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Orion Dauter

Jeanette Parker

English 12

7 March 2017
Illegal immigration in America

We must begin by recognizing the problems with our immigration system. For decades, the

United States has not been in complete control of its borders. As a result, many who want to work in our

economy have been able to sneak across our border and millions have stayed. (Bushs speech on

immigration 2006). There are two major sides to the immigration debate, one is the closed borders side.

They seek to further regulate immigration and enforce laws affecting illegal immigrants in the United

States. On the other side of the coin are the open border supporters. This side wishes to be more lenient

with the illegal immigrants and to decrease the laws governing immigration into the country. Illegal

immigration is a heated source of debate within the government and society, and it is clear that change is

wanted whether it be building a wall between the US and Mexico or by granting amnesty to the nearly 11

million illegal immigrants currently residing in the country.

The United States of America was a country founded upon immigration, ever since its first

colonizers in the 1500s coming from Europe, it has had a colorful history ever since. Immigrants came to

the new land for many reasons; religious freedom or economic opportunity, or just the prospect of

freedom offered (History.com Staff 2009) There were very simple guidelines laid out for immigration

laws within the Naturalization act of 1790. It barred citizenship for most immigrants except for any

alien, being a free white person(Naturalization act of 1790 2017). After they have been in the United

States for at least two years, although later in 1795 it was upped to five years, and after renouncing any

allegiance to their previous country, they also had to give an oath to uphold the constitutional laws. It did

not say anything of other nationalities though which left them out of the pool of possible citizens. It was

also a bit vague about the citizenship of other nationalities who were born in America. (Naturalization act

of 1790 2017) Americans still for the most part encouraged immigration during the 18th century and into

the early 19th century, until around the 1800s when states began passing laws affecting immigration.

(Early American Immigration Policies 2015)

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Around the 1840s America began receiving huge influxes of immigrants from Europe. They

came mostly from Germany, because of a faltering economy and high unemployment rates, and Ireland

because of the potato famine. These waves of European immigrants began to spark an anti-immigration

mindset within the citizens of the US. They didnt like all of the immigrants because they felt like they

were overcrowding and taking jobs that belonged to true Americans. These ill feelings continued growing

as gold was discovered in California and Chinese immigrants came over in droves seeking wealth in the

west. around 24,000 chinese citizens immigrated to California between 1849 and 1853 seeking jobs in the

mines during the Gold Rush. (Grigg 2012) In 1862, after much complaining from Americans about the

unfairness of immigrants taking their jobs the government signed the anti coolie act into law which

imposed a steep tax on chinese workers in the mines. This tax took up more than half of the average

chinese worker's pay in an attempt to deter them from coming to the US for work. (Polsky 2012)

The issue of immigration was quickly gaining traction within America and was a problem at the

forefront of society. Congress passed the first major piece of legislation regarding immigration in 1882,

known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, which sparked the massive reforms that would be passed for years

to come. It banned chinese immigration for a period of ten years as well as made chinese ineligible to

become naturalized citizens. This law achieved its goal and resulted in a drastic shrinking of the chinese

population in America. Even though the Chinese population had already been rather small before sitting

at around only .002 percent. (History.com staff 2009) The Chinese Exclusion Act was just in its infancy

and it would be modified and amended many times over the coming years. The american workers were

still not satisfied though and demanded more restrictions to be placed to stop immigrants who would

work for less pay from potentially stealing their jobs. In response congress passed the Alien Contract

Labor Law in 1885. This law prevented companies and employers from importing immigrant workers

under contract, this was to try and combat the use of cheap foreign labor rather than using American

citizens for jobs. (Alien contract labor law 2015)

With the immigration act of 1891 the federal government took more direct control over the whole

immigration process, they were responsible for the inspection, processing, and either the admittance or
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rejection of immigrants. With these new responsibilities the government realized that they needed more

helping hands so they formed the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration to help oversee the new

regulations. The office opened up Ellis Island in 1892 which would soon be the largest immigration

outpost in the US. (Origins 2016) Ellis Island officially opened on January 1st and began processing

immigrants, and on that day alone 700 immigrants passed through the outpost and by it continued to

process nearly 450,000 immigrants through the year. (History.com staff 2009) Also in 1892 the Geary act

took effect, extending the chinese exclusion act another ten years. Be it enacted by the Senate and House

of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all laws now in force

prohibiting and regulating the coming into this country of Chinese persons and persons of Chinese

descent are hereby continued in force for a period of ten years from the passage of this act. (Geary

2012). The law was extended again in 1902, this time it had no end date.

