallel wire strands.
A strand is an assembly of wires formed helically around
centre wire in one or more symmetrical layers.
Principle Evolution

The source of anything is point, from one end to the other is linked by a line connecting the two points.
Man to cross any such valleys started using ropes attached from one end point to the other and started crossing
the valleys through it. (Grappling)
For his convenience and for proper stability he used two cables, one to hang on it and other to stand on it, but he
even had goods along him which was difficult to carry.
Then he used those cables parallel and started suspending wooden planks and hanged it on the cable so he
could stand on it along with the goods.
The same principle evolved using the advancement of the materials, i.e., Metal girders, Cables, RCC.
Design Evolution
Simple Suspended Cable Simple Vine Ropes Simple Cable Bridge Vine Rope Bridge using
Suspension Principle

Principle Evolution

Rope Bridge using Suspension Principle with

wood Planks and metal cables
Rope Bridge using Suspension Bridge Cable- Stayed Bridge
Suspension Principle
with wood Planks

Principle in Structure Incorporation

Temporary Rope Tents Fixed tents Suspension System In Buildings Cable-Stayed System
In Buildings
Suspension Structure

Advantages

-Longer main spans are achievable than with any other type of bridge.
-Less material may be required than other bridge types, even at spans they can achieve,
leading to a reduced construction cost.
-Except for installation of the initial temporary cables, little or no access from below is required
during construction, for example allowing a waterway to remain open while the bridge is built
above.
-May be better to withstand earthquake movements than heavier and more rigid bridges.
-Bridge decks can have deck sections replaced in order to widen traffic lanes for larger
vehicles or add additions width for separated cycling/pedestrian paths.

Disadvantages

-Considerable stiffness or aerodynamic profiling may be required to prevent the bridge deck
vibrating under high winds.
-The relatively low deck stiffness compared to other (non-suspension) types of bridges makes it
more difficult to carry heavy rail traffic where high concentrated live loads occur.
-Some access below may be required during construction, to lift the initial cables or to lift deck
units. This access can often be avoided in cable-stayed bridge construction.
Cable Stayed Structure

Advantages

- long spans with minimal deck thickness.

-The elimination of piers.
- Increased traffic safety.
- The minimization of environmental impacts and construction schedule limitations for river
crossings.
- Enhanced appearance.

Disadvantages

- Long span (500-3000 ft)Cannot be achieved between two pylons.

- More expensive.
- If pylon fails the structure fails.
-Wind load plays major role in its failure as it lose up the cables.
- cables can rust and its replacement is expensive and mostly probhited.
Evolution Of Cable stayed and Suspension structures.
The growth or evolution of the masted structures can be seen under two broad categories.
One is the traditional vernacular tents and other traditional suspension bridge.
The latter deals with the bridging of the space and the former deals with the simple enclosure of space.

Picture of rural tents

Picture of tents in desert areas.

Picture of traditional suspension bridge. Picture of Menai Bridge designed in 1817 by Thomas
Telford
 A sketch showing the premature stage of cable stayed
Proposal of major cable stayed bridge by Bernard Poyet in 1821.
bridge in early 19th century.
These two systems have been majorly dependent
upon the development of metallurgy giving birth to
wrought iron chains and iron bars .
During 1st to 6th century these components of metals
were introduced into bridge building in South East
Asia.
Major development of such structure took place in
19th century.
The first bridge designed by Thomas Telford in 1817
was of span 176m.

The Major ways of using such structures

Buildings started incorporating suspension
principal in building elements like Suspended
chain and cable roofs.
Two way cable network in floor structures.
Niagra Falls bridge by J.A. Roebling in 1855.
Suspended theatre roof by Freidrich Schnirch in 1824 Brooklyn bridge by J.A. Roebling in 1869.
The first suspended roof.

Otto Wagner: Entry for the Vienna post Dimaxion house by Buckminster Fuller
Rail road hall of the travel and transportation pavilion, office savings bank competition,1903 in 1927-29
Chicago exhibition 1933.
 Section of Bavinger House
Image of Ice cream Parlour River Forest Illinos,1938 by
Brtrand Golberg

Image of Bavinger House by Bruce Goff in 1950

Plan of Bavinger House Source: Great Buildings .com
Suspension Structure
1. The Qube, Vancouver, Canada. 3. Dymaxion House, Green Plains, North America.

