GlossaryofMediaProcessingTermsandAcronyms

4:2:0(sampling)
Samplingmethod:chrominancecomponentshavehalfthehorizontalandverticalresolutionof
luminancecomponent(HAVCS/HAMVC)
4:2:2(sampling)
Samplingmethod:chrominancecomponentshavehalfthehorizontalresolutionofluminance
component(HAVCS/HAMVC)
4:4:4(sampling)
Samplingmethod:chrominancecomponentshavesameresolutionasluminancecomponent
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
ABR
AdaptiveBitRateVideoStreaming,theprotocoldevelopedbyAppleandusedforiOS(andmany
products)
ACtransformcoefficient
Anytransformcoefficientforwhichthefrequencyindexinoneorbothdimensionsisnonzero.
(ITU)
accessunit
Completecodedframeorfield(HAVCS)
accessunit
AsetofNALunitsthatareconsecutiveindecodingorderandcontainexactlyoneprimarycoded
picture.Inadditiontotheprimarycodedpicture,anaccessunitmayalsocontainoneormore
redundantcodedpictures,oneauxiliarycodedpicture,orotherNALunitsnotcontainingslicesor
slicedatapartitionsofacodedpicture.Thedecodingofanaccessunitalwaysresultsinadecoded
picture.(ITU)
AccessUnit(AU)
Anindividuallyaccessibleportionofthecodedrepresentationofanaudiovisualobjectwithinan
elementarystream.SeealsoSubclause7.2.3.(ISO1FinalDraft)
adaptivebinaryarithmeticdecodingprocess
Anentropydecodingprocessthatderivesthevaluesofbinsfromabitstreamproducedbyan
adaptivebinaryarithmeticencodingprocess.(ITU)
adaptivebinaryarithmeticencodingprocess
Anentropyencodingprocess,notnormativelyspecifiedinthisRecommendation|International
Standard,thatcodesasequenceofbinsandproducesabitstreamthatcanbedecodedusingthe
adaptivebinaryarithmeticdecodingprocess.(ITU)
alphablending
AprocessnotspecifiedbythisRecommendation|InternationalStandard,inwhichanauxiliary
codedpictureisusedincombinationwithaprimarycodedpictureandwithotherdatanotspecified
bythisRecommendation|InternationalStandardinthedisplayprocess.Inanalphablending
process,thesamplesofanauxiliarycodedpictureareinterpretedasindicationsofthedegreeof
opacity(or,equivalently,thedegreesoftransparency)associatedwiththecorrespondingluma
samplesoftheprimarycodedpicture.(ITU)
AlphaMap
Therepresentationofthetransparencyparametersassociatedtoatexturemap.(ISO1FinalDraft)
arbitrarysliceorder(ASO)
Adecodingorderofslicesinwhichthemacroblockaddressofthefirstmacroblockofsomesliceofa
slicegroupmaybelessthanthemacroblockaddressofthefirstmacroblockofsomeotherpreceding
sliceofthesameslicegroupor,inthecaseofapicturethatiscodedusingthreeseparatecolour
planes,someotherprecedingsliceofthesameslicegroupwithinthesamecolourplane,orinwhich
theslicesofaslicegroupofapicturemaybeinterleavedwiththeslicesofoneormoreotherslice
groupsofthepictureor,inthecaseofapicturethatiscodedusingthreeseparatecolourplanes,with
theslicesofoneormoreotherslicegroupswithinthesamecolourplane.(ITU)
arithmeticcoding
 Codingmethodtoreduceredundancy(HAVCS/HAMVC)
artefact
Visualdistortioninanimage(HAVCS/HAMVC)
ASO
ArbitrarySliceOrder,inwhichslicesmaybecodedoutofrastersequence(HAVCS/HAMVC)
AU
AccessUnit
AudiovisualScene(AVScene)
Asetofmediaobjectstogetherwithscenedescriptioninformationthatdefinestheirspatialand
temporalattributesincludingbehaviorresultingfromobjectanduserinteraction.(ISO1FinalDraft)
auxiliarycodedpicture
Apicturethatsupplementstheprimarycodedpicturethatmaybeusedincombinationwithother
datanotspecifiedbythisRecommendation|InternationalStandardinthedisplayprocess.An
auxiliarycodedpicturehasthesamesyntacticandsemanticrestrictionsasamonochromeredundant
codedpicture.Anauxiliarycodedpicturemustcontainthesamenumberofmacroblocksasthe
primarycodedpicture.Auxiliarycodedpictureshavenonormativeeffectonthedecodingprocess.
Seealsoprimarycodedpictureandredundantcodedpicture.(ITU)
Bslice
Codedslicepredictedusingbidirectionalmotioncompensation(HAVCS)
Bslice
Aslicethatmaybedecodedusingintrapredictionorinterpredictionusingatmosttwomotion
vectorsandreferenceindicestopredictthesamplevaluesofeachblock.(ITU)
BAB
BinaryAlphaBlock,indicatestheboundariesofaregion(MPEG4Visual)(HAMVC)
bandwidththrottling
Specifiesabitrateatwhichfilesshouldbedelivered.(BTB)
BAP
BodyAnimationParameters(HAMVC)
BIFS
BinaryFormatforScenes(MPEG4/PPT)
bin
Onebitofabinstring.(ITU)
binstring
Astringofbins.Abinstringisanintermediatebinaryrepresentationofvaluesofsyntaxelements
fromthebinarizationofthesyntaxelement.(ITU)
binarization
Asetofbinstringsforallpossiblevaluesofasyntaxelement.(ITU)
binarizationprocess
Auniquemappingprocessofallpossiblevaluesofasyntaxelementontoasetofbinstrings.(ITU)
bipredictiveslice
SeeBslice.(ITU)
bitstream
Asequenceofbitsthatformstherepresentationofcodedpicturesandassociateddataformingoneor
morecodedvideosequences.BitstreamisacollectivetermusedtorefereithertoaNALunitstream
orabytestream.(ITU)
Block
Regionofmacroblock(88or44)fortransformpurposes(HAVCS/HAMVC)
block
AnMxN(McolumnbyNrow)arrayofsamples,oranMxNarrayoftransformcoefficients.(ITU)
blockmatching
Motionestimationcarriedoutonrectangularpictureareas(HAVCS/HAMVC)
blocking
Squareorrectangulardistortionareasinanimage(HAVCS/HAMVC)
bottomfield
 Oneoftwofieldsthatcompriseaframe.Eachrowofabottomfieldisspatiallylocatedimmediately
belowacorrespondingrowofatopfield.(ITU)
bottommacroblock(ofamacroblockpair)
Themacroblockwithinamacroblockpairthatcontainsthesamplesinthebottomrowofsamplesfor
themacroblockpair.Forafieldmacroblockpair,thebottommacroblockrepresentsthesamplesfrom
theregionofthebottomfieldoftheframethatliewithinthespatialregionofthemacroblockpair.
Foraframemacroblockpair,thebottommacroblockrepresentsthesamplesoftheframethatlie
withinthebottomhalfofthespatialregionofthemacroblockpair.(ITU)
Box
Anobjectorientedbuildingblockdefinedbyauniquetypeidentifierandlength(calledatomin
somespecifications,includingthefirstdefinitionofMP4).(ISO12)
Bpicture(slice)
Codedpicture(slice)predictedusingbidirectionalmotioncompensation(HAMVC)
brokenlink
Alocationinabitstreamatwhichitisindicatedthatsomesubsequentpicturesindecodingordermay
containseriousvisualartefactsduetounspecifiedoperationsperformedinthegenerationofthe
bitstream.(ITU)
BufferModel
Amodelthatdefineshowaterminalcomplyingwiththisspecificationmanagesthebufferresources
thatareneededtodecodeasession.(ISO1FinalDraft)
byte
Asequenceof8bits,writtenandreadwiththemostsignificantbitontheleftandtheleastsignificant
bitontheright.Whenrepresentedinasequenceofdatabits,themostsignificantbitofabyteisfirst.
(ITU)
ByteAligned
Apositioninacodedbitstreamwithadistanceofamultipleof8bitsfromthefirstbitinthestream.
(ISO1FinalDraft)
bytestream
AnencapsulationofaNALunitstreamcontainingstartcodeprefixesandNALunitsasspecifiedin
AnnexB.(ITU)
bytealigned
Apositioninabitstreamisbytealignedwhenthepositionisanintegermultipleof8bitsfromthe
positionofthefirstbitinthebitstream.Abitorbyteorsyntaxelementissaidtobebytealigned
whenthepositionatwhichitappearsinabitstreamisbytealigned.(ITU)
CABAC
ContextbasedAdaptiveBinaryArithmeticCoding(HAVCS/HAMVC/ITU)
CAE
ContextbasedArithmeticEncoding(HAMVC)
can
Atermusedtorefertobehaviourthatisallowed,butnotnecessarilyrequired.(ITU)
category
Anumberassociatedwitheachsyntaxelement.Thecategoryisusedtospecifytheallocationof
syntaxelementstoNALunitsforslicedatapartitioning.Itmayalsobeusedinamannerdetermined
bytheapplicationtorefertoclassesofsyntaxelementsinamannernotspecifiedinthis
Recommendation|InternationalStandard.(ITU)
CAVLC
ContextAdaptiveVariableLengthCoding(HAVCS/HAMVC)
CAVLC
ContextbasedAdaptiveVariableLengthCoding(ITU)
CBR
ConstantBitRate(ITU)
CBR
ConstantBitRateencoding.Theencodingsoftwarewillattempttokeepthetotalbits/second
constantthroughtheentirevideo.Thismakesthesizeofthefilepredictableandeasiertostream.
