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Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 (2014) 244 251

ST26943, 2nd International Conference on Agricultural and Food Engineering, CAFEi2014

Characterization of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Waste

Pectin as Influenced by Various Extraction Conditions
R. Beguma,b M.G. Azizb, M.B. Uddinb, Y.A. Yusofa,*
a
Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
b
Department of Food Technology and Rural Industries, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh,
Bangladesh

Abstract

Pectin was extracted from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) waste using three different extraction conditions to assess its
potentiality as an alternative source of commercial pectin. Jackfruit waste was treated separately with ammonium oxalate, dilute
sulphuric acid and sodium hexametaphosphate. The pectin obtained from these methods was compared in terms of yield,
physicochemical properties and chemical structure. Among the three solvents, extraction with sodium hexametaphosphate gave
the highest yield, however it contained high ash and showed the lowest solubility. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of
jackfruit waste pectin irrespective of extraction condition revealed a similar surface structure to commercial pectin.
2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of CAFEi2014.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of CAFEi2014
Keywords:Pectin extraction; jackfruit waste;yield; FTIR; physicochemical properties

1. Introduction

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a fruit crop widely distributed in Bangladesh and very popular with the
people. In 2010-2011 Bangladesh produced 0.96 million ton of jackfruit in a total cultivated area of 10652 ha (BBS,
2012). The edible bulbs of ripe jackfruit are consumed fresh or processed into various products like canned products,
jam, chips etc. About 60% of the whole fruit is inedible consisting of the outer prickly rind, inner perigones (non-
edible perianth) and central core, which are unutilized waste (Subburamu et al., 1992). These fruit wastes are a

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +603-8946-6363; fax: +603-8946-440.

E-mail address: yus.aniza@upm.edu.my

2210-7843 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of CAFEi2014
doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2014.11.035
 R. Begum et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 (2014) 244 251 245

problem to the processing industries and pollution monitoring agencies. Suitable methods can be used to convert
these wastes into value-added products. By-product recovery from fruit wastes not only can improve the overall
economics of processing units but also reduce the problem of environmental pollution considerably. Pectin is a
valuable by-product that can be obtained from these fruit wastes.
Pectin is a complex heteropolysaccharide that contains 1,4-linked -D-galacturonic acid residues; part of which
esterified by methanol (Levigne et al., 2002). It is commonly found in the cell walls and middle lamellae of higher
plants. This is a secondary food ingredient widely used as gelling, emulsifying and stabilizing agents in food
products (Koubala et al., 2008a). Consumption of these polysaccharide has important positive effects on human
health include reducing cancer development (Jackson et al., 2007), lowering blood cholesterol and blood glucose
level (Behall and Reiser, 1986; Brown et al., 1999), and stimulating the immune response (Inngjerdingen et al.,
2007). FAO (1969) recommended pectin as a safe additive and that can be taken daily without limits.
Developing countries like Bangladesh have to import this secondary ingredient at high prices which enormously
affects the cost of products. It is interesting that this biopolymer can be found abundantly in fruit pulp, core and skin
which are mostly discarded during processing. It is therefore worthy to identify the potential source of this valuable
by-product by determining the pectin content of fruit waste. Pectin content of raw samples can be determined by
estimating calcium pectate or by direct precipitation by ethanol or acetone. Pectins are commercially extracted from
citrus peels and apple pomace with yields of about 25% (May, 1990) and 15-18% (Walter, 1991), respectively. Other
sources of pectin include sunflower head residues and sugar beet (Miyamoto and Chang, 1992), cocoa husk (Mollea
et al., 2008), soy hull (Kalapathy and Proctor, 2001), mango and amberalla peels (Koubala, 2012). To date, little or
no research has been done on the extraction of pectin from jackfruit. For these reasons, an attempt was made to
produce pectin from the jackfruit waste as an alternative source for apple and citrus pectin.
Pectin extraction process principally involved the preparation of alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) to reduce low
molecular compound (Happi et al., 2008), aqueous extraction of pectin from AIR, the isolation of the extracted
pectin and purification (Joye and Luzio, 2000) and followed by the drying process. The yield and properties of
pectin usually depends on the raw materials used to extract pectin and the extraction conditions, such as temperature,
extraction time, pH, and type of extraction solvents (Yeoh et al., 2008). Gelling properties of extracted pectin varies
with its degree of esterification (DE), and hence, pectin is divided into high methoxyl pectin (DE>50%) and low
methoxyl pectin (DE <50%) based on the degree of esterification (Mesbhai et al., 2005). Among the factors that
influence the yield andtype of pectin, different types of solvents used to extract pectin are crucial. The aims of the
present study were to evaluate the potential parts of jackfruit waste containing pectin and determine the impact of
different extraction conditions on the yield and physico-chemical and structural characteristics of pectin derived
from the jackfruit waste.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Raw materials

