Review of related literature and studies

LOKOL HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA ung isa hindi LOKOL un una HOHOHOHOHOHO

According to Factors associated with nursing students medication competence at the

beginning and end of their education, it is stated that Medication management is an important

responsibility for nurses. It involves on determining the use, classification, dosage, indication,

preparation, nursing responsibilities and administrating the medication to patient. In study also

stated that Medication competence requires a solid knowledge base in pharmacology, pharmacy

and medication management. It was written at the study that the student able to manifest his skill

in giving medications in their clinical training(Sulosaari et.al 2012).

In their study, the researchers focus on the deficiencies found in nursing students

medication competence. Medication competence limited to medication calculation competence

and factors associated with it .they aim to develop and understanding the individual and learning

environmental factors associated with medication competence from broader approach. They

focus on evaluation on theoretical, practical and decision-making competence of nursing students

and to identify factors associated with their medication competence at the beginning and end of

their education (Sulosaari et.al 2015)

In their study, the researchers used a descriptive, correlational study design with a

structured instrument including a set of potential associated factors, knowledge test, medication

calculation test and patient vignettes. The researchers conducted their study until start up to the

end of their education. Their data were analyzed statically. In the result of the researchers study,

the data shows that the students mean score over the semesters was 72% correct answers in

knowledge test. In the evaluation of practical medication competence, the mean score was 74%
correct answers in medication calculation. In the evaluation of decision-making competence the

mean score was 57% correct answers. As the study stated that the results were greatly affected by

Individual factors. The research also stated that at the beginning of the students education had a

stronger association with medication competence however, at the end of the education the

students abilities in medical competence relies in self-regulated learning and study motivation.

In conclusion of their study, the core elements of medication competence are interconnected and

focusing the integrated and comprehensive pharmacological education throughout the

undergraduate education. The research stated that Students learning style is associated with

medication competence. The researchers stated that there is a need for methods to identify and

supports students having difficulties in their learning. The researchers stated that to increase the

safety of medication care of patients, their research is focusing on the development of effective

teaching methods is needed (Sulosaari et.al 2015)

Citation: Sulosaari, V., Huupponen, R., Hupli, M., Puukka, P., Torniainen, K., & Leino-Kilpi, H.

(2015). Factors associated with nursing students medication competence at the beginning and

end of their education. BMC Medical Education, 15, 223. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-

0513-0

According to Factors Affecting Medication Errors among Staff Nurses: Basis in the

Formulation of Medication Information Guide, it is stated that that nurses spend up to 40%of

their time administering medication. Drug administration consist of complex, problem-prone

processes and its under the responsibilities of the nurse. Nurses are the frontline in administration

of drugs to the patient. In term of legal issues, nurses are most prominent suspects in medications
error. Thus medication errors negative affect nurses. The psychological trauma cause by

committing medication error can be overwhelming to nurses. (Dumo, 2012)

In the researchers study, she uses a quantitative type of research that made use of a

descriptive research design. The study specifically depicts the profile of the respondents. It

determined the level of competency of the respondent along the standards of care on medication

management among staff nurses of tertiary hospitals in La Union. The research also determined

the extent of influence of the following factors: personal, professional, manageria, and work

related factors in occurrence of medication errors. The study also shows the significant

differences in the level of competency in medication administration as well as the factors

affecting medication errors. In the researchers study is determined that the significant

relationship between the level of competency and the factors affecting medication errors. (Dumo,

2012)

In the researchers study, the respondents were the staff nurses, senior nurses and nurse

supervisors who are working in tertiary hospitals in La Union. In the result of the researchers

study shows that age has great impact in working performance. Elder nurses may suffer in

chronic diseases which may contribute in alteration of their job performance. In Newly registered

nurses, they donot have enough experience which may contribute to the higher risk of

medication errors. The study also shows a factor that can hinder the nurse ability in carrying out

doctors order is the handwriting of the prescribing physician. (Dumo, 2012)

According to Dumo(2012) to improve patient safety is important to take into account

several complex mechanisms , and the results have highlighted the need for strengthening
nurses basic knowledge particularly in drug management. Verifying nurses competencies on

medication administration, preceptors can ensure the basic safety practices of the staff nurses

The data shows in the researcher study shows that there were very love correlations in the

respondents level of competency along standards of care on medication management and factors

for promoting medication errors. According to Dumo(2012) that the higher the level of

competency the nurse, the lesser the chance that he is affected by factors affecting medication

errors. In the conclusion of their study shows that staff nurses should be highly competent in all

aspects of the standards of care of medication management. The more proficient a nurse is in the

standards of care on medication management, the higher is the ability of nurses to handle factors

of medication error. (Dumo 2012)

Citation: Anndra Margareth Bernardo Dumo. Factors Affecting Medication Errors among Staff