 MostmodernCODECswillallowyoutosetanupperthresholdonthebitrateandallowtherateto
dropwhenitisnotrequiredforqualitytohelpreducetheamountofbandwidthused.(BTB)
chroma
Anadjectivespecifyingthatasamplearrayorsinglesampleisrepresentingoneofthetwocolour
differencesignalsrelatedtotheprimarycolours.Thesymbolsusedforachromaarrayorsampleare
CbandCr.NOTEThetermchromaisusedratherthanthetermchrominanceinordertoavoidthe
implicationoftheuseoflinearlighttransfercharacteristicsthatisoftenassociatedwiththeterm
chrominance.(ITU)
chrominanceorchroma
Colourdifferencecomponent(HAVCS/HAMVC)
Chunk
Acontiguoussetofsamplesforonetrack.(ISO12)
CIF
CommonIntermediateFormat,acolourimageformat(HAVCS/HAMVC)
ClockReference
Aspecialtimestampthatconveysareadingofatimebase.(ISO1FinalDraft)
CODEC
COder/DECoderpair(HAVCS/HAMVC)
codedfield
Acodedrepresentationofafield.(ITU)
codedframe
Acodedrepresentationofaframe.(ITU)
codedpicture
Acodedrepresentationofapicture.Acodedpicturemaybeeitheracodedfieldoracodedframe.
Codedpictureisacollectivetermreferringtoaprimarycodedpictureoraredundantcodedpicture,
butnottobothtogether.(ITU)
CodedPictureBuffer(CPB)
Buffercontainingcodedframesorfields(HAVCS)
codedpicturebuffer(CPB)
Afirstinfirstoutbuffercontainingaccessunitsindecodingorderspecifiedinthehypothetical
referencedecoderinAnnexC.(ITU)
codedrepresentation
Adataelementasrepresentedinitscodedform.(ITU)
codedslicedatapartitionNALunit
ANALunitcontainingaslicedatapartition.(ITU)
codedsliceNALunit
ANALunitcontainingaslicethatisnotasliceofanauxiliarycodedpicture.(ITU)
codedvideosequence
Asequenceofaccessunitsthatconsists,indecodingorder,ofanIDRaccessunitfollowedbyzeroor
morenonIDRaccessunitsincludingallsubsequentaccessunitsuptobutnotincludingany
subsequentIDRaccessunit.(ITU)
colourspace
Methodofrepresentingcolourimages(HAMVC/HAVCS)
complementaryfieldpair
Acollectivetermforacomplementaryreferencefieldpairoracomplementarynonreferencefield
pair.(ITU)
complementarynonreferencefieldpair
Twononreferencefieldsthatareinconsecutiveaccessunitsindecodingorderastwocodedfieldsof
oppositeparityandsharethesamevalueoftheframe_numsyntaxelement,wherethefirstfieldis
notalreadyapairedfield.(ITU)
complementaryreferencefieldpair
Tworeferencefieldsthatareinconsecutiveaccessunitsindecodingorderastwocodedfieldsand
sharethesamevalueoftheframe_numsyntaxelement,wherethesecondfieldindecodingorderis
 notanIDRpictureanddoesnotincludeamemory_management_control_operationsyntaxelement
equalto5.(ITU)
component
Anarrayorsinglesamplefromoneofthethreearrays(lumaandtwochroma)thatmakeupafieldor
framein4:2:0,4:2:2,or4:4:4colourformatorthearrayorasinglesampleofthearraythatmakeup
afieldorframeinmonochromeformat.(ITU)
Composition
Theprocessofapplyingscenedescriptioninformationinordertoidentifythespatiotemporal
attributesofmediaobjects.(ISO1FinalDraft)
CompositionMemory(CM)
Arandomaccessmemorythatcontainscompositionunits.SeealsoSubclause7.2.9.(ISO1Final
Draft)
CompositionTimeStamp(CTS)
Anindicationofthenominalcompositiontimeofacompositionunit.SeealsoSubclause7.3.5.(ISO
1FinalDraft)
CompositionUnit(CU)
Anindividuallyaccessibleportionoftheoutputthatamediaobjectdecoderproducesfromaccess
units.SeealsoSubclause7.2.8.(ISO1FinalDraft)
CompressionLayer
ThelayerofanISO/IECFCD14496systemthattranslatesbetweenthecodedrepresentationofan
elementarystreamanditsdecodedrepresentation.Itincorporatesthemediaobjectdecoders.(ISO1
FinalDraft)
Containers
JustlikeaZIPfilecancontainanysortoffilewithinit,videocontainerformatsonlydefinehowto
storethingswithinthem,notwhatkindsofdataarestored.Bydefinition,acontainerformatcould
wrapanykindofdata.Mostcontainerformatsarespecializedforspecificdatarequirements.SOme
ofthemostpopularmultimediacontainersareMP4,AVI,andMOV.(BTB)
ContainerBox
Aboxwhosesolepurposeistocontainandgroupasetofrelatedboxes.(ISO12)
contextvariable
Avariablespecifiedfortheadaptivebinaryarithmeticdecodingprocessofabinbyanequation
containingrecentlydecodedbins.(ITU)
CPB
CodedPictureBuffer(ITU)
DAI
DMIFApplicationInterface(MPEG4/PPT)
DCtransformcoefficient
Atransformcoefficientforwhichthefrequencyindexiszeroinalldimensions.(ITU)
DCT
DiscreteCosineTransform(UHD/VLSI)
DCT
DiscreteCosineTransform,amathematicaltransformand/oritspracticalapproximation(s)
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
decodedpicture
Adecodedpictureisderivedbydecodingacodedpicture.Adecodedpictureiseitheradecoded
frame,oradecodedfield.Adecodedfieldiseitheradecodedtopfieldoradecodedbottomfield.
(ITU)
decodedpicturebuffer(DPB)
Abufferholdingdecodedpicturesforreference,outputreordering,oroutputdelayspecifiedforthe
hypotheticalreferencedecoderinAnnexC.(ITU)
decoder
Anembodimentofadecodingprocess.(ITU)
Decoderconfiguration
 Theconfigurationofamediaobjectdecoderforprocessingitselementarystreamdatabyusing
informationcontainedinitselementarystreamdescriptor.(ISO1FinalDraft)
decoderundertest(DUT)
AdecoderthatistestedforconformancetothisRecommendation|InternationalStandardby
operatingthehypotheticalstreamschedulertodeliveraconformingbitstreamtothedecoderandto
thehypotheticalreferencedecoderandcomparingthevaluesandtimingoftheoutputofthetwo
decoders.(ITU)
Decodingbuffer(DB)
Abufferattheinputofamediaobjectdecoderthatcontainsaccessunits.SeealsoSubclause7.2.4.
(ISO1FinalDraft)
decodingorder
Theorderinwhichsyntaxelementsareprocessedbythedecodingprocess.(ITU)
decodingprocess
TheprocessspecifiedinthisRecommendation|InternationalStandardthatreadsabitstreamand
derivesdecodedpicturesfromit.(ITU)
DecodingTimeStamp(DTS)
Anindicationofthenominaldecodingtimeofanaccessunit.SeealsoSubclause7.3.4.(ISO1Final
Draft)
Descriptor
Adatastructurethatisusedtodescribeparticularaspectsofanelementarystreamoracodedmedia
object.(ISO1FinalDraft)
directprediction
Acodingmodeinwhichnomotionvectoristransmitted(HAVCS/HAMVC)
directprediction
Aninterpredictionforablockforwhichnomotionvectorisdecoded.Twodirectpredictionmodes
arespecifiedthatarereferredtoasspatialdirectpredictionandtemporalpredictionmode.(ITU)
displayprocess
AprocessnotspecifiedinthisRecommendation|InternationalStandardhaving,asitsinput,the
croppeddecodedpicturesthataretheoutputofthedecodingprocess.(ITU)
DMIF
DeliveryMultimediaIntegrationFramework(MPEG4/PPT)
downloading
Downloadingmedia,incontrasttostreaming,requiresthewholefiletobesavedtoacomputer
beforeitmaybeconsumed(i.e.watched,listenedto).Thishassomeadvantages(suchasquicker
accesstodifferentpartsofthefile)buthasthebigdisadvantageofdelayedconsumption.Theeasiest
waytoprovidedownloadablevideofilesistouseasimplehyperlinktothefile.Aslightlymore
advancedmethodistoembedthefileinawebpageusingspecialHTMLcode.Deliveringvideofiles
thiswayisknownasHTTPstreamingorHTTPdelivery.Itiseasytosetupanduseonalmostany
website,withoutrequiringadditionalsoftwareorspecialhostingplans.(BTB)
DPB
DecodedPictureBuffer(ITU)
DPCM
DifferentialPulseCodeModulation(HAVCS/HAMVC)
DSCQS
DoubleStimulusContinuousQualityScale,ascaleandmethodforsubjectivequalitymeasurement
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
DUT
Decoderundertest(ITU)
DWT
DiscreteWaveletTransform(HAVCS/HAMVC)
ElementaryStream(ES)
Aconsecutiveflowofdatafromasinglesourceentitytoasingledestinationentityonthe
compressionlayer.SeealsoSubclause7.2.5.(ISO1FinalDraft)
ElementaryStreamDescriptor
 Astructurecontainedinobjectdescriptorsthatdescribestheencodingformat,initialization
information,transportchannelidentification,andotherdescriptiveinformationaboutthecontent
carriedinanelementarystream.Seealso9.3.3.(ISO1FinalDraft)
ElementaryStreamInterface(ESI)
Aninterfacemodelingtheexchangeofelementarystreamdataandassociatedcontrolinformation
betweenthecompressionlayerandthesynclayer.SeealsoSubclause7.2.6.(ISO1FinalDraft)
emulationpreventionbyte
Abyteequalto0x03thatmaybepresentwithinaNALunit.Thepresenceofemulationprevention
bytesensuresthatnosequenceofconsecutivebytealignedbytesintheNALunitcontainsastart
codeprefix.(ITU)
encode
Toconvertrawaudioand/orvideocontentintocompressedformusingtechnologiessuchasMPEG.
