Iranica (II)1

BY H. W. BAILEY
1. srat
FT1HE Latin strata is one of the words of culture which passed
to the East. Greek has arpdra. Aramaic has srty'
Levy, Chalddisches Wb., Dalman, Aram, nhebr. Wb., with
plural srtyn, as also the form 'strty' in the same sense. For
Syriac is quoted (Brockelmann, Lex. Syr.) 'strt. Arabic has
sirdt b\^> in the eschatological al-sirdtu 'l-mustaqlmu of
the Qur'an. A similar narrow bridge is well known in the
Zoroastrian cinvato pantus of the Avesta.
It has not been so far noted that the word srt (that is srat
or srat), written )^>)JJ. is used in an eschatological text in
Pahlavi. In the GrBd., 203,12-14, we have the word twice :
api-s an harnk pat rds-nimdyih av srat-e j^JJja baret
ke-s 3 pdSak patis ut pat an srat J^OJJJ av garoSmdn
savet pat 3 gam hast i humat huxt huvarst.
" And that maiden with guidance on the way brings
him to the street wherein there are three stations, and by
that street he goes to GaroSman, by three steps which
are Humat, Huxt, and Huvarst."

2. a8van
In several passages occurs a word written either )wy,
))fO> o r YW ) W ))YW- I* presents a problem which has
been overlooked.
GrBd., 20, 11 fol. :
api-s ddt av aSiydnh < i > urvar dp ut dtaxs ce har
*a8van-e j)))HJ* <i>urvardn dp e srisk pat sar dtaxs
4 angust < hoc > pes pat an zor hatn-e rust.
1
" Iranica " (I) in JRAS., 1930, p. 11 fol.
JRAS. JULY 1934. 33

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 506 IEANICA II

" He created to assist the plants water and fire, since

every stalk of the plants has one drop of water at its top
and fire four fingers' length in front. By that power they
grew."
The meaning " stalk, trunk " of plant or tree is confirmed
by the parallel passages.
This same passage is quoted as Den in the list of liquids in
GrBd., 90, 8 : 15-om an i hacaSar aSvan i (TD 2, *))fj>',
DH, P., 1 $)Yfy ; Ind. Bd., ipyX_! >) urvardn cegon guft
ku har ahvan-e (TD 2 J p y ; Y.,l)yv>; Ind. Bd.,
^jjjjy/C_Ji) dp e srisk pat tey.
Also in GrBd., 119, 15 fol. :
urvardn roS go/3et ku har aSvan-e (TD 2, P., -u>))f^fi
Ind. Bd., i))(y) o/p e srisk pat tey {Ind. Bd., pat sar ddrend).
This passage excludes the reading axv in 20, 12, which
Nyberg adopted, JA., 1929, avril-juin, 224 : axw i urvardn
" toute la force vitale des plantes " (with other differences
in the translation, which these passages exclude).
In this reading of axv he was anticipated by Bartholomae
in another passage. The gloss to Yasna, 38, 5 (the yasna
of the waters) explains vispo .paitis by vispopit? an guft an
i pat urvar *a8van i ^))*(J* urvar patis vaxsihet " vispopit
is named the water in the plants. The stalk of plants grows
thereby."
In view of the above passages this is the only acceptable
rendering. But the Skt. version has : dpo yah vanaspatisu
jdtayo vanaspatinam tdbhih vikdsyante " the waters which are
in the plants. The kinds of plants grow thereby." Hence
jdtayo implies a reading a&ven " kind ", just as in Ind. Bd.,
66, 22, )fty (den) represents the )^f(y ahvenak of GrBd.,