2. Federal Reserve Bank , Minneapolis, USA.

4. Dulles Airport, Washington, USA.

Dymaxion House , Green Plains, USA.

The Dymaxion House was a futuristic dwelling invented by the architect and practical philosopher R. Buckminster Fuller. The word
Dymaxion, which combines the words dynamic, maximum and tension, was coined (among many others) by Fuller himself.

The 100 sqm hexagonal house was an earthquake and storm resistant structure,
supported by a central pole from which cables would be suspended, allowing the outer
walls to be non-bearing. By grouping all permanent utilities in the central pole, and
letting the rest of the interior space remain modular, Fuller created a flexible plan that
would allow tenants to transform the space according to their needs. The design also
shows wind turbines on the roof and an extensive system of cisterns to collect
Dulles Airport , Washington, USA.
Location Washington
Year 1962
Architect Eero Saarinen
Height 95 meters
Federal Reserve Bank , Minneapolis
Location Minneapolis Detailed Joinery of cable with the pylons
Building size 522,656 Sq ft.
Year 1970
Architect Gunner Birkets
Floors 16
Federal Reserve Bank , Minneapolis
Load transfer in system
Occupancy Load / Live Load
Load transfer through structure
Westcoast Transmission Building- The Qube

Location: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Engineer: Bogue Babiecki

Architect: William Rhone and Randle Iredale
Redevelopment Architect: MCMT

Technical Data:
Height: 270 feet
Floors: 12
Construction time: 1968-69
Renovation time: 2005-06
Building cost: $5,100,000

General Structural Information:

Building type: High rise building
Building status: Existing
Structural system: concrete core and Outstringers
Structural material: Steel
Facade material: Glass
Architectural style: Structural expression
Core wall thickness: 1
Cable suspender: 2-7/8 diameter
Guy cable: 2-7/8 and 2-1/2 diameter

Awards:
American Iron and steel institute design in steel Award, 1971
Award for best engineering in high rise construction
Canadian consulting engineering Award, 1971
Westcoast Transmission Building- The Qube
Structural system and dimensions
Westcoast Transmission Building- The Qube
Structural detail and Load transfer in structure

This show the live load and deck load gets

transferred to the cables tied to deck

This shows the load taken upwards to the

main suspension cable.
Cable

This shows the load transferred to the

core through suspended cable.

Girders Tie fasteners / Cable clamps

This show the transfer of the load to
ground through core.

Cable

Girders Clamp
Examples Cable Stayed Structure

- Gerald Ratner Athletic Centre, University of Chicago,

Cesar Pelli

- Lufthansa Hanger , Munich

Buechl + Angere

- Millennium Dome, London

Richard Rogers

- Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, UK

Norman Foster

- PA Technology Centre, Princeton, NJ

Richard Rogers
Gerald Ratner Athletic Centre, Chicago
Cesar Pelli

Cable Stayed Structure with soaring masts makes Building

recognizable and exciting and giving conceptual link to Gothic
Architecture. Steel cables from three tall masts over the pool, two tall
masts over the gym, and 15 smaller masts support curved roof
girders. The roofs shape was then tuned by the cables until it met
the desired shape. With the masts doing the heavy lifting, only thin
beams were needed to span large, column-free areas. With the east
wall being all glass, and with a band of glass just under the sinuous
roof line, the roof floats like a magic carpet.
Lufthansa Hanger , Munich
Buechl + Angerer

The 4 each 15m x 15m-wide goals of more than 101 Meters long, and
63,5 Meters wide in steel truss of built hangars, can be opened over
the entire width. In the new Lufthansa maintenance Hall up to four
Boeing can 727 at the same time be placed.
The roof of the 6.000 Square meters and 16 Meter high Hall is
supported by steel ropes, the four huge pylons are looking forward.
The pylons with a length of 39,5 Meters were by large concrete
foundations ten meters deep in the Earth anchored to the roof
construction with each ca. 45 Meter cable wires around 320 Tons to
maintain weight.
Millennium Dome, London
Roger + Happold