(BTB)
encoder
Anembodimentofanencodingprocess.(ITU)
encodingprocess
Aprocess,notspecifiedinthisRecommendation|InternationalStandard,thatproducesabitstream
conformingtothisRecommendation|InternationalStandard.(ITU)
entropycoding
Codingmethodtoreduceredundancy(HAVCS/HAMVC)
errorconcealment
Postprocessingofadecodedimagetoremoveorreducevisibleerroreffects(HAVCS/HAMVC)
ES(s)
ElementaryStream(s)(MPEG4/PPT)
ESD
ElementaryStreamDescriptor
ExpGolomborExpG
ExponentialGolombvariablelengthcodes(HAVCS/HAMVC)
FAP
FacialAnimationParameters(HAMVC)
FBA
FaceandBodyAnimation(HAMVC)
FD
FineDecision(UHD/VLSI)
FDMS
FineDecisionModuleSharing(UHD/VLSI)
FGS
FineGranularScalability(HAMVC)
field
Oddorevennumberedlinesfromaninterlacedvideosequence(HAVCS/HAMVC)
field
Anassemblyofalternaterowsofaframe.Aframeiscomposedoftwofields,atopfieldanda
bottomfield.(ITU)
fieldmacroblock
Amacroblockcontainingsamplesfromasinglefield.Allmacroblocksofacodedfieldarefield
macroblocks.Whenmacroblockadaptiveframe/fielddecodingisinuse,somemacroblocksofa
codedframemaybefieldmacroblocks.(ITU)
fieldmacroblockpair
Amacroblockpairdecodedastwofieldmacroblocks.(ITU)
fieldscan
Aspecificsequentialorderingoftransformcoefficientsthatdiffersfromthezigzagscanbyscanning
columnsmorerapidlythanrows.Fieldscanisusedfortransformcoefficientsinfieldmacroblocks.
(ITU)
FIFO
 FirstIn,FirstOut(ITU)
flag
Avariablethatcantakeoneofthetwopossiblevalues0and1.(ITU)
FlexMuxChannel(FMC)
AlabeltodifferentiatebetweendatabelongingtodifferentconstituentstreamswithinoneFlexMux
Stream.AsequenceofdatawithinaFlexMuxstreamthatcorrespondstoonesingleSLpacketized
stream.(ISO1FinalDraft)
FlexMuxPacket
ThesmallestdataentitymanagedbytheFlexMuxtoolconsistingofaheaderandapayload.(ISO1
FinalDraft)
FlexMuxStream
AsequenceofFlexMuxPacketswithdatafromoneormoreSLpacketizedstreamsthatareeach
identifiedbytheirownFlexMuxchannel.(ISO1FinalDraft)
FlexMuxtool
Atoolthatallowstheinterleavingofdatafrommultipledatastreams.(ISO1FinalDraft)
flowgraph
Pictorialrepresentationofatransformalgorithm(orthealgorithmitself)(HAMVC)
FMO
FlexibleMacroblockOrder,inwhichmacroblocksmaybecodedoutofrastersequence
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
frame
Aframecontainsanarrayoflumasamplesinmonochromeformatoranarrayoflumasamplesand
twocorrespondingarraysofchromasamplesin4:2:0,4:2:2,and4:4:4colourformat.Aframe
consistsoftwofields,atopfieldandabottomfield.(ITU)
framemacroblock
Amacroblockrepresentingsamplesfromthetwofieldsofacodedframe.Whenmacroblock
adaptiveframe/fielddecodingisnotinuse,allmacroblocksofacodedframeareframemacroblocks.
Whenmacroblockadaptiveframe/fielddecodingisinuse,somemacroblocksofacodedframemay
beframemacroblocks.(ITU)
framemacroblockpair
Amacroblockpairdecodedastwoframemacroblocks.(ITU)
ftyp
FileType(ISO14)
frequencyindex
Aonedimensionalortwodimensionalindexassociatedwithatransformcoefficientpriortoan
inversetransformpartofthedecodingprocess.(ITU)
FullSearch
Amotionestimationalgorithm(HAVCS/HAMVC)
FullyConfigurableVideoCoding
Aframeworkforvideocodinginwhichacodecmaybecompletelyreconfiguredduringa
communicationsession(HAVCS)
GMC
GlobalMotionCompensation,motioncompensationappliedtoacompletecodedobject(MPEG4
Visual)(HAMVC)
GOP
GroupofPictures,asetofcodedvideoimages(HAVCS/HAMVC)
GraphicsCombinationProfile
Acombinationprofilethatdescribestherequiredcapabilitiesofaterminalforprocessinggraphical
mediaobjects.(ISO1FinalDraft)
H.261
Avideocodingstandard(HAVCS/HAMVC)
H.263
Avideocodingstandard(HAVCS/HAMVC)
H.264
 Avideocodingstandard(HAVCS/HAMVC)
HDTV
HighDefinitionTelevision(HAVCS/HAMVC)
HintTrack
Aspecialtrackwhichdoesnotcontainmediadata.Insteaditcontainsinstructionsforpackagingone
ormoretracksintoastreamingchannel.(ISO12)
Hinter
Atoolthatisrunonafilecontainingonlymedia,toaddoneormorehinttrackstothefileandso
facilitatestreaming.(ISO12)
HLS
HttpLiveStreaming.AnHTTPbasedmediastreamingcommunicationsprotocolintroducedand
implementedbyApple.Theclientsoftwaredownloadsfirsttheindexfile(amasterplaylist)through
aURLandthenreceivesthemediafilesthatconstitutethemediastream.Theplaybacksoftware
assemblesthesequencetoallowcontinueddisplaytotheenduserasthemediafilesarereceived.
(WIKIP)
HR
HardwareReuse(UHD/VLSI)
HRD
HypotheticalReferenceDecoder(ITU)
HSS
HypotheticalStreamScheduler(ITU)
HT
HadamardTransform(UHD/VLSI)
Huffmancoding
Codingmethodtoreduceredundancy(HAVCS/HAMVC)
HVS
HumanVisualSystem,thesystembywhichhumansperceiveandinterpretvisualimages
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
hybrid(CODEC)
CODECmodelfeaturingmotioncompensationandtransform(HAVCS/HAMVC)
HypotheticalReferenceDecoder(HRD)
Decodermodelthatmaybeusedtotestbitstreamconformance(HAVCS)
hypotheticalreferencedecoder(HRD)
AhypotheticaldecodermodelthatspecifiesconstraintsonthevariabilityofconformingNALunit
streamsorconformingbytestreamsthatanencodingprocessmayproduce.(ITU)
hypotheticalstreamscheduler(HSS)
Ahypotheticaldeliverymechanismforthetiminganddataflowoftheinputofabitstreamintothe
hypotheticalreferencedecoder.TheHSSisusedforcheckingtheconformanceofabitstreamora
decoder.(ITU)
Islice
Slicecodedwithoutreferencetoanyotherframe(HAVCS)
Islice
AslicethatisnotanSIslicethatisdecodedusingintrapredictiononly.(ITU)
IBR
InterlacedBlockReordering(UHD/VLSI)
IDCT
IntegerDiscreteCosineTransform(UHD/VLSI)
IDR
InstantaneousDecodingRefresh(ITU)
IEC
InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission,astandardsbody(HAVCS/HAMVC)
informative
AtermusedtorefertocontentprovidedinthisRecommendation|InternationalStandardthatisnot
anintegralpartofthisRecommendation|InternationalStandard.Informativecontentdoesnot
 establishanymandatoryrequirementsforconformancetothisRecommendation|International
Standard.(ITU)
InitialObjectDescriptor
Aspecialobjectdescriptorthatallowsthereceivingterminaltogainaccesstoportionsofcontent
encodedaccordingtothisspecification.(ISO1FinalDraft)
instantaneousdecodingrefresh(IDR)accessunit
AnaccessunitinwhichtheprimarycodedpictureisanIDRpicture.(ITU)
instantaneousdecodingrefresh(IDR)picture
AcodedpictureforwhichthevariableIdrPicFlagisequalto1.AnIDRpicturecausesthedecoding
processtomarkallreferencepicturesas"unusedforreference"immediatelyafterthedecodingofthe
IDRpicture.AllcodedpicturesthatfollowanIDRpictureindecodingordercanbedecodedwithout
interpredictionfromanypicturethatprecedestheIDRpictureindecodingorder.Thefirstpictureof
eachcodedvideosequenceindecodingorderisanIDRpicture.(ITU)
IntellectualPropertyIdentification(IPI)
Auniqueidentificationofoneormoreelementarystreamscorrespondingtopartsofoneormore
mediaobjects.(ISO1FinalDraft)
Inter
Amodeforcodingparametersthatusespreviouslycodedparameterstoconstructaprediction.(ISO
1FinalDraft)
inter(coding)
Codingofvideoframesusingtemporalpredictionorcompensation(HAVCS/HAMVC)
intercoding
Codingofablock,macroblock,slice,orpicturethatusesinterprediction.(ITU)
interprediction