1
P. is the Paris MS. (Biblioth&que Nationale, Fonds supplement
persan 2043).
2
Avestan letters.

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 IKANICA II 507

119, 15. Bartholomae, AIW., s.v., vlspo.pitay- read axv

i urvar " das Wesen der Pflanze ". ;
GrBd., 151, 3, in the description of the van i vas-toxmak:
andar *ahvan i (TD 2, ^)Y{y); P., *)W; Ind. Bd.,
il
I p t f .H3 ) a^e 9 <JOT breheriit estet.
DIM. 839, 6 fol. :
ap-ib i gardn ytJia tacisn ut avesan-ic tan i namik i
10 avesdn aSvan MX/ * cihrakomand i hazdrakdnak ku
1,000 pat e *>yu bar be ayend.
The word aSvan once interpreted is further interesting in
that it gives the meaning of Avestan vardsa-ji-.
Yasna, 71, 9. vispd urvard uruOmlsca paiti varsapMa
yazamaide is glossed by harvisp urvar pat rehak ut ahvan )^y
apar drohisn yazem. In AIW., s.v., vardsa-gay-, resak is
wrongly given as gloss to vardsa-ps.
Nirangastdn, fol. 179, 10:
yd urvarym bardsma frastdrdnti hamo .varasdjim paouru.
fravaxsdm.
Pahl. Comm. ke urvar frdc vistaret ham-bun pur-tdk ke-s
bun evak api-s sar e cand hast.
Here varaSaji- is Pahl. bun " stalk, trunk ", hence equivalent
to ahvan.
In Yasna, 10, 5, varasaji- is translated *a8van ))>{)>,
and this in turn by Skt. skandha- " trunk of tree ".
Avestan Pahl. Comm.
vispgsca paiti varisafis pat harvisp ahvan
vispgsca paiti fraspardyd apar pat harvisp spey
vispasca paiti fravdxid apar pat harvisp tdk
To this AIW. has " undeutlich ".
The Skt. version reads : visvesu ca upari skandhesu
visvesu ca upari sdkhdsu
visvesu ca upari pallavesu
The context, the rendering of var&aji- by both bun and

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 508 IKANICA II

aSvan, and the Skt. translation of ahvan )fiy by skandha-

agree in assuring the meaning " stalk, trunk ". The meaning
" s t a l k " , but not " r o o t " , fits also Nirang., fol. 179, 10.
I t remains to justify the reading ahvan. This is intended
as the Mid. Iran, of an older *adi-vanti- " the upper part of
a tree ". Hence a determinative compound, of prenomen and
noun, as in Av. frabddm'' front part of the foot". Skt. examples
abound, cf. Wackernagel, Aind. Gr., ii, 1, 258: adhidanta-
"upper tooth", adhi-dyauh "highest heaven", pra-nakha-
" front part of a nail ".
The Pazand reading of the Ind. Bd. ae.van, ayvan was
therefore correct, since aevan would represent an older *aSvan.

3. *nivet, *dvet
A word *ueit- " to speak" is attested by the Balto-
Slavonic :
Old Slav. otu-vetu " answer "
suvetu " council"
vestati " to talk "
ve " he said "
Old Pruss. wait-iatun " to speak ".
Cf. Walde-Pokorny s.v. uei-.
The same word is probably to be recognized in two Iranian
words.
(1) Turfan Mid. Iran, nvydg " tidings ".
NPers. nuved, naved " tidings ".
Bartholomae, quoted by Tedesco, MO., 15, 194, note 6,
suggested this connection,1 whereas Markwart, Adina, 36,
considered nvydg to have preserved -d-.
(2) Armenian auetik', gen. plur. aueteac dyyeXia,
eiiayyeXia. auetaran evayyeAiov would represent *a-vet
without difficulty. The suggestion of Nyberg, Glossar, s.v.
1
The Pahl. word, however, quoted as nvyt from DkM., 579, 20, " und
ofter " is to be otherwise explained.

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 IRANICA II 509

afiydt to explain Arm. auetik' as from *abi-ydta, and that

of Markwart, Adina, 36, as *d-vaidjd-, with dissimulation
of -t- for -r- in auetaran and auetik' as a later form, are
both unsatisfactory.

4. dawra-, hardta-
In treating of the rainbow the Pahl. Riv. Dd., p. I l l fol.,
has the following passage :
ut en stun i hast < i > spet hast <i> zart hast i dafir
JgjJ ce.
har ce spet hac dahisn <i> ohrmazd
ut an i ditikar hac dahisn i ahraman
an < i > spet pat aSiyarih i varan ut an i ditikar pat
*ham-estdnh i varan.
" What is this pillar which is partly white, partly yellow,
and partly dark ?
Whatever is white is of the creation of Ohrmazd.
The other is of the creation of Ahraman.
The white assists the rains and the others contend
with the rains."
With this GrBd., 140, 6 fol., is to be compared :
en stunak pat asmdn paiSdk bavet ke martom sanvar
xvdnend har ce daj3r ut xisen ut zart ut saflz ut suxr ut
*dlgonakdn vaxs dev hand ke pat hamestdrih < i > tistr
vdntan *r8 sor butan rdS av afir koxsend hast ke-sdn
devdn-ic i sahmken xvdnend ut har ce spet vaxs hast i yazd
ke aSiyarih i tistr rd8 apdk an devdn koxsend.1
From these two passages dafir is certainly a colour which is
the opposite of " white ".
This result is confirmed by a third passage, GrBd., 120, 8 :
mes i dafir i spet-ervdrak mesdn rat " the ram dark with white
jaw is chief of sheep ". The Ind. Bd. reads : mes i sydk i dafir.
Here sydk is a gloss to dafir.
1
Both extant texts, TD 2 and P, are in disorder in this passage.