The Millennium Dome is one of the largest single roof structures performed
worldwide . His image resembles a large white tent subject to 12 yellow towers 100
feet high. The spectacular roof, only interrupted by a hole through which a ventilation
shaft out ( Black wall Tunnel) , raised on a circular base of 365m in diameter, with
undulating edge 1km and a maximum height of 50m , providing a covered area
100.000m2 .
The cover is suspended and supported by high-strength cables ranging from the
outer end of the steel masts 12 , which pass through the Teflon fabric , until the
fabric of fibreglass. Although it is called dome is not strictly not hold its own weight ,
it is not self-supporting and requires the help of a network of wires attached to the
masts . The 12 columns of the structure with a height of 100m
PA Technology Centre, Princeton
Richard Rogers
About Building

Patscenter Princeton is a High-Tech building for a high-

technology research facilitY.
It uses a suspended structure to achieve column-free
open space ranged on either side of a central spine from
which the suspended beams are supported and which
also accommodates the mechanical plant.
Patscenter is smaller, the first phase being 40 000 sq ft
wIth the suspended beams span 1.26 m from the central
spine .

Design Approach

The filigreed lattice elements are the simplest of A-

frames and bold circular joints.
With only two rows of I-section columns interrupting the
plan, the spine is handled quite differently.
It is not a sealed route running through the building, but
is sometimes open to the flexible laboratory/office space
that makes up most of the accommodation.
In the spine are various communal facilities such as
archives and recreation.
There is a conceptual and formal economy to the
design that is not only convincing, but also has a certain
ease in its matter-of-factness.
Structural Concept

The principle of a central support with large free spaces on either side was
established.
The structural frame has four separate tension support elements, which consists
of a compression A-frame with hangers supporting a horizontal roof beam on either
side.
This horizontal roof beam spans 25 m and the suspension system is placed at 9
m centres. The A-frame sits on the second element, which is a portal frame
designed to resist the horizontal load and the vertical asymmetric load transmitted
to it by the A-frame.
The third component in the system is the tie-down columns which support the two
suspended beams and resist uplift.
The fourth component is the suspended platforms for the services capsules and
the longitudinal bracing.
 Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon
Location: Swindon, UK

Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners

Architct: Roger + Partner

Technical Data:
Site : 16 Acres
Floor Area: 58, 500 Sqmt
Height: 10m
Floors: 1
Construction time: 1981-82
Building cost: 8,266,400

General Structural Information:

Building type: Industrial building
Building status: Existing
Structural system: Cable Stayed
Structural material: Steel
Facade material: Glass
Architectural style: High -Tech

Grade II Listed
About Building

1980 - 1982 Renault distribution centre is an

unequivocal work of structural expressionism,
Made from using from using ready-made to
custom-made components from the factory.
Almost all of the major component systems at
Renault were designed and manufactured for the job
in hand.
Despite being custom-made, the use of a small
variety of repetitive units and low-cost tools helped
keep total building costs down to the same as those
for a standard industrial shed

Design Approach

The Form Of the Building is building is based on

modular units extendible in all direction to fill out
irregularities in site .
The Suspension Structure provides same criterion by
providing connections for future expansion.
Second Principle is the depth and scale of the space
within which the workers are employed must enable
them to have a view outside.
Structural Concept

A mast at the corner of the module, with arched cable

stayed beams spanning orthogonally and diagonally
between them
.The structural system that repeats itself to form this
external outline is based around a 24 by 24 metre bay a
much larger than usual planning module developed so
as to maximise the planning flexibility of the internal
spaces with Internal clear Height of 7.5 meters.
Enveloped by a continuous PVC membrane roof,
pierced by glass panels at each mast.
 Unit Model Anchorage Detail

Tension
Load

Stirrups Initial Shaft

Second Friction
Under Ream Reinforcement
Effective End
Bearing
Fin Shaft Fin Shaft
First Reaction Reaction
Under Ream Bulb
Reinforcement

Screw Pile Pile Tension

Under-reamed Pile Bulb Pile Tension Breaker Pile Load Action
Double Reamed Single reamed