MEMO TEST 1 Thermodynamics III TCE301T March 2016

Q1.(15%)

Formulate first law of thermodynamics in words.

A1.

Although energy assumes many forms, the total quantity of energy is constant, and when energy
disappears in one form it appears simultaneously in other forms.

Q2.(20%)

Calculate the internal energy and enthalpy changes that occur in 1 kmol of air. Air initial state:
temperature 277 K, pressure 10 bar, molar volume 2.28 m3/kmol. Air final state: temperature 333
K, pressure 1 atm. Assume for air that PV/T = constant and that specific heat capacities CV=21
kJ/(kmol*K) and CP=29.3 kJ/(kmol*K).

A2.

Since state property changes are path independent, we can consider the following 2-step process:
a) air is reversibly cooled at V=constant to the final pressure, and
b) air is heat up at P=constant to the final temperature.
T1=277 K; T2=333 K

Since PV=nRT, the ratio T/P is constant for the step (a). The intermediate temperature between
the 2 steps is:

T = (277)(1/10)=27.7 K

And the temperature changes for the two steps are:

Ta=27.2-277=-249.3 K Tb=333-27.7=305.3.3 K

For step (a) when V=const

Ua=CV Ta

Ua=(21)(-249.3)=-5235.3 kJ/kmol

Ha= Ua +VPa

Ha=-5325.3-(2.28)(1-10)(10^5)/(10^3)=-7287.3 kJ/kmol

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The final volume of the air is given by:

V2=V1*(P1T1)/(P2T2)=(2.28)*(10)*(333)/((1)*(277))

V2= 27.41 m3/lmol

For step (b) when P=const

Hb=Cp Tb

Hb=(293)(305.3)=8945.3 kJ/kmol

Ub= Hb -PVb

Ub=8945.3-(1)(27.41-2.28)(10^5)/(10^3)=6432.3 kJ/kmol

For the two steps together:

U=-5235.3+6432.3=1197 kJ/kmol

H=-7287.3+8445.3=1658 kJ/kmol

Q3 (25%)

One kilogram of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure from an initial state of 300 K and 1
bar until its volume triples. Calculate W, Q, AU, and AH for the process.

Assume for air that PV/ T = 83.14 bar*cm3/(mol*K) and Cp = 29 J/( mol*K)

A3

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Q4.(25%)

Steam flows at steady state through a converging, insulated nozzle, 25 cm long and with an inlet
diameter of 5 cm. At the nozzle entrance (state I), the temperature and pressure are 598.15 K
(325C) and 700 kPa, and the velocity is 30 m/s. At the nozzle exit (state 2), the steam
temperature and pressure are 513.15 K (240C) and 350 kPa.

What is the velocity of the steam at the nozzle exit, and what is the exit diameter? (20%)

*229*

A4

Property values of steam at the nozzle inlet and exit are (from steam tables):

H1=3122.5 kJ/kg V1 = 388.61 cm3/g

H2 = 2945.7 kJ/kg V2 = 667.75 cm3/g

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Q5, (15%) Water flows through a horizontal coil heated from the outside by high-temperature flue
gases. As it passes through the coil the water changes state from liquid at 200 kPa and 353.15 K
(80C) to vapor at 100 kPa and 398.15 K (125C). Its entering velocity is 3 m/s and its exit velocity
is 200 m/s. Determine the heat transferred through the coil per unit mass of water. Enthalpies of
the inlet and outlet streams are: Inlet: 334.9 kJ/kg; Outlet: 2726.5 kJ/kg

A5. Heat:

Q=H2-H1+((u2)^2-(u1)^2)/2

Q=2726.5-334.9+(200^2-3^2)/2=2411.6 kJ/kg

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