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 510 IEANICA II

This rendering of da/3r is of considerable interest. The

name GrBd., 229, 6, Dafir-gdv will mean " having dark cows ",
and Av. dawrdmaesi- " having dark sheep ". The meaning
adopted by Bthl. (AIW. s.v.) " fat " on the basis of earlier
translations of the Bundahisn passage must be abandoned.
A further problem can also be solved. Avestan harata-
occurs in Vid., 22, 4 :
hazanram anumayanym hardtd.vispo.gaonang,m.
The Pahl. Com. has :
1000 anumay da/3r hamak mo8 ku hoc evak mo8.1
Relying upon the translation of dawra- by " fat", Bthl.,
AIW. rendered harata- by " well-nourished ". It is, however,
now clear that the Commentator intended a dark colour by
dafir. Hence the Av. harata- is best explained by comparing
Lith. sartas " r e d (of horses)" and Lettish sdrts "red in
face ".
A third possibility is also suggested. An Iranian *dafira-,
Av. dawra-, would supply a better explanation of Gr. re<f>p6$
" ash-coloured ", re<f>pa " ashes ", as from *dhebhro- than the
usual connection of these Greek words with *dheg%h- " to
b u r n " (Walde-Pokorny, 849).
5. cist
Arm. cisd (cist is said to be a later spelling), axpifiris, is
attested in P'austos Bouzandaci. It is well explained by
Mid. Iran. ciU, which is common in the Pahl. compound
ndm-cist, ndm-ci&tik " known by name, particular, famous ",
Pazand nymcist, translated by Skt. namdnkita-. Hence Old
Iran. *cista-. Av. has kaes- (Pres. cinasti, Pret. coihm and
other forms) " t o make known, teach". The participle is
not found in Av. or Old Pers.
Saka hamkhdsta " reckoned ", that is *ham-kista-, seems
to belong here. The relation of the k- to c- forms is like that of
YazgulamI kas-: kuxt " look " to Rosani cas-: cuxt, connected
with Av. kas- (see Zarubin, Iran, i, 158).
x
,Cf. Matiyan i Catrang, 32 : 12000 asp <i> tacik hoi ham moS.

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 IEANICA II 511

6. varm
1. varm.
Pahl. )y>)^ -0), as the contexts prove, means " learnt
by heart ". It is found, for example, in Husrav 9 (Pahl. Texts,
27, 9), Adlh ut Sahikih i Sakastan, 15 (Pahl. Texts, 26),
8nS. 5, 2, and other passages.
Efist. Man., 1, 4, 11, ut ka-s hamdk apastdk ut zand
apartom dkds mansr zartuxsto(k)tom meney.
Unvala and Tavadia (in Husrav and SnS. respectively)
read narm. The inaccurate Pazand of Antia, Pdz. Texts, 335,
has ^*) $*), but Jjuijw} for vdvar on the same page
deprives the reading of value. Herzfeld, in AMI., 2, 94, has
the suggestion " -0) ist nur ideogr. Q7J?". Bthl., AIW.,
773, narm.
A more satisfactory explanation is at hand. If $) is
read varm, it can be connected with var- " to choose ". It is
then a parallel derivative to -Gy**) vdrom " m i n d " . This
reading and meaning of varm is assured by NPers. barm
" hifz va az bar kardan va bi-ydd nigah ddstan ", that is learning
and knowing by heart. For the development of meaning it is
possible to compare Av. vira-, Pahl. Paz. vir " mind",
NBal. gir " m e m o r y " , GazI (and other modern dialects)
vir " memory " translating NPers. ydd, NPers. bir " learning
by heart".