Jackfruit was collected from the germ plasm center, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh,
Bangladesh. Inedible portion of jackfruit were collected and stored in the deep freezer at -20 C.

2.2 Estimation of pectin as calcium pectate

Pectin content in different parts of different variety jackfruit fruit were determined as calcium pectate using the
gravimetric method described by Rangana (1986). The 50 g blended samples were extracted with 400 ml 0.05 N
hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 2 hours at 85 C. Then volumes were made up to 500 ml with distilled water and filtered
through No. 4 What man paper. To the 100 ml aliquots, 250 ml distilled water was added and the acid was
neutralized with 1 N sodium hydroxide. Then 10 ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide was added in excess and allowed to
stand overnight. 50 ml of 1N acetic acid was added and after 5 minutes 25 ml of 1 N calcium chloride was added
with continuous stirring. The solution allowed to stand for 1 hour, and boiled for 12 minutes. Then it was filtered
through previously prepared (washed with hot water and dried at 102 C for 2 hours), weighed filter paper and the
246 R. Begum et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 (2014) 244 251

residue remained on the filter paper was dried to constant weight and weighed along with the filter paper. The pectin
content was calculated and expressed as per cent calcium pectate using the equation below;

Weight of calcium pactateu 500 u100 (1)

% calcium pactate
weight of sampleu ml of alequote taken for estimation

2.3 Alcohol insoluble residue (AIR)

Jackfruit waste was washed with water to remove all adhering substances, cut into small pieces and dried in a
cabinet drier at 50 C. The dried waste was powdered using a mechanical grinder. The ground powder was then
suspended in 85% (v/v) ethanol at 70C for 20 min in a shaking water-bath. The resulting alcohol-insoluble-residue
(AIR) was collected and air-dried at 50C. The method was modified from Koubala et al. (2008a).

2.4 Pectin extraction

Pectin was extracted from the jackfruit waste using three different extraction solvents (ammonium oxalate,
sulfuric acid and sodium hexametaphosphate) and compared to determine the best condition for good quality pectin
recovery from jackfruit waste. Five gram of AIR was heated separately with 200 ml of extraction solutions: with the
use of ammonium oxalate (0.25%), pH 4.6 0.01 adjust with 0.01 N oxalic acid (Ismail et al., 2012) at 85 C for 1
hour; acidic solution pH 2.5 0.02 adjustedwith 0.1 N sulfuric acid at 80 C for 1 hour (Rehman et al., 2004) ; and
0.6 g of freshly ground sodium hexametaphosphate solution pH adjusted 2.20.02 with 3N HCl heated at 80 5 C
(Mohamed and Hasan, 1995). The extracts were separated from the AIR residue by filtering through four fold cheese
cloth and cool immediately by chilled water, dispersed in an equal volume of 95% ethanol, stir 5 min for proper
mixing and allowed to stand for 1 h. In the case of sodium hexametaphosphate, the extract was dispersed in an equal
volume of 95% ethanol containing 0.5 M HCl. The precipitate was collected, washed 3-4 times by 70% acidic
ethanol (0.5% HCl), 70% ethanol, followed by 95% ethanol. The product was then dried at 40 C in an air oven to
constant weight. The dried pectin was ground to 400 micron mesh and stored at room temperature for further
experiment and compared with commercial pectin from Luba chemie pvt. Ltd.

