IE 673-852

Carlos G. Garces
cgg4@njit.edu
Assignment 5

1. ExplainwhatisQFD,(QualityFunctionDeployment)?

QualityFunctionDeploymentalsoknownasQFDisaveryspecializedmethodusetoplace
customerneedsanddesiresasthecenterstageduringdesignandproductionoftheproductor
service.QFDdesignhelpstransformandcreateengineeringcharacteristicsfromcustomerneeds,
thesecharacteristicswillbeprioritizedwitheachproductorservicewhilesettingdevelopment
targetsforeachproductandservices.

2. ExplaintheWHATsinaQFDmatrix.

Gatheringcustomerneedsinput:
The idea behind QFD is that before design, or production there should be a good
understanding of what are the potential needs of the projected customer in order to
increasethelikelihoodofmarketsuccess.ThisseemsasitwouldbeaprocessthatIs
donesubconsciouslyhowever,itquicklyproventobeaprocessthatneedsduediligence
andfocus.Inordertoobtaintheinformationneededasofwhatthecustomerlikesofthe
currentproduct,whatimprovementstheywillliketoseeandwhattheywouldliketosee
gone. To find get this information different tools can be use such as surveys, focus
groups,usergroups,questionnaires,andcustomerserviceinputs.

Refiningthecustomerneedsinput:
Atthis pointsufficientinformationmusthavebeencollectedfromcustomers,allthe
informationmightnotbeusefulandforsuchithastobedistilledintousefulmaterial.
Afterthishasbeencompletedwewillendupwithalargeamountofinformationthat
maypossessgreatideasandsometrivialones.Thebestwaytoorganizeitisbythelevel
ofimportancefromthecustomerpointofview.Alltheinformationmustberefininginto
somethingthatrepresentstheessenceoftheVOC(VoiceofCustomer),thisisachieved
byusinganalysistechniquesofaffinityandQFDteamdiscussions.

Usingtheaffinitydiagram:
Affinity diagrams help promote creative thinking, as well as breaking down barriers
createdbypasterrorsandfailures,itdoessuchbyhelpingpeoplegetoverparadigmsthat
 impedetheirabilitytofindnewandcreativeapproaches.Thediagramsalsoprovidea
waytoorganizethecreativeprocessbygroupingideas,whilegroupedparticipantsare
abletodiscussthemandimproveonthemtogetherandasaunity.

Usingthetreediagram:
ThetreediagramcanbeusedformanypurposesHowever,herewewilluseittorefine
theaffinitydiagramresults inordertomakethelistcomposeofcustomerneeds,or
WHATsthatwillbeplacedintheHOQ.Whilethetreediagramcanbeusedtoreachthe
fundamentals,andgettoresultswemustrememberthathereweareusingittolistthe
itemsthatwillbeaddressedbythedesignteamonceHOQiscompleted.

Customerimportance:
Customerimportanceistheteambestestimateoftheimportanceofthecustomerneeds.
Theimportanceisnormallysetonascalefrom1to5,5beingthehighestpriority.While
thisinformationisreceivedfromcustomersaunanimousanswerisnearimprobable,due
tosuchtheteammustdoitsbestinestimatingandgivingtheproperimportancetothe
items.

3. ExplaintheHOWsinaQFDmatrix.

ThetechnicalrequirementsroomoftheHOQstateshowthecompanyintendstorespondtoeach
ofthecustomerneeds,thisisreferredasthevoiceofthecompany.Theorganizationmuststate
theoutsetthetechnicalrequirementsarenotthedesignspecificationsoftheproductorservice;
Rathertheyarecharacteristicsandfeaturesofaproductthatseemstobemeetingcustomers
needs.Thesearemeasuredbyweight,strength,speedandsoon,whileothersneedasimpleyes
ornoinordertodetermineifsatisfactionwasmet.Whileintheothersideofthecointhe
companymustallowforflexibilityinordertoensurethateverycreativeideaandpossibilitywas
takenintoaccountinordertomeettheneeds.Theusageofeitheranaffinitydiagramorthetree
diagramhelpstheteamfocusontextbookcharacteristic,features,proceduresandproductionthat
willlikelyleadtoasuccessfulimprovement.

4. Explainthe1,or3,or9interrelationshipsvaluesinaQFDmatrix.

NowthatwehavedeterminetheHOWsintheHOQwemustcompareandexaminehowthe
HOWs relate to the WHATs of the customer needs. The results are shown in the
interrelationshipsmatrixwhichlinksthetwo.Ateachintersectioncelloftheinterrelationship
matrix the team has to determine the level of relationship between the two. The level of
relationshipisdoneusingscalesofsignificanceof1to5or1to9.Thehighernumberindicates
the strongest relationship; however, many times numbers are substitute by symbols which
representthreelevelofrelationshipsweak,medium,andstrongest.

ExampleofinterrelationshipsbetweenWHATsandHOWs.

5. Explainhowyoucalculatethetechnicalprioritiesinthedesigntarget
matrix.

Inordertodeterminetherelativeimportance,orprioritiesofeachstatedtechnicalrequirements
inmeetingthecustomerneeds,theQFDteamjustmultiplieseachoftheinterrelationshipratings
of the technical requirement (0,1,3 or 9) from the interrelationships matrix times the
correspondingcustomerneedsoverallweightingvalueintheplanningmatrix,andthensumsthe
columns.