2. vdrom.1
The reading with long vowel 2 is assured by the spelling
with -TOW, that is -rom, after a long syllable, and is to be
compared with Av. vdrama, which it glosses. Similar in
1
Pagliaro's discussion of varom is known to me only from Indogerm.
Jahrb., 1932, p. 137.
2
Hence fraSrn " shining " has also certainly long a, which I had left
doubtful in BSOS., vi, 596, To the passage there quoted add the fraSm
of Dd., 1, 12, and 36, 104.

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 512 IRANICA II

formation is the word ddrmak " fine, thin, keen ", equivalent
in meaning to bank.
Pazand has ddramaa, SGV-, 10, 79, bank u ddramaa.
SGV., 8,137 ; 10, 3. ddramaihd rendered by Skt. suksmatayd.
This is also the word which glosses Av. urvl.sarah-, Vid., 13, 2,
not recognized in AIW. s.v. The Pahl. Comm. reads ddrmak-
sarak ku-s sar pozak bank.
Dd. Intro., 24. bdnk-venisndn ut ddrmak-ddnisndn.
It can be explained from dar- " t o split ". Beside ddrmak
stands darm " h o l e " , Nirang., fol. 180, verso 10,
translating Av. sidarangim, as varm beside vdrom.

7. karapet
In BSOS., vii, 79, an attempt was made to explain the
kdra- of Mid. Iran, karavdn and kdraddk as indicating " moving
about ". Dr. W. Henning has kindly called my attention to
tcapSaKes crTpaTevadfievot, in Lagarde, Ges. Abh., 200.
This same kdra- is probably represented in Arm. karapet
" irpoSpofios ". Then *kdra-pati- was the " leader of the
caravan ", whose duty it was to precede the travellers, like
the modern cdvus. From "leader of caravan" to "fore-
runner " is hardly a change.
It is also of interest that kdrvdnik in Nirang., fol. 166, -
verso 12, corresponds to the Icdnk of Pahl. Yasna, 49, 9
(rendering Av. ydhl) and DkM., 865, 20, treated as an epithet
of Zamasp. Probably kdrlk and kdrvdnik were felt to be
synonymous.
8. krogpet
In Bahman Yast, 3, 53, karrok is " skilful ".
andar an hazdrak i ursetarmdhdn martom pat bizisklh eton
karrok bavend ddruk ut darmdn eton pat kdr dfiarend ut
barend ku be av marklh i ddtastdnlh *enyd 1 ne mlrend ka
pat lamser ut kdrt zanend ozanend.
1
The Turfan Mid. Iran. S. Vy " otherwise " indicates that the problem
of this Pahl. word is not finally settled.

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 IEANICA II 513

In Turfan Mid. Iran., S. qrvg'n *karroydn and qrvgyh

*karroyih (Henning, Manichaica, i, p. 31), and with the
negative 'qrvg *akarroy in M. 98, title difSir i noy u8 akarroy
" t h e scribe new and unskilful".
It is important for the vocalization that the word is attested
also in Syriac and Armenian. Noldeke, Tabari, p. 502, quoted
Syriac JQ..O^D to be read qarroybeS (with wrongly for r)
" chief of the royal artisans ", in the Martyrology, i, 34.
The tale is summarized by Labourt, Christ, p. 67. This life of
Simon was translated into Armenian under the title Smavon
episkopos Slak k'aiah'i eu Tisponi, zor anouanein ordi
narotanerkac, publ. Venice in Sop'erk' haikakank' No. 20,
1854. On p. 47 the Arm. text reads : air mi auag, anoun
Pousak oroi astican iur krogpet kocer or t'argmani gloux
arouestagitac ark'ouni " a chief man, by name Pousak, whose
rank was called krogpet, which is translated ' chief of the royal
artisans ' ". This word was quoted by Patkanean, JA., 1866,
i, 116, and was given by Adjarian in his Haireren nor barer
hin matenagrout'ean me], p. 6, which Meillet reviewed, RE A., 7,
314, recognizing the Iranian character of krogpet. In the
Arm. vocalization we have probably another case of special
treatment as in Vram, and Hreu, where the -a- is also absent.
The -pet confirms the correction of the Syriac text.
It is possible to point to an older form. OPers. kr n" uvka
of the Chart 47 seems to be the same word : karnuvaka-
" artisan ", to kar- rather than to kart-. The Arm. form with
r indicates rn.
Beside karrok, a form with -e- in the first syllable is found.
In DkM., 757, 10, regulations for the kerok-kdrdn " artisans "
are quoted, to prevent their injuring anyone with their
tools.
DkM., 645, 15, Zartust's encyclopaedic knowledge includes :
apdnk pesak kerokih.
DkM., 412, 20, are mentioned books, translated and included
in the canon of the Avesta, on

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 514 IEANICA II

apdrik kerokih ut afizdr andar hindukdn ut hrom apdrik-ic

zamlkihd pargandak but
under Sahpuhr i Artaxsahran.
Hence kerok implies *karnya-.