The immigration system was still fragmented and broken by the early 1900s and to help alleviate

some of the problems, mostly the inconsistencies congress passed the naturalization act of 1906. Up until

this point the states were in charge of coming up with the procedures for the naturalization process which

made the system disjointed. This law came as the result of president Roosevelts plan to reexamine the

naturalization laws and work out flaws in the system. Among the new changes was an English literacy

test for immigrants wishing to be naturalized as well as an oath of allegiance to America. (Encyclopedia

2016) This was just the beginning of the completely reforming laws that would be passed under Roosevelt

and his administration.

One of the main driving forces behind the major immigration reform in the early 1900s was the

Dillingham Commission. This organization was created to help analyze the immigration problem and

protect the United States. It started its operation in 1907 and went right to work trying to find problems to

fix. In 1911 the commission had come up with a conclusion, that immigration from Europe was very bad

for America and should be reduced severely. (Harvard) This organization's findings helped to inspire and

gather support for the Quota Act, otherwise known as the Johnson-Reed act, which would be passed in

1924. This law would further limit immigration in an attempt to help protect America. This act based
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immigration allowance on a nationality quota. This quota was two percent of the total number of that

nationality recorded by the census in 1890, it still singled out immigrants of Asian descent from being

able to become citizens.

From around 1929 to 1936 during the great depression the government increased their

deportation efforts, especially towards immigrants of Mexican descent. They also tried to pressure a lot of

Mexican immigrants to leave, even the legal ones they would pay visits to their houses ...telling Mr. and

Mrs. Gonzales that you would be better off in Mexico where you can be with your own people and speak

your own language. We have arranged for train tickets. You can take so many boxes or suitcases with you.

Would you please show up at the train station in two weeks? (Americas 2015). This was a major turning

point in immigration history where the United States focus was put on Mexican immigrants above all

others, since it was the most common route of entry for illegal immigrants. The next major law forcing

Mexican immigrants out of the country was operation wetback named after the immigrants crossing

into the US by river, it is now considered a racial slur. It began in July of 1954 and they began to deport

the immigrants and around 1,100 were deported on average every day for the length of the operation. By

the time it had ceased the government had expelled nearly 1,300,000 Mexican illegal immigrants in its

attempt at mass deportation. John Anderson, a government and social studies teacher, in a private

interview spoke on whether he believed that deportation en masse was a good strategy or not and he said

No, because it would be too expensive and there would be too many mixups (Anderson 2017).

In 1965 the civil rights movement was reaching its peak and people were calling for change

within the immigration system which was an area considered unfair by many activists since it was still

based off of the earlier quota system. Many viewed the current guidelines as discriminatory, In

particular, Greeks, Poles, Portuguese and Italiansof whom increasing numbers were seeking to enter the

U.S. (History.com staff 2009). The government began to reform immigration policy, the result was the

Hart-Celler act. This new law completely did away with the earlier quota system in favor of a system

that would help to reunite immigrants with their families as well as bringing skilled workers to the United

States, it also seeked to help refugees from their home countries if they were in peril. As a result many
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more immigrants came from the Eastern countries in Asia, which were finally allowed to immigrate

again, as well as Africa and South America. This is law is also the groundwork to the immigration system

that the United States has today. It was still not in its final form though and would be revised later on.

(History.com staff 2009)

Immigration was a major source of debate during the 80s and 90s as immigrants continued to

come in masses through Mexico and Canada. (History.com staff 2009) In 1982 Mexico was having major

economic collapse in its economy, mostly due to the recession within the US having ripple effects

throughout its trading partners. Also as a result of a series of poor economic decisions on the part of

Mexico such as poor investments and rising amounts of unmetered water to Mexico City. (Watkins) In

1986 Congress tried to stem the flow of illegals by passing the Immigration Reform Act in 1986. They

had two amnesty programs put in place for illegal immigrants which granted over 3,000,000 immigrants

within the US amnesty allowing them a chance to become naturalized. It also allowed for more ways to

become a legal citizen hoping that people would go through the process. Later the law was amended

again with the 1990 immigration act expanding the total number of yearly immigrants allowed up to

700,000 from the previous 500,000. The amendment also tried to allow more immigrants from countries

which were considered inadequately represented. (History.com staff 2009) After a growing dislike of

immigration resulting from the American recession the government passed the immigration reform and

immigrant responsibility act, it increased border security and anti immigration budget, addressed illegal

immigrants use of social programs. It also gave power to the local police of border states to try and stop

illegal immigration through the land border. (PBS 2011)

In 2002 George Bush put into effect the Homeland Security act, completely overhauling the

immigration system again. The DHS, Department of Homeland Security was created. They took a bulk of

the immigration responsibilities previously entrusted to other government agencies, especially the INS.