6. Definestatisticalprocesscontrol(SPC).

SPCisnormallythoughtofinindustrialapplications,itcanbeappliedtovirtuallyanyprocess.
Duringanyprocess,therearespecialcausesofvariationsandnaturalvariations,whilewecan
technically/ideallyeliminateallspecialcausesnaturalvariationsareinevitable.SPCdoesnot
eliminate all variations however it helps separate special causes of variations from natural
variations.Afterthespecialcauseshavebeeneliminatedweareleftofwithnaturalvariations
whichturnstheprocessintostatisticalcontrol.

7. Explain control charts for variables, with a simple mathematical

example.
ConsideranexampleusingxchartsandRcharts.Thesechartsareindividual,directlyrelated
graphsplottingthemean(Average)ofsamples(x)overtimeandthevariationineachsample
(R)overtime.Thebasicstepsfordevelopingacontrolchartfordatawithmeasuredvaluesare
these:
8. Explain control charts for attributes, with a simple mathematical
example.
9. Discuss and explain various continual quality improvement methods
andtools.

ParetoCharts.Importanttoolthathelpsseparateimportantinformationfromthetrivial.
Bycreatinganoriginalchartandfromthatpointselectingthemostsignificantcategory
touseonthenextchartandsoonuntiltherootoftheproblemisidentify.
CauseandEffectDiagram.Also,knownasafishbonediagram,theideabehinditisto
placetheeffectatthecenterandlistalltheplausiblecausesforit.Whentheoriginal
causesaredetermined,wecangofurtheranddeterminethecausesforthemaswelland
bydoingthislongenoughwewillreachtherootofeachandthiswillprovidenotonlya
betterunderstandingbutaclearerviewtowhichmustbefix.
 CheckSheets.Thepurposeofthechecksheetistmakeiteasytocollectdatafor
specificpurposesandtopresentitinawaythatfacilitatesconversionfromdatatouseful
information.
Histograms.Thistoolisusedtochartthefrequencyofoccurrence.Howoftendoes
somethinghappen?
ScatterDiagrams.Thisdiagramisoneoftheeasiesttouseforitsusestofindthe
correlationbetweentwocharacteristics.Itcanbeusedtofindthecorrelationbetween
processfactorsandproductflowingout,twoprocessfactors.
RunChartsandControlCharts.Thistwotoolsmostofthetimeareseenasonedueto
theirqualities,therunchartisaverystraightforwardwhilethecontrolchartismore
sophisticated. Run charts record the output results of a process over time while the
controlchartpresentanissuefortheydonthelpusunderstandwhetherthevariationis
theresultofaspecialcauseoracommonoccurrence.
Stratification.Thisprocessinvolvesinvestigatingthecauseofaproblembygrouping
dataintocategories.Thesegroupscanincludedatasuchastheenvironment,thepeople,
themachinesandsoon.Bygroupingcommonelementsorcharacteristicsmakesiteasier
tounderstandthedataandtopullinsightsfromthem.

10.Explainthewaycontrolchartscouldbeusedforqualityimprovements.

Continualimprovementisafundamentofsuccessintheglobalmarket.Controlchartsprovide
alerts when special causes are at work in a process, and this prompts investigation and
corrections.Whensuchhasbeenremoveanddateiswithinthecontrollimitsworkcanstartfor
improvements.Animportantthingtorememberisthatwhenacontrolchartisestablishedand
theprocessiswithinstatisticalcontrollimitsisthatthechartsstarttoliveuptoitsnameand
showresultsforqualityimprovement,astimespassesdataneedstobecontinuallycollected
fromtheprocessinthesamemanneritwasdoneatfirstinordertokeepimprovingtheprocess
andmanagetheprocess.

11.Socialnetworkingassignment.

http://carlosggarces.weebly.com/socialnetworkingassignment5.html

ForthisassignmentFadyKhallaandmyselfdiscussarticlesregardingCybersecurity,GoDaddy
SSLcertificationissue,andthearrestoftwosiblingsinItalywithconnectiontohackerattacksto
highprofileindividuals.Asbytheabovementionofthearticleswediscussatopicisseenall
aroundandiscybersecurity,FadyandIdiscusstheimportanceoffollowingcertainstepsinorder
topreventoratleastnotbeasvenerabletothreats,someofthestepsincludedselectinga
standardorguidelinetofollow,documentingtheselection,andconductingriskassessmentsto
ensureallriskoramajorityofthemarebeingcovered.WethendiscusstheissuesthatGoDaddy
has faced since June of last year, it seems that due to some coding error and poor quality
reviewingmanySSLcertificationhavebeenissuedwhentheyshouldnthave,thisnotonly
createdahasslefortheirclientsbutitalsoopenedGoDaddytopotentialmaliciousattackers,
whoifawareoftheissuecouldhaveobtaincertificationanddonedamagetolegitimateclients.
Lastly,wediscussthearrestofGiulioOcchioneroandhissister,FrancescaMariafromItalywho
areinvolveinthehackingofmultiplehighprofilebusinessandpoliticalfiguresduringthepast
coupleyears,bytheusageofapersonallylicenseDLLtodevelopmalicioussoftware.Overall
throughoutthesearticlesthesametopicaroseregardingtheimportanceofcybersecurityandthe
needforproperstepstobetakeninordertoensurequalityregardingproceduresandstandards.
Any organization must ensure the security of its clients and employees as well as any
governmentmustensurethatitsfunctionariesareprotectedfortheyhandlesomeofthemost
delicateinformationregardinganationandiftheyarenotsafeIdontknowhowthepublic
(includingmyself)canfeelsecure/protected.