9. gosdn
The Armenian version of Ecclesiastes, ii, 8, reads :
arari inj gousans eu ergeciks, ars eu kanais
LXX. ivoirjcrd /xot aSovres KOU dSovaas.
This gousan " singer " is listed by Hiibschmann, Arm. Gram.,
131, with the remark : " stimmt im Anlaut nicht zu np.
kusdn oder kosdn Name eines Singers, Fts u Rdmin, pp. 218,
219 (kusdn i navdgar) ". Stackelberg proposed to read gosdn
as the minstrel's name in ZDMG., 48, 495.
In Vis u Rdmin we have :
218, 2. nisasta gird rdmin-as bardbar
ba pes % ram [y~^y i navdgar
218, 5. saroS-e guft J^y i nav-d'in
dar 6 poBBa hdl i vis u rdmin
219, 10. cu jL-jJ in navdrd hard pdydn
ba-ydh i dostdn u dil-rubdydn.
There is besides the heading to the canto :
saroB guftan i IS^y i mutrib.
All this was insufficient to settle the problem.
It is, however, an assumption that i)^y is a proper
name. The Georgian version (0. Wardrop, Visramiani,
Oriental Translation Fund, N.S., vol. xxiii, p. 205) has simply
mgosani or mutribi, and no proper name. This is probably
correct.
In the "Mujmal al-tavarix", ed. J. Mohl, JA., 1841,
p. 534, tirage-a-part, p. 165, is given the tale of Bahram
Gor and his introduction of minstrels into Persia. He sent
to the King of India :

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 IEANICA II 515

va az oy ii^y xvdstand
va U^y ba zabdn i pahlavi xunydgar bil8.
The word is well attested in Armenian with g-, so that there
need be no hesitation in reading J^y as gosan.
Probably also this gosan justifies the recognition of Arm.
gos " drum ", known in the twelfth century, as Mid. Iran.
with g- as distinct from NPers. kos, Sogd. kws. Cubinov
(Diet. Georg .-Russe-Franc., 1840) compared Georg. mgosani
with Arm. gos.
10. han-
The verb kan- is found with many proverbs (a-, abi-, apa-,
api-, ava-, us-, ni-, para-, para-, pari-, vi-, ham-). Two are
of interest here.
(1) ni-kan-.
(a) " T o dig in," "dig down."
OPers. nikantuv " may he destroy ", B. 4, 80.
Pahl. nikdn " burying ", Pazand nagg,.
Oss. nigdnun, nigdd " to b u r y " , n^ggdnd " Keller,
Erdhiitte, Grube ".
(b) ni-kan- " to put in ".
NPers. niganda " anything hidden ".
" embroidery ".
nigandan " to embroider ".
nigin, nigma " precious stone set in a ring ".
Pahl. nikand 3ty) " set in ".
Pahl. Riv. Dd., 46, 5, which describes the creation of the
earth :
api-s gohr <i> xvarr be nikand
api-s kofiha hoc an gohr be roSeriit.
(2) pari-kan-.
(a) " To set roundabout ".
NPers. parganda, parkanda " dispersed ".
pargandagi " dispersion ".

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 516 IRANICA II

Pahl. DkM. 406, 5, 13, 19, pargandaBh.