2.5 Physico-chemical parameters

The moisture and ash content were determined by AOAC (1980) method. Weighed ash was treated with 0.5 M
HCl, and the colloidal solution was filtered, ignited and weighed to obtain the acid insoluble ash (Gee et al., 1958)

2.6 Solubility of pectin powder in water and alkali

Pectin samples (0.5%) were moistened with 95% ethanol, dispersed in deionized water, and stirred in a vortex
mix to dissolve. To obtain the hot water soluble fraction, the mixture was heated at 90 C for 15 min (Fishman et al.,
1984). Exactly 1 ml of 1 N NaOH was added to 5 ml prepared pectin solution, mixed properly and heated at 90 C
for 15min to observe the changes in alkali solution (Joslyn, 1980).

2.7Surface structure analysis

Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of jackfruit waste pectin samples were collected using the Perkin
Elmer, GX spectrum model with wavelengths ranging from 400 - 4000 cm-1.

2.8 Viscosity of pectin solution

The viscosity of 3% pectin solution in deionized water (wt/wt) was determined with a controlled stress
Rheometer (AR G2, UK) with the cone plate measuring system (cone dia. 60mm truncation 30 micrometer) at a
constant share rate (51 s-1) and constant temperature (20 C).
 R. Begum et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 (2014) 244 251 247

2.9 Statistical analysis

The experiments were conducted in three replicates. The values were expressed as the mean standard deviation.
Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 21) for
Windows. The Duncan test was performed to evaluate significant differences between mean values. The confidence
limits used in this study were based on 95% (P< 0.05).

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Estimation of pectin content in jackfruit

Total pectin constituent of jackfruit was estimated as calcium pectate. Table 1 shows the calcium pectate content
in the different portion of three jackfruit varieties. The results revealed that the calcium pectate content varied with
variety and within the variety it varied with the different parts of the jackfruit. The amount, structure and chemical
composition of pectin was highly inconsistent and influenced by many factors. It has been known to vary among
different plants, plant varieties, plant tissues, and was also dependent on the stage of plant growth (Nelson et al.,
1977). Edible portions (bulb) of the jackfruit contained 1.14-1.60% calcium pectate which is comparatively lower
than that of the inedible portion (rind and core). Patil et al. (2011) had also found higher calcium pectate content in
the inedible portion of jackfruit than the edible portion. This may be due to pectin found in and between the cell
walls as an integral structural component of cells which helps to give them rigidity. Hence the hard parts of fruits
contain more pectin than the soft parts.

Table 1.Effect of variety and parts on calcium pectate content of jackfruit.

Variety of Jackfruit % Calcium Pectate (fresh weight basis) in different parts of jackfruit
Rind1 Core Bulb
Khaja 1.570.10 1.740.09 1.410.10
Gala 2.280.16 1.000.10 1.600.08
Durasha 1.720.14 1.920.13 1.140.15
Average of three replications standard deviation.1outer prickly surface with inner non edible perianth.

3.2 Pectin yield

The yield of pectin extracted from jackfruit waste varied from 8.94 to 15.14% of the weight of jackfruit dry
waste, depending on the various extraction conditions used. Pectin yield found in this study was lower than that
obtained by Mohamed and Hasan (1995) from jackfruit waste (22.5%). The yield, moisture content, ash content and
acid insoluble ash content of pectin extracted from jackfruit waste (Durasha variety) are presented in Table 2. The
highest yield of pectin (15.14%) was obtained in the extraction with sodium hexametaphosphate/HCl whereas the
lowest pectin (8.94%) yield was obtained with the acid extraction (0.1 N H2SO4). Extraction with ammonium
oxalate/oxalic acid gave 12.070.8% of pectin. There were significant difference (P<0.05) in the yields of pectin for
all extraction conditions. Pectin extraction is a multiple stage physical-chemical processes in which the hydrolysis
and extraction of pectin macromolecules from plant tissue occur sequentially. Different factors, mainly extraction
temperature, pH, time and solubilizing agents affect the extraction of pectin (Yeoh et al., 2008; Kertesz, 1951).
Previous studies also revealed higher extraction yield by sodium hexametaphosphate and ammonium oxalate than
simple acid hydrolysis (Nazaruddin et al., 2013; Ismail et al., 2012; Koubala et al., 2008b and Mohamed and Hasan,
1995). In the middle lamella of plant cells, pectins are physically bound in situ via metallic cations, especially
divalent cations. Sequestering agents such as sodium hexametaphosphate and ammonium oxalate which readily bind
those cations and help to release the pectins from cell walls (Yeoh, 2008).
248 R. Begum et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 (2014) 244 251