Nurses: Basis in the Formulation of Medication Information Guide. International Peer Reviewed

Journal 2012 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7718/iamure.ijhe.v1i1.211

According to study in Medication Errors in the Southeast Asian

Countries: A Systematic Review, medication error is a worldwide issue that

needed to attend. Medication errors are rarely reported in South Asian

Countries. The researcher study aim to identify and review research done in

Medication errors in South Asian countries, in order to identify common types

of medication errors and estimate prevalence in this region. (Salmasi et.al

2015)
 the method of the researchers used in reviewing the literature in

Medication errors are The EmBase, Medline, Pubmed, Proquest Central and

the CINAHL. Inclusion criteria were studies that investigated the incidence

and the contributing factors of medication errors in clients. (Salmasi et.al

2015)

The result of the study shows that 17 included studies reported from

six of eleven South asian countries: Five from Singapore, four in Malaysia,

three in Thailand, one in the Philippines and one in Indonesia. The study also

stated that eleven measured administration errors, four focused in

prescribed errors, three where done on preparation errors, three on

dispensing errors and two on transcribing errors. There was only one study o

reconciliation error. (Salmasi et.al 2015)

In conclusion of the researchers studies reported types of

administration errors were incorrect time, omission error and incorrect doses.

It is also stated that due to shortage of staff and hence heavy workload for

nurses and doctor/nurse distraction and misinterpretation of the medication

chart, were the contributing factors of medication errors. The researchers

recommended that there is serious lack of studies on this topic in this region

which needs to be address if the issue of medication error is to be fully

understood and address. (Salmasi et.al 2015)

Citation: Shahrzad Salmasi,Tahir Mehmood Khan ,Yet Hoi Hong,Long Chiau Ming ,Tin Wui

Wong (2015). Medication Errors in the Southeast Asian Countries: A Systematic Review. S1

PRISMA Checklist. PRISMA 2009hecklist.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136545.s001

(DOC)

According to the study of A Review of Small Group Discussion and Case-based Learning

as a Learning Strategy in Pharmacology it is stated that, in response of development of the drug

information, the teaching strategy for Pharmacotherapeutics was changed from teacher-based

classroom to Small group discussion revolving around ten to twelve of the prominent disease in

the Philippines. It is shown in their research that the researchers aim to investigate the effect of

small group discussion on the performance of Pharmacology students by; 1) comparison of drug

choices of students during medical internship with those pharmacological teachers for five

selected clinical conditions 2) Describing the attitudes of medical students while in medical

clerkship towards Small group Discussion 3) Determining the areas of disagreements in

prescribing choice between Clinical consultants and Pharmacologist. (Dalmacion 2009)

In the researchers studies used a questionnaire method for drug choices for five clinical

conditions. The researchers chosen respondents are the medical interns and pharmacology

teachers. The researchers also determined the attitudes of the Medical interns during their

Clinical Clerkship towards Small Group discussion using reflection papers. The researchers also

use survey to conducted to determine which diseases showed frequent disagreement in

prescribing between clinical consultants and pharmacologist. (Dalmacion 2009)

In the conclusion of the researchers study shows that, there was a poor retention of

knowledge about drug choices from undergraduate Pharmacology for eradication of H.pyolori
and recurrent UTI at 23% and 28% respectively. 46 % of medical interns agreed that Small

Group discussion is a acceptable strategy for case based learning. (Dalmacion 2009)

Citation: Godofreda V. Dalmacion, Erlyn A. Sana (2009). A Review of Small Group Discussion

and Case-based Learning as a Learning Strategy in Pharmacology. Acta Med Philipp. 2009 Jul-

Sep;43(3):37-41.

According to the study on Every move counts in learning: filipino

clinical instructors' scaffolding behaviors in teaching medication

administration, stated that the roles of clinical instructors in preparing

students nurses for the realities and dynamics of clinical practices cannot be

under estimated. Thus the study stated that Scaffolding used as diagnostic

tool that enables both supervisor and learner to recognize knowledge in and

knowledge out. The role in scaffolding in teaching-learning process cannot be

underestimated. (Valdez et.al 2013)

The researchers used a qualitative method study. The respondents for

the study are the nursing students. Thus the researchers studies aim to

capture the nursing students views and experiences of the scaffolding

moves of their clinical instructors as they learn medication administration. .

(Valdez et.al 2013)

The result of their studies shows three interesting themes surface

relative to the scaffolding moves of the clinical instructors these are thought

provoking, focus steering and action enabling. (Valdez et.al 2013)

Citation: Les Paul M. Valdez Allan B. de Guzman and Rowena L. Escolar-Chua(2013)

Nurse Education Today, 2013-10-01, Volume 33, Issue 10, Pages 1214-1218, Copyright 2012
Elsevier Ltd