There were two major branches of the DHS that handled immigration the first one was the United States

Citizenship and Immigration Services, The purpose of the bureau is to process visa petitions,

naturalization petitions, and creates programs for the benefit of immigrants; all of which are programs
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that were originally handled by the INS. (The Homeland 2017). The USCIS had a much high focus on

efficiency, which helped to decrease backlogs of people trying to become naturalized and was hoped to

decrease the number of people coming in illegally. Also created was the U.S. Customs and Border

Protection Agency which is tasked with making sure that people do not enter the country illegally. (The

Homeland 2017) The secure fence act of 2006 was enacted by George Bush and began the construction

of, physical infrastructure enhancements to prevent unlawful entry by aliens into the United States

(PUBLIC 2006). Fast forward around ten years and President Trump was elected into office and began

organizing his plans for immigration reform. His main concerns are prioritizing the deportation of illegal

immigrants from the country, Hiring more border patrol agents, expanding the laws that allow local law

officials to enforce immigration laws and building a wall on the border with Mexico. (Fox News 2017)

Immigration laws have been changed and reformed numerous times over the years and are still

changing to this day. This is because immigration regulation is a very debated issue within society and

politics. It is also a very hard issue to find a solid solution to that makes everyone happy. The two sides

debating, the open borders, and the closed borders supporters have some pressing concerns that often

times can not be solved without a large dispute between them.

The open borders supporters are concerned mostly with allowing more immigrants into the

country and allowing the illegal who are in the country to stay by granting them amnesty. Their key

arguing points are the financial benefit that illegal immigrants have to US citizens. They say that

Americans today spend much more on services than they used to and that these services are kept at a

reasonable price because of the illegal immigrants cheap labor. They also say that the illegal immigrants

are good because they do jobs that most Americans would not, or dont want to do. Another chief concern

for them is empathy which is shown in a poem written about illegal immigration, A Honduran man left

his kids and wife To give them all a better life . (Albright ). That short snippet is from a poem that was

written about an illegal immigrant who came to America seeking a better life and was shunned. They

question whether somebody should really be punished for trying to seek a better life. Also they are
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concerned with the well being of legal US citizens of foreign descent as they could be harassed or

discriminated against just because they look like they could possibly be illegal. (Darwins 2017)

The other side who are against illegal immigration are mainly concerned with the problems that it

causes among Americans. They say that the illegal immigrants are taking jobs that US citizens could be

doing. Another major focus for them is the crime rate and security, they are worried about the potential

increase in crime that comes with illegal immigration. They also argue that public services are being

overwhelmed by the sheer amount of illegal immigrants that use them. Close border supporters are also

distraught about illegal immigrants not paying taxes even though they can still reap the benefits of living

in the United States. (Darwins 2017)

Neither side is completely right nor wrong there are both pros and cons to illegal immigration and

the issue is not as black and white as either side might want to believe. Although it may be illegal there

are still some pros to this issue. For instance the fact that illegal immigrants contribute massive sums of

money to the social security fund. According to The New York Times an immigrant can buy a fake ID

package which includes a social security number and a green card for around $150. This would allow the

immigrant to enter the workforce as if they were a US citizen, thus forcing them to pay taxes. Since the

identification information is mostly fraudulent though they can never claim the benefits of social security

or Medicare so instead they are just paying to US citizens benefit systems. (Porter 2005)

A more open border would also mean a higher diversity within the United States allowing people

with different backgrounds and experiences to help contribute to society. Another thing that is favorable

to the open borders supporters are that it is not feasible to deport all of the illegal immigrants. There are

nearly 11 million illegals living in the United States and the cost to deport them all would be extremely

high and maybe impossible to come up with all at once, plus in addition to the initial cost it would

drastically hurt the economy with its long term effects. Mass deportation would immediately reduce the

countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2.6 percent, with an annual loss of $434 billion (Waslin

2016). They are also concerned with the issue of breaking up and separating families who already live in

the United States.

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Figure 1. This is a political cartoon that illustrates by exaggeration how new immigration reform laws

could affect families in the US by splitting them up based off of who is legal.

Political Cartoons that Perfectly Depict the Hardships of Modern Day Immigrants. Wolverton, Monte. McGregor

Attorneys At Law. 2007, http://www.mcgregorfirm.com/immigration-political-cartoons.