Table 2. Yield, moisture content, ash content of pectin extracted from jackfruit waste.
Sample Yield Moisture content Ash content Acid insoluble ash content
Ammonium oxalate extracted pectin 12.070.80a 9.780.95b 4.770.71b 0.060.03a
Sulfuric acid extracted pectin 8.940.91b 7.720.75a 3.710.64b 0.080.03a
Sodium hexametaphosphate 15.190.35c 14.730.61c 8.150.30c 0.270.15b
extracted pectin
Commercial pectin ND 10.940.89b 1.860.511a 0.020.10a
Mean value from triplicate mean standard deviation. Values with different superscript in the same column are significantly different (p< 0.05).
ND=Not done

3. 3 Physico-chemicals parameters

Moisture contents of all the samples were in the acceptable range (below 12%) except the one extracted with
sodium hexametaphosphate (14.73%)(Table 2). Pectins should have low moisture contents for safe storage. Elevated
moisture content may accelerate the growth of microorganisms that can affect the pectin quality due to the
production of pectinase enzymes (Muhamadzadeh et al., 2010). The results showed that sodium hexametaphosphate
extracted pectin contained higher moisture content compared to ammonium oxalate extracted pectin (9.78%), acid
extracted pectin (7.72%) and commercial pectin (10.94%).The inorganic impurities in pectin are indicated by the ash
content. Pectin extracted by sodium hexametaphosphate had the highest (8.15%) and sulfuric acid extracted pectin
had the lowest (3.71%) ash content. Commercial pectin contained significantly lower (P <0.05) ash than that of
extracted pectin from jackfruit waste. Acid insoluble ash of all extracted pectins were found to be between 0.06%-
0.27% and did not show significant differences (P<0.05) with commercial pectin except for sodium
hexametaphophate extracted pectin. Ranganna (1986) stipulated that the ash content in pectin could vary from the
0.76 to10.69%. Since low ash content is more favorable for gel formation, it could be reduced by washing with
acidified alcohol. Previous study also reported the high ash content in ammonium oxalate (Ramli and Asmawati,
2011) and sodium hexametaphosphate extracted pectin (Mohamed and Hasan, 1995). This could be due to the ability
of chelating agents to solubilize indigenous minerals in the jackfruit waste.

3.4 Solubility of the pectin

Solubility in water, pH and the effect of alkali on different types of extracted pectins from jackfruit and
commercial pectin are presented in Table 3. The ammonium oxalate extracted pectin showed the highest solubility
whereas the lowest solubility was exhibited by the pectin extracted with sodium hexametaphosphate dispersed both
in cold and hot water. However, commercial pectin was completely dissolved in cold water. According to the
definition, pectin should be soluble in water. The results showed that a decrease in esterified carboxylic group
reduced the solubility of extracted pectin. This insolubility of the extracted pectin is probably due to the presence of
electrolytes in de-methylated pectic acid. High ash content and the drying process of extracted pectin may be other
reasons for reduced pectin solubility. The results also revealed that the pectin solution was yellow in colour in strong
alkali, which turned into a white precipitate while heating at 90 C for 15 min. Pectin is unstable in alkali solution
(Fishman, 1993) which is used as a conformation test of pectin in solution.

Table 3.Solubility of pectin in water and reaction with alkali.