Apredictionderivedfromdecodedsamplesofreferencepicturesotherthanthecurrentdecoded
picture.(ITU)
interlaced(video)
Videodatarepresentedasaseriesoffields(HAVCS/HAMVC)
interpretationsamplevalue
Apossiblyalteredvaluecorrespondingtoadecodedsamplevalueofanauxiliarycodedpicturethat
maybegeneratedforuseinthedisplayprocess.Interpretationsamplevaluesarenotusedinthe
decodingprocessandhavenonormativeeffectonthedecodingprocess.(ITU)
Intra
Amodeforcodingparametersthatdoesnotmakereferencetopreviouslycodedparametersto
performtheencoding.(ISO1FinalDraft)
intra(coding)
Codingofvideoframeswithouttemporalprediction(HAVCS/HAMVC)
intracoding
Codingofablock,macroblock,slice,orpicturethatusesintraprediction.(ITU)
intraprediction
Apredictionderivedfromthedecodedsamplesofthesamedecodedslice.(ITU)
intraslice
SeeIslice.(ITU)
inversetransform
Apartofthedecodingprocessbywhichasetoftransformcoefficientsareconvertedintospatial
domainvalues,orbywhichasetoftransformcoefficientsareconvertedintoDCtransform
coefficients.(ITU)
IOD
InitialObjectDescriptor(ISO14)
Ipicture(slice)
Picture(orslice)codedwithoutreferencetoanyotherframe(HAMVC)
IPMP
IntellectualPropertyManagement&Protection(MPEG4/PPT)
ISO
 InternationalStandardsOrganisation,astandardsbody(HAVCS)
ISOBaseMediaFile
Thenameofthefileformatdescribedinthisspecification.(ISO12)
ISOInternational
StandardsOrganisation,astandardsbody(HAMVC)
ITU
InternationalTelecommunicationUnion,astandardsbody(HAVCS/HAMVC)
JPEG
JointPhotographicExpertsGroup,acommitteeofISO(alsoanimagecodingstandard)
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
JPEG2000
Animagecodingstandard(HAMVC)
KF
KeyFrame
latency
Delaythroughacommunicationsystem(HAVCS/HAMVC)
latency
theamountoftimetakenfordatatocompleteareturntripbetweentwopoints.(BTB)
layer
Oneofasetofsyntacticalstructuresinanonbranchinghierarchicalrelationship.Higherlayers
containlowerlayers.Thecodinglayersarethecodedvideosequence,picture,slice,andmacroblock
layers.(ITU)
Level
Asetofconformanceparameters(appliedtoaProfile)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
level
Adefinedsetofconstraintsonthevaluesthatmaybetakenbythesyntaxelementsandvariablesof
thisRecommendation|InternationalStandard.Thesamesetoflevelsisdefinedforallprofiles,with
mostaspectsofthedefinitionofeachlevelbeingincommonacrossdifferentprofiles.Individual
implementationsmay,withinspecifiedconstraints,supportadifferentlevelforeachsupported
profile.Inadifferentcontext,levelisthevalueofatransformcoefficientpriortoscaling.(ITU)
list0(list1)motionvector
Amotionvectorassociatedwithareferenceindexpointingintoreferencepicturelist0(list1).(ITU)
list0(list1)prediction
Interpredictionofthecontentofasliceusingareferenceindexpointingintoreferencepicturelist0
(list1).(ITU)
LMB
LeftMacroblock(UHD/VLSI)
loopfilter
Spatialfilterplacedwithinencodingordecodingfeedbackloop(HAVCS/HAMVC)
LSB
LeastSignificantBit(ITU)
luma
Anadjectivespecifyingthatasamplearrayorsinglesampleisrepresentingthemonochromesignal
relatedtotheprimarycolours.ThesymbolorsubscriptusedforlumaisYorL.NOTETheterm
lumaisusedratherthanthetermluminanceinordertoavoidtheimplicationoftheuseoflinearlight
transfercharacteristicsthatisoftenassociatedwiththetermluminance.ThesymbolLissometimes
usedinsteadofthesymbolYtoavoidconfusionwiththesymbolyasusedforverticallocation.
(ITU)
luminanceorluma
Monochromeorbrightnesscomponent(HAVCS)
Macroblock
Regionofframecodedasaunit(usually1616pixelsintheoriginalframe)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
macroblock
 A16x16blockoflumasamplesandtwocorrespondingblocksofchromasamplesofapicturethat
hasthreesamplearrays,ora16x16blockofsamplesofamonochromepictureorapicturethatis
codedusingthreeseparatecolourplanes.Thedivisionofasliceoramacroblockpairinto
macroblocksisapartitioning.(ITU)
macroblockaddress
Whenmacroblockadaptiveframe/fielddecodingisnotinuse,amacroblockaddressistheindexofa
macroblockinamacroblockrasterscanofthepicturestartingwithzeroforthetopleftmacroblock
inapicture.Whenmacroblockadaptiveframe/fielddecodingisinuse,themacroblockaddressof
thetopmacroblockofamacroblockpairistwotimestheindexofthemacroblockpairina
macroblockpairrasterscanofthepicture,andthemacroblockaddressofthebottommacroblockofa
macroblockpairisthemacroblockaddressofthecorrespondingtopmacroblockplus1.The
macroblockaddressofthetopmacroblockofeachmacroblockpairisanevennumberandthe
macroblockaddressofthebottommacroblockofeachmacroblockpairisanoddnumber.(ITU)
macroblocklocation
Thetwodimensionalcoordinatesofamacroblockinapicturedenotedby(x,y).Forthetopleft
macroblockofthepicture(x,y)isequalto(0,0).xisincrementedby1foreachmacroblock
columnfromlefttoright.Whenmacroblockadaptiveframe/fielddecodingisnotinuse,yis
incrementedby1foreachmacroblockrowfromtoptobottom.Whenmacroblockadaptive
frame/fielddecodingisinuse,yisincrementedby2foreachmacroblockpairrowfromtopto
bottom,andisincrementedbyanadditional1whenamacroblockisabottommacroblock.(ITU)
macroblockpair
Apairofverticallycontiguousmacroblocksinaframethatiscoupledforuseinmacroblock
adaptiveframe/fielddecoding.Thedivisionofasliceintomacroblockpairsisapartitioning.(ITU)
Macroblockpartition
Regionofmacroblockwithitsownmotionvector(H.264)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
macroblockpartition
Ablockoflumasamplesandtwocorrespondingblocksofchromasamplesresultingfroma
partitioningofamacroblockforinterpredictionforapicturethathasthreesamplearraysorablock
oflumasamplesresultingfromapartitioningofamacroblockforinterpredictionforamonochrome
pictureorapicturethatiscodedusingthreeseparatecolourplanes.(ITU)
Macroblocksubpartition
Regionofmacroblockwithitsownmotionvector(H.264)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
macroblocktoslicegroupmap
Ameansofmappingmacroblocksofapictureintoslicegroups.Themacroblocktoslicegroupmap
consistsofalistofnumbers,oneforeachcodedmacroblock,specifyingtheslicegrouptowhich
eachcodedmacroblockbelongs.(ITU)
macroblockadaptiveframe/fielddecoding
Adecodingprocessforcodedframesinwhichsomemacroblocksmaybedecodedasframe
macroblocksandothersmaybedecodedasfieldmacroblocks.(ITU)
mapunittoslicegroupmap
Ameansofmappingslicegroupmapunitsofapictureintoslicegroups.Themapunittoslicegroup
mapconsistsofalistofnumbers,oneforeachslicegroupmapunit,specifyingtheslicegroupto
whicheachcodedslicegroupmapunitbelongs.(ITU)
may
Atermusedtorefertobehaviourthatisallowed,butnotnecessarilyrequired.Insomeplaceswhere
theoptionalnatureofthedescribedbehaviourisintendedtobeemphasized,thephrase"mayormay
not"isusedtoprovideemphasis.(ITU)
MB
Macroblock(UHD/VLSI/ITU)
MBAFF
MacroblockAdaptiveFrameFieldCoding(ITU)
MD
ModeDecision(UHD/VLSI)
mdat
 MediaData(ISO14)
mdia
Media(ISO14)
MediaDataBox
Acontainerboxwhichcanholdtheactualmediadataforapresentation(mdat).(ISO12)
MediaObject
Arepresentationofanaturalorsyntheticobjectthatcanbemanifestedaurallyand/orvisually.Each
objectisassociatedwithzeroormoreelementarystreamsusingoneoremoreobjectdescriptors.