There are many different groups that support and actively push their pro immigration agendas,

most of these groups are routing for the granting of amnesty to illegal immigrants to help improve the

economy and their industries. There is a varied group from the Agricultural Coalition for Immigration

Reform, or the American Healthcare Association, the International Franchise association, the American

Hotel and Lodging Association, The League of United Latin American Citizens and many more lobbying

groups who support more lenient immigration protocols. One such group, the Mexican American Legal

Defense and Education Fund says, "MALDEF has continually advocated for an 'earned legalization.'

Immigrants who demonstrate that they pay taxes, have a job, and pass a security test should be able to

qualify for legal status." Katherine Culliton, legislative staff attorney, press release May 4, 2004 (FAIR

2005).

The most pressing issue they are dealing with right now is trying to stop Trumps wall because

they believe that it is unfair and that it is too expensive. In an article from CNN they visited several
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border residents and got their opinions about the whole thing. They didnt just talk to those on the United

States side though, in particular they talked to Lilia Falcon who lives on the Mexican side of the border.

She is the daughter of Jose Falcon and runs his restaurant in the small town of Boquillas Mexico. It is

very close to the Big Bend National park in Texas and is a popular tourist destination because of it. You

used to be able to cross over the border there very easily and grab food at the restaurant and visit the

town, after 9/11 the security was tightened up though and the crossing there was closed. This was

devastating for the town and for Lilia who had to close up shop. Recently though the crossing has

reopened along with the restaurant and it has been great for the town which also up until recently didn't

even have electricity. Travelling to the town requires you to have a passport now and pass through a

customs checkpoint but it is still possible. But Lilia Falcon worries about the future and what Trump's

immigration and border security plans might mean for the future of this little village she also worries

of what his wall might mean for the town, " ...Then the town will be dead again," said Lilia Falcon. "It

would be hard." (Lavandera 2017).

In the past George Bush tried to crack down on illegal immigration hard like Donald Trump is

doing and was met with much protest and public uproar. In 2006 there was a huge wave of protests for the

new immigration reform proposed by the president. The bill would have made being in the country

illegally a punishable felony. They were mostly wearing white to try and show peace, and they were

waving flags from other countries where most of the illegal immigrants came from such as Mexico and

Guatemala. This was the largest of those protests going in the the country, people were still protesting in

other cities and states too though. In Denver there were upwards of 50,000 people protesting, and in

Charlotte there were between 5,000 and 7,000. In Sacramento there were around 4,000 people protesting

the new law, this shows that there were clearly numerous supporters of illegal immigration and that such a

drastic change would not be tolerated by them. The bill was struck down and not passed because of the

public disapproval. (Associated Press 2017)

While there are upsides to this issue there are also many cons with it as well which cause the

other side to be advocates of a closed border. One of the points that is usually on the forefront of closed
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border supporters arguments is that illegal immigrants are taking American jobs. Illegal immigrants

usually come to the US seeking opportunity, which in turn entails seeking employment. Most of the time

they get jobs too as US employers are more than happy to overlook fraudulent documents in exchange for

cheap labor. FAIR refutes the common argument from the other side who believe that illegal immigrants

only take jobs that Americans dont want anyways. They say that is all part of a problematic cycle

whereas more illegal immigrants get jobs in a certain sector the less that industry gets paid because of

lowered wages which causes US citizens to seek other employment opportunities. This makes it look as

if the illegals are only taking jobs that legal citizens dont want to do themselves when in fact they have

just been undercut. One recent estimate by researchers at the Pew Hispanic Center puts the number of

illegal aliens in the workforce at 8 million out of an overall population of 11.2 million illegal aliens

(FAIR 2013). Among the states California and Texas have the highest estimated number of illegals in the

workforce with the former at 1,887,695 and the latter has around 1,296,670. (FAIR 2013)

Illegal immigrants also send remittance back to their home countries resulting in less money

circulating in the US economy and transferring wealth to other countries instead. It is estimated that

nearly $26 million was sent to Mexico as remittance in 2014. Approximately one in ten of the families

within Mexico depend on remittance. (CAIRCO 2017) This dependence makes it less desireable to work

and live in Mexico and instead more immigrants will probably seek out employment in America to

sustain themselves. This remittance to Mexico alone is estimated to be around $25,000,000,000 annually.

This money can be sent out of the country in a variety of ways including through banks, credit unions,

post offices, money transfer operators etc. (CAIRCO 2017)

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Figure 2. This graph shows remittance money sent from the United States to Mexico per month from

1995 to 2015 based on billions.

The numbers behind Donald Trumps threat to block money from being sent back to Mexico. Washington Post.