406, 13, pargandak but.
412, 8, pargandakiha.
412, 13, 20, pargandak.
parkanet )^))^) Zatspram (wrongly translated by
Bartholomae, ZAIW., 179, and by myself following him in
BSOS., vi, 599) :
murvdn pat ristdn be ddt ut had an % vazurktaren tdk an
i kucaktar ogon be vdlenit cegdn mart ke yortdk ham-e *kdret
ut fratom *stapr *ddng frdc parkanet ut pas an i miydnak
pas an i kuc.
The meaning is certain from the corresponding GrBd.
passage, 97, 8, api-s en 110 sarSak murvdn pat 8 *a$venak
\ \ _
be dat api-s eton be parkand i)^-'} cegdn mart-e ka toxm
parkanet \yZj)yQ an i toxm andar angust av zarmk hilet
mas ut miydnak < ut >kas. Cf. GrBd., 222, 4, yortdk . . .
andar zamik parkanend.
. In GrBd., 33, 5, the meaning " to set in various places ",
api-s dtaxs andar harvisp dahisn eton be parkand (TD 2 ^J^JfiJ
P. .3).uJg)) " and he so distributed fire in all creation ".
Nyberg read frakand (JA., 1929, i, 230), which fails
to express the distribution.
Zatspram, i, 21, describes the same act of creation :
dtaxs andar visp but pargandak
Gazi has vdrkante bebo = perdkdnde bebo " was scattered ".
(b) " To put around " as a wall.
Sahriha, i Eran, 2 :
pat kust i xvardsdn Samarkand sahrastdn kai-os i kavdtdn
bun parkand ^(^fij siydvaxs i kai-osdn be frazdmenit
That is, Kai Us founded the city by surrounding it with walls,
not frakand, which fails to express the fortification.
Here belongs Sogd. kanSd- " city ", Saka kanthd- " city ",
earlier attested in MapaxavSa.

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 IRANICA II 517

There are two nominal derivatives :

(1) parkdn *' wall ".
DkM. 755, 8, apar patmdnak i zahydS-e i parkdn )*>y&
pahandS bdldS i danhd
Pahl. Riv. Dd. 46, 4 (creation of the sky)
api-s nazdist asmdn hac sar be brehenit
api-s gohr hoc *dpaken {))*$ < J O-^ < > jO
< i >spet
api-s pahandh ut bdldh rdst
api-is zahydS i parkdn )*>^J i an and
hast cand pahandh i tuhlklh.
This assures the interpretation of GrBd., 18, 7, fol.
api-s dam hamdk andaron asmdn be ddt. . . man mdndk ke
har cis andar mdnet parkdn bun i asmdn candlh pahandh i-s
drahndS candlh drahndS l-s bdldS ut candlh bdldS %-s zahydS.
Since we have in Pahl. Riv. Dd. parkdn alone, and in
GrBd., 36, 5, asmdn bun with bun alone, the reading parkdn
bun here is certain. Nyberg's frakdvan (see Glossar, s.v.) is
excluded. *
From this it becomes possible to understand the gloss to
Vid., 2, 19 (dismissed as untranslatable by Bartholomae,
MM., 2, 35). hast ke eton gofiet e *parkdnak (J(3)*'^) var.
j ^ j ^ j j g ) ) i apdc xvast, that is, " some say he raised
walls ".
Similarly *-kdnak in NPers. afgdna, figdna " abortion ".
(2) pdrken.
Axm. parken " w a l l " , see Hubsch, Arm. Gr., 228.
NPers. pdrgin "sewer".
1
For the confusion of final ^ and -*(j by the scribes, cf. : GrBd., 88, 6,
zihapak ; 85, 6, zihapyh ; 28, 9 (TD 2) hangarak, (P.) hangaryh; 38, 9

(TD 2) hamkarih, (P.) hamkar k ; Vid., 14, 15, Xl-UJty Hjl-uJlQ

pairaSak. GrBd., 112, 2 (TD 2) zartyh, (DH) zartak. BSOS., vii, 83,
kaparak, kaparyh.

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 518 IEANICA II

Sahnama (Vullers, 1397) in the description of the burial

of Afrasiyab :
tan i pahlavdn rd k'azo xvdst km
Jcasidand du para zi pdrgm
Ax&b.fdriqin " cistern ".
Syr. prqyn' " fossa urbem cingens " (Brockelmann, Lex.
Syr.).
Turfan Mid. Iran., M., 99, 15, sih pdrgen Icird " three walls
were built".
Additional notes:
(1) The Pazandists transcribed J^JJ by gdfr (Ind. Bd., ed.
Justi, 77, 19), gfr (Antia, Pdzend Texts, p. 76, 18). This
reading is also in Taban, i, 225, kbr, and is there rendered
by Arabic rm'dy "ash-coloured".
(2) Vardanian compared kfogpet and karrok (as I learn
through the courtesy of M. Berberian) in Handes Amsorya,
1922, 286.
187.

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