(ISO1FinalDraft)
MediaObjectDecoder
Anentitythattranslatesbetweenthecodedrepresentationofanelementarystreamanditsdecoded
representation.SeealsoSubclause7.2.7.(ISO1FinalDraft)
mediaprocessor
Processorwithfeaturesspecifictomultimediacodingandprocessing(HAMVC)
mehd
MovieExtendsHeader(ISO14)
memorymanagementcontroloperation
Sevenoperationsthatcontrolreferencepicturemarking.(ITU)
metadata
Additionaldetailsattachedtoanencodedfile.(Canprovidenavigationtoaprogressively
downloadedfilewithoutrequiringittobefullydownloaded.)(BTB)
mfra
MovieFragmentRandomAccess(ISO14)
mfro
MovieFragmentRandomAccessOffset(ISO14)
moof
MovieFragment(ISO14)
moov
MovieMetadata(ISO14)
moovatom
Adatacontainerthatcontainstheindexinformationintheencodedfilethatthe[media]playerneeds
toplaythefile(MSDB)
motioncompensation
Predictionofavideoframewithmodellingofmotion(HAVCS/HAMVC)
motionestimation
Estimationofrelativemotionbetweentwoormorevideoframes(HAVCS/HAMVC)
motionvector
Vectorindicatingadisplacedblockorregiontobeusedformotioncompensation
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
motionvector
Atwodimensionalvectorusedforinterpredictionthatprovidesanoffsetfromthecoordinatesinthe
decodedpicturetothecoordinatesinareferencepicture.(ITU)
MovieBox
Acontainerboxwhosesubboxesdefinethemetadataforapresentation(moov).(ISO12)
mfhd
MovieFragmentHeader(ISO14)
MP4
MPEG4File/ContainerFormat(MPEG4/PPT)
MPEG
MotionPictureExpertsGroup,acommitteeofISO/IEC(HAVCS/HAMVC)
MPEG1
Amultimediacodingstandard(HAVCS/HAMVC)
MPEG2
Amultimediacodingstandard(HAVCS/HAMVC)
MPEG4
Amultimediacodingstandard(HAVCS/HAMVC)
MPEGJ
JavaAPIinMPEG4System(MPEG4/PPT)
MSB
MostSignificantBit(ITU)
MSDL
MPEG4SyntacticDescriptionLanguage(MPEG4/PPT)
must
Atermusedinexpressinganobservationaboutarequirementoranimplicationofarequirementthat
isspecifiedelsewhereinthisRecommendation|InternationalStandard.Thistermisusedexclusively
inaninformativecontext.(ITU)
MVC
MultiviewVideoCoding,inwhichmultipleviewsofascenemaybejointlycoded(HAVCS)
MVC
MultiviewVideoCoding(ITU)
mvex
MovieExtends(ISO14)
mvhd
MovieHeader(ISO14)
NAL
NetworkAbstractionLayer(HAVCS/HAMVC/ITU)
NALunit
Asyntaxstructurecontaininganindicationofthetypeofdatatofollowandbytescontainingthat
dataintheformofanRBSPinterspersedasnecessarywithemulationpreventionbytes.(ITU)
NALunitstream
AsequenceofNALunits.(ITU)
NativeBIFSNode
ABIFSnodewhichisintroducedandspecifiedwithinthisFinalCommitteeDraftofInternational
StandardasopposedtononnativeBIFSnode,whichisanodereferencedfromISO/IEC147721.
(ISO1FinalDraft)
nonpairedfield
Acollectivetermforanonpairedreferencefieldoranonpairednonreferencefield.(ITU)
nonpairednonreferencefield
Adecodednonreferencefieldthatisnotpartofacomplementarynonreferencefieldpair.(ITU)
nonpairedreferencefield
Adecodedreferencefieldthatisnotpartofacomplementaryreferencefieldpair.(ITU)
nonreferencefield
Afieldcodedwithnal_ref_idcequalto0.(ITU)
nonreferenceframe
Aframecodedwithnal_ref_idcequalto0.(ITU)
nonreferencepicture
Apicturecodedwithnal_ref_idcequalto0.Anonreferencepictureisnotusedforinterprediction
ofanyotherpictures.(ITU)
note
Atermusedtoprefixinformativeremarks.Thistermisusedexclusivelyinaninformativecontext.
(ITU)
ObjectClockReference(OCR)
Aclockreferencethatisusedbyamediaobjectdecodertorecovertheencoderstimebase.Seealso
Subclause7.3.3.(ISO1FinalDraft)
ObjectContentInformation(OCI)
Additionalinformationaboutcontentconveyedthroughoneormoreelementarystreams.Itiseither
attachedtotoindividualelementarystreamdescriptorsorconveyeditselfasanelementarystream.
(ISO1FinalDraft)
ObjectDescriptor(OD)
Adescriptorthatassociatesoneormoreelementarystreamsbymeansoftheirelementarystream
descriptorsanddefinestheirlogicaldependencies.(ISO1FinalDraft)
ObjectDescriptorMessage
AmessagethatidentifiestheactiontobetakenonalistofobjectdescriptorsorobjectdescriptorIDs,
e.g.,updateorremove.(ISO1FinalDraft)
ObjectDescriptorStream
Anelementarystreamthatconveysobjectdescriptorsencapsulatedinobjectdescriptormessages.
(ISO1FinalDraft)
ObjectTimeBase(OTB)
Atimebasevalidforagivenobject,andhenceforitsmediaobjectdecoder.TheOTBisconveyedto
themediaobjectdecoderviaobjectclockreferences.Alltimestampsrelatingtothisobjects
decodingprocessrefertothistimebase.SeealsoSubclause7.3.2.(ISO1FinalDraft)
objectivequality
Visualqualitymeasuredbyalgorithm(s)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
OBMC
OverlappedBlockMotionCompensation(HAMVC)
OD(s)
ObjectDescriptor(s)(MPEG4/PPT)
ODF
ObjectDescriptorFrameworkObjectDescriptionFramework(MPEG4/PPT)
ODS
ObjectDescriptorStream(MPEG4/PPT)
oppositeparity
Theoppositeparityoftopisbottom,andviceversa.(ITU)
outputorder
Theorderinwhichthedecodedpicturesareoutputfromthedecodedpicturebuffer.(ITU)
Pslice
AslicethatisnotanSPslicethatmaybedecodedusingintrapredictionorinterpredictionusingat
mostonemotionvectorandreferenceindextopredictthesamplevaluesofeachblock.(ITU)
parameter
Asyntaxelementofasequenceparametersetorapictureparameterset.Parameterisalsousedas
partofthedefinedtermquantisationparameter.(ITU)
ParametricAudioDecoder
Asetoftoolsforrepresentinganddecodingaudio(speech)signalscodedatbitratesbetween2Kbps
and6Kbps,accordingtoPart3ofthisFinalCommitteeDraftofInternationalStandard.(ISO1Final
Draft)
parity
Theparityofafieldcanbetoporbottom.(ITU)
partitioning
Thedivisionofasetintosubsetssuchthateachelementofthesetisinexactlyoneofthesubsets.