Ammonium oxalate
extracted pectin
Solubility in cold water Partly soluble, swell and
produce suspension
Solubility in hot water Some insoluble portion
present and produce
suspension
Changes in cold alkali yellow colour formed
Changes in hot alkali Produce white sediment
Sulfuric acid extracted Sodium hexametaphosphate Commercial pectin
pectin extracted pectin
Partly soluble, swell and Insoluble Soluble and produce
produce suspension suspension
Some insoluble portion Partly soluble and produce Soluble, and produce
present and produce suspension suspension
suspension
yellow colour formed yellow colour formed yellow colour formed
Produce white sediment Produce white sediment Produce white sediment
 R. Begum et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 (2014) 244 251 249

3.5 Surface structure

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra were analyzed to confirm the identity of extracted pectins and to
estimate the degree of esterification (DE). The FTIR spectra showed the functional groups and structural
information of different extracted pectins and the pure pectin in the region between 1,000 and 2,000 cm-1 (Kalapathy
and Proctor, 2001;Walner et al., 1998). Wavelength range of 950 and 1200 cm-1 are considered as the finger print
region for carbohydrates as it allows to identify the major chemical groups (ether R-O-R and cyclic C-C bond) in
polysaccharides (Cerna et al., 2003). Similar spectra of the jackfruit waste extract and the pectin standard
(commercial pectin) in the fingerprint region implied that the extracts were effectively pectin. The carbonyl bands
at 1630-1650 and 1740-1760 cm-1 indicate the presence of free and esterified carboxyl groups, respectively
(Gnanasambandam and Proctor, 2000). The increase in degree of esterification (DE) values will also increase the
intensities and band area of the esterified carboxyl groups. Pectin DE can be determined using the peak area in
relation to the free carboxyl groups (1650 cm-1) and esterified groups (1750 cm-1) (Gnanasambandam and Proctor,
2000). Pectin extracted by ammonium oxalate and sulfuric acid showed higher absorbance of esterified carboxylic
groups than that of free carboxylic groups, and hence indicate a higher DE. However, the sodium
hexametaphosphate extracted pectin showed higher absorbance of free carboxylic groups than esterified ones. In
these spectrum, the band from 1320-1000 cm-1 suggest the presence of small amount of ferulic acid linked to the
extracted pectin (Sebastiana et al., 2009). The broad band, from 2,900 to 3,600 cm-1, was due to absorbed moisture
in the pectin samples.

Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of jackfruit waste pectin extracted by ammonium oxalate (1), sulfuric acid (2) sodium hexametaphosphate (3) and
commercial pectin from Luba chemie pvt.Ltd. (4).

Fig. 2. Viscosity of different pectin at 51 s-1 shear rate: Ammonium oxalate (1), sulfuric acid (2), sodium hexametaphosphate (3) extracted
pectin and commercial pectin from Luba chemie pvt.Ltd. (4).
250 R. Begum et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 (2014) 244 251

3.6 Viscosity

The viscosity of the different pectins extracted under different extraction condition from jackfruit waste and pure
pectin are presented in Fig. 2. In this figure the viscosity of the pectins were plotted at a shear rate of 51 which is
close to the shear rate of mastication process (50 s-1) (Sherman, 1976). Ammonium oxalate extracted pectin
demonstrated significantly (P <0.05) highest viscosity (0.884 Pa.s) and sodium hexametaphosphate extracted pectin
was found to have significantly (P<0.05) the lowest viscosity among all pectin samples. Sulfuric acid extracted
pectin also showed higher viscosity (0.347 Pa.s) but was not significantly different from the commercial pectin
(0.191 Pa.s). Degree of esterification has a great impact on viscosity. Higher degree of esterification shows higher
viscosity (Monsoor and Proctor, 2001). Sodium hexametaphosphate extracted pectin showed lower degree of
esterification, a higher ash content, and a very low viscosity.

4. Conclusions

Jackfruit waste can be a good source of highly esterified pectin. Extraction conditions and solvent types had a
major impact on the yield and physicochemical properties without any significant effects on the pectins structure.
However, the extracted pectin was poor in terms of solubility and high ash content compared to the commercial
pectin. Further research is underway in order to improve the solubility of extracted pectin and explore the gelling
properties of these pectins.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ministry of Education, Bangladesh and Organization for Women in Science for
the Developing World (OWSD) for their financial support and Universiti Putra Malaysia for technical support.

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Accepted for oral presentation in CAFEi2014 (December 1-3, 2014 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) as paper 102.