Washington Post. 5 Apr 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/05/the-numbers-behind-

donald-trumps-threat-to-block-money-from-being-sent-back-to-mexico/?utm_term=.2de9b96f1708

In addition to the money sent out of the country the illegal immigrants are also costing American

citizens an estimated $100 billion each year in taxes. There are several main reasons for this including the

illegals who do not pay income tax, also the use of public systems by illegal immigrants such as the

school system or medical care. States usually have the hardest time dealing with these issues, such as

Arizona. ABC News did an interview with the state treasurer Dean Martin who said that illegal

immigration is costing his state nearly $2.5 billion each year. (Fahmey 2010)

In an article where CNN examines more deeply Trumps wall and what it would mean for

American citizens. Most of the people that they spoke to seemed to want more immigration regulation but

didnt really like the idea of building a wall. One of the people they spoke to talked of the border fence

that was built during Bushs presidency and how it didnt really work out because of property disputes
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and so much was still left open. The overwhelming opinion from these people seems to be that they really

want a say more than anything else. One of the people that they spoke to was Cameron, who gives tours

of the border and one area he showed them in particular was very notorious it was the Rio Grande valley

which lies in Texas near the border. In 2016, more than 186,000 migrants were captured by Border Patrol

agents who also seized more than 326,000 pounds of marijuana. (Building 2017). A woman that they

talked to, Taylor recounts her many encounters with illegal aliens and in particular how one time there

was one in her living room who was most likely hiding from the border patrol. He ran out when she saw

him though so she was not sure. (Building 2017) Illegal immigration is certainly an issue that people have

to deal with throughout the country, even though the southern border states take the brunt of the hit.

Although both of the above sides disagree on many things they both realize that illegal

immigration in its current state is a problem and something must be done to fix the system, as there are

nearly 11 million currently living in the US and an estimated 500,000 enter every year. (Turgeon)

Although the sides are torn on just what exactly it is that needs to be done. There are numerous possible

solutions that have been proposed by either side, and it seems that all of them have arguments against

them. There is the idea that mostly open borders people support which is to grant amnesty to the

immigrants living in the US, some believe that this solution would basically undermine the whole system

though and be unfair to legal immigrants. Another solution mostly supported by that side is that of simply

making the process of becoming a naturalized citizen easier by getting rid of some of the extra measures

and expenses that make it difficult to become a citizen, this could cause a massive problem with national

security.

The closed borders supporters have also come up with their own ideas on how to deal with the

issue of immigration. One idea they have is to go through with the building of a border wall which would

keep illegal immigrants at bay and not allow them to come into the country by land, however the expense

of the wall would be extremely high initially and then there is the problem of maintaining it. Another

popular solution for this side is mass deportation of illegal immigrants, this would fix the problem at first

however the longevity of this solution is questionable. It would also be a serious ordeal to to track down
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and deport every illegal immigrant in the country. So it is clear that this is a very difficult issue to solve

and that the proper solution that will make both sides happy may never come.

There are some promising looking solutions floating around though. One such solution is for the

United States government to strengthen the law enforcement's involvement with immigration. In 1996 the

INA act was passed, and in it there was a section that allowed local law enforcement agencies to

participate in programs that would help them deal with illegal immigrants. The system is completely

voluntary though and because of that most policemen do not partake. If the federal government were to

make it standard for law enforcement to be trained to deal with this issue then it could help massively in

finding illegal immigrants and reporting them. The illegal immigrants would then have to either become a

citizen or find some legal way of being in the US or else they would be kicked out or penalized. There

could also be a program that could help out those who really deserve to become citizens. This solution

would also go well with strengthening and mandation of employers using E-verify which is a system to

check whether someone applying for a job is legally able to work it or not based on the government's

records and it is able to detect whether someone's information is credible or not. One other solution that

seems reasonable is to make life as an illegal immigrant extremely difficult. This could be done by putting

harsher penalties on illegal immigrants such as jail time. Also having more required checks for proof of

citizenship would help, where illegals are unable to access a lot more things that would make it

unpleasant to live in America and make them want to move back.

Immigration is one of those issues that may never be solved because of all of the variables that

must be considered. Society has many different people all with their own views and outlooks on things

which makes it very hard to get a good concise answer on what should be done about it. The US may

build a wall or even grant citizenship to the illegal immigrants living in the country. In the end the

government may finally come up with a solution that works and finally fixes the problem of illegal

immigration which has been a very rocky road in the past and will probably continue to be for a long

while ahead as people debate over what would be best and reform the laws governing immigration over

and over again.

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