(ITU)
PBR
ProbabilityBasedReconstruction(UHD/VLSI)
PD
PreliminaryDecision(UHD/VLSI)
PE(s)
ProcessingElement(s)(UHD/VLSI)
PG
PredictionGenerator(UHD/VLSI)
picture
Acollectivetermforafieldoraframe.(ITU)
Picture(coded)
Coded(compressed)videoframe(HAVCS/HAMVC)
pictureordercount
Avariablethatisassociatedwitheachcodedfieldandeachfieldofacodedframeandhasavalue
thatisnondecreasingwithincreasingfieldpositioninoutputorderrelativetothefirstoutputfieldof
thepreviousIDRpictureindecodingorderorrelativetothefirstoutputfieldofthepreviouspicture,
indecodingorder,thatcontainsamemorymanagementcontroloperationthatmarksallreference
picturesas"unusedforreference".(ITU)
pictureparameterset
Asyntaxstructurecontainingsyntaxelementsthatapplytozeroormoreentirecodedpicturesas
determinedbythepic_parameter_set_idsyntaxelementfoundineachsliceheader.(ITU)
PMD
PreliminaryModeDecision(UHD/VLSI)
Ppicture(slice)
Codedpicture(orslice)usingmotioncompensatedpredictionfromonereferenceframe
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
prediction
Anembodimentofthepredictionprocess.(ITU)
predictionprocess
Theuseofapredictortoprovideanestimateofthesamplevalueordataelementcurrentlybeing
decoded.(ITU)
predictiveslice
SeePslice.(ITU)
predictor
Acombinationofspecifiedvaluesorpreviouslydecodedsamplevaluesordataelementsusedinthe
decodingprocessofsubsequentsamplevaluesordataelements.(ITU)
Presentation
Oneormoremotionsequences(q.v.),possiblycombinedwithaudio.(ISO12)
primarycodedpicture
Thecodedrepresentationofapicturetobeusedbythedecodingprocessforabitstreamconforming
tothisRecommendation|InternationalStandard.Theprimarycodedpicturecontainsall
macroblocksofthepicture.Theonlypicturesthathaveanormativeeffectonthedecodingprocess
areprimarycodedpictures.Seealsoredundantcodedpicture.(ITU)
profile
Asetoffunctionalcapabilities(ofavideoCODEC)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
profile
AspecifiedsubsetofthesyntaxofthisRecommendation|InternationalStandard.(ITU)
progressive(video)
Videodatarepresentedasaseriesofcompleteframes(HAVCS/HAMVC)
progressivedownloading
Ahybridmediadeliverymethodwherethemediafileisdownloaded,butbeginsplayingassoonasa
portionofthefilehasbeenreceived/buffered.Astandardwebserverisallthatisrequiredtoprovide
mediaviaprogressivedownload.Thissimulatestruestreaming,butdoesn'thavealltheadvantages,
thoughmostenduserscannottellthedifferencebetweenmediadeliveredbyprogressivedownload
andthatdeliveredviaastreamingmediaserver.(BTB)
PSNR
PeakSignaltoNoiseRatio(UHD/VLSI)
PSNR
PeakSignaltoNoiseRatio,anobjectivequalitymeasure(HAVCS/HAMVC)
pull
Aconnectioninitiatedbyastreamingservertoreceiveabroadcastfromadesignatedencoderforre
distributionacrossanetwork.(BTB)
push
Aconnectioninitiatedbyanencodertoastreamingservertoreceiveabroadcastforredistribution
acrossanetwork.Thisrequiresausernameandpassword.(BTB)
QCIF
 QuarterCommonIntermediateFormat(HAVCS/HAMVC)
QP
QuantizationParameter(UHD/VLSI)
QualityofService(QoS)
Theperformancethatanelementarystreamrequestsfromthedeliverychannelthroughwhichitis
transported,characterizedbyasetofparameters(e.g.,bitrate,delayjitter,biterrorrate).(ISO1
FinalDraft)
quantisationparameter
Avariableusedbythedecodingprocessforscalingoftransformcoefficientlevels.(ITU)
quantise
Reducetheprecisionofascalarorvectorquantity(HAMVC/HAVCS)
RandomAccess
Theprocessofbeginningtoreadanddecodeacodedrepresentationatanarbitrarypoint.(ISO1
FinalDraft)
randomaccess
Theactofstartingthedecodingprocessforabitstreamatapointotherthanthebeginningofthe
stream.(ITU)
rasterscan
Amappingofarectangulartwodimensionalpatterntoaonedimensionalpatternsuchthatthefirst
entriesintheonedimensionalpatternarefromthefirsttoprowofthetwodimensionalpattern
scannedfromlefttoright,followedsimilarlybythesecond,third,etc.,rowsofthepattern(going
down)eachscannedfromlefttoright.(ITU)
ratecontrol
Controlofbitrateofencodedvideosignal(HAVCS/HAMVC)
ratedistortion
MeasureofCODECperformance(distortionatarangeofcodedbitrates)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
rawbytesequencepayload(RBSP)
AsyntaxstructurecontaininganintegernumberofbytesthatisencapsulatedinaNALunit.An
RBSPiseitheremptyorhastheformofastringofdatabitscontainingsyntaxelementsfollowedby
anRBSPstopbitandfollowedbyzeroormoresubsequentbitsequalto0.(ITU)
rawbytesequencepayload(RBSP)stopbit
Abitequalto1presentwithinarawbytesequencepayload(RBSP)afterastringofdatabits.The
locationoftheendofthestringofdatabitswithinanRBSPcanbeidentifiedbysearchingfromthe
endoftheRBSPfortheRBSPstopbit,whichisthelastnonzerobitintheRBSP.(ITU)
RBSP
RawByteSequencePayload(HAVCS/HAMVC/ITU)
RDF
ReferenceDataFirst(UHD/VLSI)
RDO
RateDistortionOptimization(UHD/VLSI)
REC
Reconstruction(UHD/VLSI)
recoverypoint
Apointinthebitstreamatwhichtherecoveryofanexactoranapproximaterepresentationofthe
decodedpicturesrepresentedbythebitstreamisachievedafterarandomaccessorbrokenlink.(ITU)
redundantcodedpicture
Acodedrepresentationofapictureorapartofapicture.Thecontentofaredundantcodedpicture
shallnotbeusedbythedecodingprocessforabitstreamconformingtothisRecommendation|
InternationalStandard.Aredundantcodedpictureisnotrequiredtocontainallmacroblocksinthe
primarycodedpicture.Redundantcodedpictureshavenonormativeeffectonthedecodingprocess.
Seealsoprimarycodedpicture.(ITU)
referencefield
AreferencefieldmaybeusedforinterpredictionwhenP,SP,andBslicesofacodedfieldorfield
macroblocksofacodedframearedecoded.Seealsoreferencepicture.(ITU)
referenceframe
AreferenceframemaybeusedforinterpredictionwhenP,SP,andBslicesofacodedframeare
decoded.Seealsoreferencepicture.(ITU)
referenceindex
Anindexintoareferencepicturelist.(ITU)
referencepicture
Apicturewithnal_ref_idcnotequalto0.Areferencepicturecontainssamplesthatmaybeusedfor
interpredictioninthedecodingprocessofsubsequentpicturesindecodingorder.(ITU)
referencepicturelist
AlistofreferencepicturesthatisusedforinterpredictionofaP,B,orSPslice.Forthedecoding
processofaPorSPslice,thereisonereferencepicturelist.ForthedecodingprocessofaBslice,
therearetworeferencepicturelists.(ITU)
referencepicturelist0
AreferencepicturelistusedforinterpredictionofaP,B,orSPslice.AllinterpredictionusedforP
andSPslicesusesreferencepicturelist0.Referencepicturelist0isoneoftworeferencepicturelists
usedforinterpredictionforaBslice,withtheotherbeingreferencepicturelist1.(ITU)
referencepicturelist1
AreferencepicturelistusedforinterpredictionofaBslice.Referencepicturelist1isoneoftwo
referencepicturelistsusedforinterpredictionforaBslice,withtheotherbeingreferencepicturelist
0.(ITU)
referencepicturemarking
Specifies,inthebitstream,howthedecodedpicturesaremarkedforinterprediction.(ITU)
ReferencePoint
Alocationinthedataorcontrolflowofasystemthathassomedefinedcharacteristics.(ISO1Final
Draft)
Rendering
Theactionoftransformingascenedescriptionanditsmediaobjectsfromacommonrepresentation
spacetoaspecificpresentationdevice(i.e.,speakersandaviewingwindow).(ISO1FinalDraft)
RenderingArea
Theportionofthedisplaydevicesscreenintowhichthescenedescriptionanditsmediaobjectsare
toberendered.(ISO1FinalDraft)
reserved
Thetermreserved,whenusedintheclausesspecifyingsomevaluesofaparticularsyntaxelement,
areforfutureusebyITUT|ISO/IEC.Thesevaluesshallnotbeusedinbitstreamsconformingto
thisRecommendation|InternationalStandard,butmaybeusedinfutureextensionsofthis
Recommendation|InternationalStandardbyITUT|ISO/IEC.(ITU)
residual
Thedecodeddifferencebetweenapredictionofasampleordataelementanditsdecodedvalue.
(ITU)
RGB
Red/Green/Bluecolourspace(HAVCS/HAMVC)
ringing(artefacts)
Ripplelikeartefactsaroundsharpedgesinadecodedimage(HAVCS/HAMVC)
RMB
RightMacroblock(UHD/VLSI)
RTMP
RealTimeMediaProtocol,developedbyAdobeusedbyFlash.(BTB)
RTP
RealTimeProtocol.Atransportprotocolforrealtimedata(HAVCS/HAMVC)
RTSP
RealTimeStreamingProtocol.RTSPprovidesameansforuserstocontrolmediasessions.RTSP
doesnotactuallyprovideforthetransportofvideosignalsbutitallowsthesesignalstobecontrolled
byauser.TheRTSP(RealTimeStreamingProtocol)isanetworkcontrolprotocoltocontrol
streamingmediaservers.Theprotocolisusedforestablishingandcontrollingmediasessions
 betweenthethestreamingserverandclient.RTSPisconsideredmoreofaframeworkthana
protocol.RTSPisdesignedtoworkontopofRTPtobothcontrolanddeliverrealtimecontent.
(BTB)
run
Anumberofconsecutivedataelementsrepresentedinthedecodingprocess.Inonecontext,the
numberofzerovaluedtransformcoefficientlevelsprecedinganonzerotransformcoefficientlevel
inthelistoftransformcoefficientlevelsgeneratedbyazigzagscanorafieldscan.Inothercontexts,
runreferstoanumberofmacroblocks.(ITU)
RVC
ReconfigurableVideoCoding,aframeworkforvideocodinginwhichadecodermaybeconstructed
frompredefinedFunctionalUnits.(HAVCS)
RVLC
ReversibleVariableLengthCode(HAMVC)
SAD
SumofAbsoluteDifference(UHD/VLSI)
Sample
Innonhinttracks,asampleisanindividualframeofvideo,atimecontiguousseriesofvideoframes,
oratimecontiguouscompressedsectionofaudio.Inhinttracks,asampledefinestheformationof
oneormorestreamingpackets.Notwosampleswithinatrackmaysharethesametimestamp.(ISO
12)
sampleaspectratio
Specifies,forassistingthedisplayprocess,whichisnotspecifiedinthisRecommendation|
InternationalStandard,theratiobetweentheintendedhorizontaldistancebetweenthecolumnsand
theintendedverticaldistancebetweentherowsofthelumasamplearrayinaframe.Sampleaspect
ratioisexpressedash:v,wherehishorizontalwidthandvisverticalheight(inarbitraryunitsof
spatialdistance).(ITU)
SampleDescription
Astructurewhichdefinesanddescribestheformatofsomenumberofsamplesinatrack.(ISO12)
SampleTable
Apackeddirectoryforthetimingandphysicallayoutofthesamplesinatrack.(ISO12)
SATD
SumofAbsoluteTransformDifference(UHD/VLSI)
SBR
SpectralBandReplication(TJ/HEAAC)
scalablecoding
Codingasignalintoanumberoflayers(HAVCS/HAMVC)
scaling
Theprocessofmultiplyingtransformcoefficientlevelsbyafactor,resultingintransform
coefficients.(ITU)
SceneDescription
Informationthatdescribesthespatiotemporalpositioningofmediaobjectsaswellastheirbehavior
resultingfromobjectanduserinteractions.(ISO1FinalDraft)
SceneDescriptionProfile
Aprofilethatdefinesthepermissiblesetofscenedescriptionelementsthatmaybeusedinascene
descriptionstream.(ISO1FinalDraft)
SceneDescriptionStream
AnelementarystreamthatconveysBIFSscenedescriptioninformationasspecifiedinSubclause
9.2.12.(ISO1FinalDraft)
SDL
SyntacticDescriptionLanguage
SDM
SystemDecoderModel(MPEG4/PPT)
SDP
ServiceDeliveryPlatform(WIKIP)
SDP
SessionDescriptionProtocol.SDPisamediadescriptionformatintendedfordescribingmultimedia
sessions,includingvideoconferencing.Itincludessessionannouncementandsessioninvitation.
(BTB)
SEI
SupplementalEnhancementInformation(ITU)
sequenceparameterset
Asyntaxstructurecontainingsyntaxelementsthatapplytozeroormoreentirecodedvideo
sequencesasdeterminedbythecontentofaseq_parameter_set_idsyntaxelementfoundinthe
pictureparametersetreferredtobythepic_parameter_set_idsyntaxelementfoundineachslice
header.(ITU)
Session
The(possiblyinteractive)communicationofthecodedrepresentationofanaudiovisualscene
betweentwoterminals.Aunidirectionalsessioncorrespondstoasingleprograminabroadcast
application.(ISO1FinalDraft)
SG
ShotBoundary
shall
AtermusedtoexpressmandatoryrequirementsforconformancetothisRecommendation|
InternationalStandard.Whenusedtoexpressamandatoryconstraintonthevaluesofsyntax
elementsorontheresultsobtainedbyoperationofthespecifieddecodingprocess,itisthe
responsibilityoftheencodertoensurethattheconstraintisfulfilled.Whenusedinreferenceto
operationsperformedbythedecodingprocess,anydecodingprocessthatproducesidenticalresults
tothedecodingprocessdescribedhereinconformstothedecodingprocessrequirementsofthis
Recommendation|InternationalStandard.(ITU)
should
Atermusedtorefertobehaviourofanimplementationthatisencouragedtobefollowedunder
anticipatedordinarycircumstances,butisnotamandatoryrequirementforconformancetothis
Recommendation|InternationalStandard.(ITU)
SI
StraightforwardImplementation(UHD/VLSI)
SIslice
Intracodedsliceusedforswitchingbetweencodedbitstreams(H.264)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
SIslice
Aslicethatiscodedusingintrapredictiononlyandusingquantisationofthepredictionsamples.An
SIslicecanbecodedsuchthatitsdecodedsamplescanbeconstructedidenticallytoanSPslice.
(ITU)
skippedmacroblock
Amacroblockforwhichnodataiscodedotherthananindicationthatthemacroblockistobe
decodedas"skipped".Thisindicationmaybecommontoseveralmacroblocks.(ITU)
SL
SyncLayer(MPEG4/PPT)
slice
Aregionofacodedpicture(HAVCS/HAMVC)
slice
Anintegernumberofmacroblocksormacroblockpairsorderedconsecutivelyintherasterscan
withinaparticularslicegroup.Fortheprimarycodedpicture,thedivisionofeachslicegroupinto
slicesisapartitioning.Althoughaslicecontainsmacroblocksormacroblockpairsthatare
consecutiveintherasterscanwithinaslicegroup,thesemacroblocksormacroblockpairsarenot
necessarilyconsecutiveintherasterscanwithinthepicture.Themacroblockaddressesarederived
fromthefirstmacroblockaddressinaslice(asrepresentedinthesliceheader)andthemacroblockto
slicegroupmap,and,whenapictureiscodedusingthreeseparatecolourplanes,acolourplane
identifier.(ITU)
slicedatapartition
 Anonemptysubsetofthesyntaxelementsoftheslicedatasyntaxstructureforaslice.Thesyntax
elementsofaslicedatapartitionareassociatedwiththesamecategory.(ITU)
slicedatapartitioning
Amethodofpartitioningselectedsyntaxelementsintosyntaxstructuresbasedonacategory
associatedwitheachsyntaxelement.(ITU)
slicegroup
Asubsetofthemacroblocksormacroblockpairsofapicture.Thedivisionofthepictureintoslice
groupsisapartitioningofthepicture.Thepartitioningisspecifiedbythemacroblocktoslicegroup
map.(ITU)
slicegroupmapunits
Theunitsofthemapunittoslicegroupmap.(ITU)
sliceheader
Apartofacodedslicecontainingthedataelementspertainingtothefirstorallmacroblocks
representedintheslice.(ITU)
SLPacketizedStream(SPS)
AsequenceofSLPacketsthatencapsulateoneelementarystream.SeealsoSubclause7.2.2.(ISO1
FinalDraft)
SNHC
SyntheticNaturalHybridCoding(HAMVC)
SODB
StringOfDataBits(ITU)
source
Termusedtodescribethevideomaterialorsomeofitsattributesbeforeencoding.(ITU)
SPslice
Intercodedsliceusedforswitchingbetweencodedbitstreams(H.264)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
SPslice
Aslicethatmaybecodedusingintrapredictionorinterpredictionwithquantisationoftheprediction
samplesusingatmostonemotionvectorandreferenceindextopredictthesamplevaluesofeach
block.AnSPslicecanbecodedsuchthatitsdecodedsamplescanbeconstructedidenticallyto
anotherSPsliceoranSIslice.(ITU)
sprite
Textureregionthatmaybeincorporatedinaseriesofdecodedframes(MPEG4Visual)(HAMVC)
startcodeprefix
Auniquesequenceofthreebytesequalto0x000001embeddedinthebytestreamasaprefixtoeach
NALunit.Thelocationofastartcodeprefixcanbeusedbyadecodertoidentifythebeginningofa
newNALunitandtheendofapreviousNALunit.Emulationofstartcodeprefixesisprevented
withinNALunitsbytheinclusionofemulationpreventionbytes.(ITU)
statistical
Redundancyduetothestatisticaldistributionofdataredundancy(HAMVC)
statisticalredundancy
Redundancyduetothestatisticaldistributionofdata(HAVCS)
StreamMultiplexInterface(SMI)
AninterfacemodelingtheexchangeofSLpacketizedstreamdataandassociatedcontrolinformation
betweenthesynclayerandtheTransMuxlayer.SeealsoSubclause7.2.1.(ISO1FinalDraft)
streaming
Providesmediatheendusercanstartconsume(i.e.watchorlistento)almostassoonasitbegins
downloading.Ineffect,thefileissenttotheuserinaconstantstream,andtheuserconsumesitasit
arrives.Theobviousadvantagewiththismethodisnowaiting.Streamingmediahasadditional
advantagessuchasbeingabletobroadcastliveeventssuchasawebcastornetcast.NOTE:True
streamingvideomustbedeliveredfromaspecializedstreamingserver.Additionalfunctionality
providedbyastreamingserverincludesrealtimeflowcontrol,intelligentstreamswitching,and
interactiveclipnavigation.(BTB)
stringofdatabits(SODB)
 Asequenceofsomenumberofbitsrepresentingsyntaxelementspresentwithinarawbytesequence
payloadpriortotherawbytesequencepayloadstopbit.WithinanSODB,theleftmostbitis
consideredtobethefirstandmostsignificantbit,andtherightmostbitisconsideredtobethelast
andleastsignificantbit.(ITU)
StructuredAudio
Amethodofdescribingsyntheticsoundeffectsandmusic.SeePart3ofthisFinalCommitteeDraft
ofInternationalStandard.(ISO1FinalDraft)
studioquality
Losslessornearlosslessvideoquality(HAVCS/HAMVC)
subjectivequality
Visualqualityasperceivedbyhumanobserver(s)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
subjectiveredundancy
Redundancyduetocomponentsofthedatathataresubjectivelyinsignificant(HAVCS/HAMVC)
submacroblock
Onequarterofthesamplesofamacroblock,i.e.,an8x8lumablockandtwocorrespondingchroma
blocksofwhichonecornerislocatedatacornerofthemacroblockforapicturethathasthree
samplearraysoran8x8lumablockofwhichonecornerislocatedatacornerofthemacroblockfor
amonochromepictureorapicturethatiscodedusingthreeseparatecolourplanes.(ITU)
submacroblockpartition
Ablockoflumasamplesandtwocorrespondingblocksofchromasamplesresultingfroma
partitioningofasubmacroblockforinterpredictionforapicturethathasthreesamplearraysora
blockoflumasamplesresultingfromapartitioningofasubmacroblockforinterpredictionfora
monochromepictureorapicturethatiscodedusingthreeseparatecolourplanes.(ITU)
subpixel(motioncompensation)
Motioncompensatedpredictionfromareferenceareathatmaybeformedbyinterpolatingbetween
integervaluedpixelpositions(HAVCS/HAMVC)
SVC
ScalableVideoCoding(HAVCS/ITU)
switchingIslice
SeeSIslice.(ITU)
switchingPslice
SeeSPslice.(ITU)
SyncLayer(SL)
AlayertoadaptelementarystreamdataforcommunicationacrosstheStreamMultiplexInterface,
providingtimingandsynchronizationinformation,aswellasfragmentationandrandomaccess
information.TheSyncLayersyntaxisconfigurableandcanalsobeempty.(ISO1FinalDraft)
SyncLayerConfiguration
Aconfigurationofthesynclayersyntaxforaparticularelementarystreamusinginformation
containedinitselementarystreamdescriptor.(ISO1FinalDraft)
SyncLayerPacket(SLPacket)
Thesmallestdataentitymanagedbythesynclayerconsistingofaconfigurableheaderanda
payload.Thepayloadmayconsistofonecompleteaccessunitorapartialaccessunit.(ISO1Final
Draft)
SyntacticDescriptionLanguage(SDL)
Alanguagedefinedbythisspecificationthatallowsthedescriptionofabitstreamssyntax.(ISO1
FinalDraft)
syntaxelement
Anelementofdatarepresentedinthebitstream.(ITU)
syntaxstructure
Zeroormoresyntaxelementspresenttogetherinthebitstreaminaspecifiedorder.(ITU)
SystemTimeBase(STB)
Thetimebaseoftheterminal.Itsresolutionisimplementationdependent.Alloperationsinthe
terminalareperformedaccordingtothistimebase.SeealsoSubclause7.3.1.(ISO1FinalDraft)
SystemsDecoderModel(SDM)
 Amodelthatprovidesanabstractviewofthebehaviorofaterminalcomplianttothisspecification.
ItconsistsoftheBufferingModel,andtheTimingModel.(ISO1FinalDraft)
Terminal
Asystemthatreceivesandpresentsthecodedrepresentationofaninteractiveaudiovisualsceneas
definedbythisspecification.Itcanbeastandalonesystem,orpartofanapplicationsystemthat
supportspresentationofcontentcomplyingwiththisspecification.(ISO1FinalDraft)
testmodel
Asoftwaremodelanddocumentthatdescribeareferenceimplementationofavideocodingstandard
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
texture
Imageorresidualdata(HAVCS/HAMVC)
tfra
TrackFragmentRandomAccess(ISO14)
TimeBase
Thenotionofaclockitisequivalenttoacounterthatisperiodicallyincremented.(ISO1Final
Draft)
TimeStamp
Anindicationofaparticulartimeinstantrelativetoatimebase.(ISO1FinalDraft)
TimingModel
Amodelthatspecifiesthesemanticmeaningoftiminginformation,howitisincorporated(explicitly
orimplicitly)inthecodedrepresentationofinformation,andhowitcanberecoveredattheterminal.
(ISO1FinalDraft)
tkhd
TrackHeader(ISO14)
topfield
Oneoftwofieldsthatcompriseaframe.Eachrowofatopfieldisspatiallylocatedimmediately
abovethecorrespondingrowofthebottomfield.(ITU)
topmacroblock(ofamacroblockpair)
Themacroblockwithinamacroblockpairthatcontainsthesamplesinthetoprowofsamplesforthe
macroblockpair.Forafieldmacroblockpair,thetopmacroblockrepresentsthesamplesfromthe
regionofthetopfieldoftheframethatliewithinthespatialregionofthemacroblockpair.Fora
framemacroblockpair,thetopmacroblockrepresentsthesamplesoftheframethatliewithinthetop
halfofthespatialregionofthemacroblockpair.(ITU)
Track
Acollectionofrelatedsamples(q.v.)inanISObasemediafile.Formediadata,atrackcorresponds
toasequenceofimagesorsampledaudio.Forhinttracks,atrackcorrespondstoastreaming
channel.(ISO12)
traf
TrackFragment(ISO14)
trak
Track(ISO14)
transcode
Toconvertavideosignalthatisencodedinonetechnologyintoanother(e.g.MPEG2intoMPEG4,
AVIintoFLV).(BTB)
transformcoefficient
Ascalarquantity,consideredtobeinafrequencydomain,thatisassociatedwithaparticularone
dimensionalortwodimensionalfrequencyindexinaninversetransformpartofthedecoding
process.(ITU)
transformcoefficientlevel
Anintegerquantityrepresentingthevalueassociatedwithaparticulartwodimensionalfrequency
indexinthedecodingprocesspriortoscalingforcomputationofatransformcoefficientvalue.(ITU)
TransMux
Agenericabstractionfordeliverymechanisms(computernetworks,etc.)abletostoreortransmita
numberofmultiplexedelementarystreamsorFlexMuxstreams.Thisspecificationdoesnotspecifya
 TransMuxlayer.(ISO1FinalDraft)
transrate
Tochangethebitrateofacompressedvideostream.(BTB)
trax
TrackExtends(ISO14)
Treestructuredmotioncompensation
Motioncompensationfeaturingaflexiblehierarchyofpartitionsizes(H.264)(HAVCS/HAMVC)
TS
TransportStream.TSisastandardmethodusedinMPEGforconvertingPES(Packetized
ElementaryStream)streamsintoastreampfpacketsthatcaneasilybetransportedoveranIP
network,asatelitelink,oradigitaltelevisionbroadcasttoahome.Eachpacketisafixed188bytes
long.
TSS
ThreeStepSearch,amotionestimationalgorithm(HAMVC)
UniversalResourceLocator
Auniqueidentificationofthelocationofanelementarystreamoranobjectdescriptor.(ISO1Final
Draft)
universaluniqueidentifier(UUID)
Anidentifierthatisuniquewithrespecttothespaceofalluniversaluniqueidentifiers.(ITU)
unspecified
Thetermunspecified,whenusedintheclausesspecifyingsomevaluesofaparticularsyntax
element,indicatesthatthevalueshavenospecifiedmeaninginthisRecommendation|International
Standardandwillnothaveaspecifiedmeaninginthefutureasanintegralpartofthis
Recommendation|InternationalStandard.(ITU)
UUID
UniversalUniqueIdentifier(ITU)
variablelengthcoding(VLC)
Areversibleprocedureforentropycodingthatassignsshorterbitstringstosymbolsexpectedtobe
morefrequentandlongerbitstringstosymbolsexpectedtobelessfrequent.(ITU)
VBR
VariableBitRate(ITU)
VBR
VariableBitRateencoding.Amethodofencodingvideothatfirstanalysesthevideoandthen
compressesit.Whileitcantakeuptotwiceaslongtoencodethevideo,theyarecompressedatan
optimalrateforthesmallestfilesize.Thevariabilityinthedatarateofthedatastreamdoesnotmake
itappropriateforRTSPstreamedcontent,butgoodforprogressivedownloadorvideoonCDsor
otherphysicalmedia.(BTB)
VCEG
VideoCodingExpertsGroup,acommitteeofITU(HAVCS/HAMVC)
VCL
VideoCodingLayer(HAVCS)
VCL
VideoCodingLayer(HAVCS/HAMVC/ITU)
VCLNALunit
AcollectivetermforcodedsliceNALunitsandcodedslicedatapartitionNALunits.(ITU)
videopacket
Codedunitsuitableforpacketization(HAVCS/HAMVC)
VLC
VariableLengthCode(orCoding)(HAVCS/HAMVC/ITU)
VLD
VariableLengthDecoder(HAVCS/HAMVC)
VLE
VariableLengthEncoder(HAVCS/HAMVC)
VLSI
 VeryLargeScaleIntegratedcircuit(HAVCS/HAMVC)
VO
VideoObject(HAMVC)
VOP
VideoObjectPlane(HAMVC)
VQEG
VideoQualityExpertsGroup(HAVCS/HAMVC)
VRML
VirtualRealityMarkupLanguage(MPEG4/PPT)
VSN
VideoSensorNetwork
VUI
VideoUsabilityInformation(ITU)
weightedprediction
Motioncompensationinwhichthepredictionsamplesfromtworeferencesarescaled
(HAVCS/HAMVC)
YCbCr
Luminance,Bluechrominance,Redchrominancecolourspace(HAMVC)
YCrCb
Luminance/Redchrominance/Bluechrominancecolourspace(HAVCS)
YUV
Acolourspace(seeYCbCr)(HAMVC)
zigzagscan
Aspecificsequentialorderingoftransformcoefficientlevelsfrom(approximately)thelowestspatial
frequencytothehighest.Zigzagscanisusedfortransformcoefficientlevelsinframemacroblocks.
(ITU)

Sources

BTB
BogoToBogoVideostreaming,etc.
http://www.bogotobogo.com/VideoStreaming/videostreaming_etc.php
HAVCS
TheH.264AdvancedVideoCompressionStandard(byIainRichardson)
HAMVC
H.264andMPEG4VideoCompression(byIainRichardson)
ITU
TRECH.264201003S!!PDFE.pdf(ITUT,H.264)
ISO1FinalDraft
ISO_IEC_1449601_2001
ISO2
ISO_IEC_1449602_2001_MPEG4_Visual
ISO3
ISO_IEC_1449603_2001
ISO12
ISO_IEC_1449612_2004(E)
ISO14
ISO_IEC_1449614_20031115
MPEG4/PPT
MPEG4WWW
MSDB
 MultipleScreenDeliveryBook(byJanOzer)
UHD/VLSI
tvlsi2014HighPerformanceH.264_AVCIntraPredictionArchitectureforUltraHighDefinition
VideoApplications
WIKIP
Wikipedia.org