Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1986
Testing concrete
Part 202: Recommendations for surface
hardness testing by rebound hammer
UDC 666.972.017:691.32:620.1
BS 1881-202:1986
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through subcommittees and panels:
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Applications 1
4 Factors influencing the measured hardness of a concrete surface 2
5 Apparatus 3
6 Method of testing 3
7 Method of obtaining a correlation between strength and
rebound number 4
8 Interpretation of results 5
9 Report 5
Publications referred to Inside back cover
BSI 11-1998 i
BS 1881-202:1986
Foreword
This Part of BS 1881 has been prepared under the direction of the Cement,
Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Committee. It supersedes
BS 4408-4:1971 which is withdrawn. All aspects of testing concrete are being
included as Parts of BS 1881, from sampling fresh concrete to assessing concrete
in structures. Part 201 gives general guidance on the choice of non-destructive
test methods and should be consulted for advice on methods which complement
the measurement of surface hardness or are useful as alternatives.
At present, no fundamental relationship has been found between surface
hardness and strength or any other measurable property of concrete. The surface
hardness tests described in this Part are different in principle from the hardness
tests used for metals. Surface hardness tests can, however, be used to give an
approximate indication of concrete quality and they are useful in a number of
applications. The guidance given in this Part is intended to ensure that they are
used to the best advantage and that valid information is derived from test results.
This Part now covers rebound testers only, principally of the spring-loaded type,
as the indentation testers dealt with in BS 4408-4 are no longer in common use.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
ii BSI 11-1998
BS 1881-202:1986
BSI 11-1998 1
BS 1881-202:1986
3.4 Determining the properties of the surface 4.1.5 Type of curing and age of concrete. The
of the concrete which have a direct influence relationship between hardness and strength varies
on its performance as a function of time. Variations in initial rate of
The assessment of the wearing quality of a concrete hardening, subsequent curing and conditions of
floor can be based on its hardness. The exposure also influence the relationship. Separate
characteristics of a concrete surface which govern calibration curves are required for different curing
abrasion resistance have been shown to correlate regimes but the effect of age can generally be
reasonably well with those characteristics which ignored for concrete between 3 days and 3 months
determine rebound hammer readings. Hardness old (see 4.5).
measurements for this purpose should not be made 4.1.6 Compaction. Rebound hammers are
earlier than 14 days nor later than 3 months after unsuitable for detecting strength variations caused
laying the concrete. Appropriate specialist by different degrees of compaction. If the concrete is
publications contain broad relationships between not fully compacted strength cannot be reliably
rebound number and abrasion resistance1). estimated.
3.5 Estimation of strength of concrete in 4.2 Type of surface
structures Only smooth surfaces should be tested. Surfaces
The estimation of strength should be made with obtained by casting against different formwork
considerable care. A procedure for relating strength materials respond differently to hardness tests.
and rebound hammer reading is given in clause 7. Trowelled surfaces are generally harder than those
General guidance on the assessment of concrete cast against formwork and may also give more
strength in structures is given in BS 6089. variable results.
Tests on cut surfaces are likely to give more variable
4 Factors influencing the measured results which differ significantly from those
hardness of a concrete surface obtained on a cast surface.
4.1 Concrete strength Tests on moulded surfaces are generally to be
4.1.1 General. It is possible to produce empirical preferred. Lack of quantitative evidence on how
relationships between the strength of concrete and different surfaces behave under a hardness test can
its hardness which are influenced by the factors lead to considerable errors if results are
described in 4.1.2 to 4.1.6. compared.In such cases separate calibrations are
necessary.
4.1.2 Type of cement. The effect of differences
between Portland cements of different fineness on 4.3 Type of concrete
the correlation with strength is relatively small, not Hardness methods are only suitable for close
exceeding 10 %. Concretes made with high alumina textured concrete. These tests are unsuitable for
cements can give strengths 100 % higher than a open textured concrete typical of masonry blocks,
calibration obtained on Portland cement would honeycombed concrete, or no-fines concrete.
indicate. Supersulphated cement concretes can 4.4 Moisture condition of the surface
give 50 % lower strengths than a calibration
obtained for Portland cement would indicate. A wet surface gives lower rebound hammer readings
than a dry surface. This effect can be considerable
4.1.3 Cement content. Concrete with a high cement and a reduction in rebound number of 20 % is
content will give lower rebound hammer readings typical for structural concrete, although some types
than concrete of the same strength but a lower of concrete can give greater differences.
cement content. However, the error in strength
estimation resulting from a change in cement 4.5 Carbonation
content is unlikely to exceed 10 %. The effect of carbonation is to increase the hardness
4.1.4 Type of aggregate. Although many normal of concrete. Normal rates of carbonation do not
weight aggregates give similar correlations between significantly affect the measured hardness when the
concrete strength and hardness, these should not be concrete is less than 3 months old. In some
assumed unless supporting test evidence is circumstances of high temperature and high carbon
available. Lightweight aggregates and aggregates dioxide concentration, carbonation may have a
with unusual properties require special significant effect at earlier ages. Carbonation affects
calibrations. the surface layer which ceases to be representative
of the concrete within an element.
4.6 Movement of concrete under test
1)
For example, R. G. Chaplin. Abrasion resistant concrete
floors. In: Adv. in concrete slab technol., 532534, 1980.
2 BSI 11-1998
BS 1881-202:1986
BSI 11-1998 3
BS 1881-202:1986
The surface to be tested should be smooth and clean. 7 Method of obtaining a correlation
A moulded surface is preferable but a free trowelled between strength and rebound
surface may also be satisfactory if appropriate number
corrections are applied or a specific correlation is
prepared. When hardness measurements are being The most convenient method of producing a
used to assess abrasion resistance it may be correlation between strength and rebound number
necessary to test a trowelled surface. If extraneous is by tests in which both measurements are made on
matter is present on the surface this should be concrete cubes. It is difficult to ensure that cubes
removed. It may be necessary to use a grinding accurately represent the structure to be tested and
wheel or stone for this purpose. Rough surfaces more reliable results may be obtained if a
resulting from incomplete compaction, loss of grout, correlation is made using cores. In this case
spalled or tooled surfaces will not give reliable hardness tests should be made on the concrete in
results and should be avoided. situ at proposed core positions and cores
subsequently cut and tested for strength.
The moisture condition of the surface should be
consistent throughout the testing and should be The test specimens should preferably be of as large
consistent with the moisture condition of any a mass as possible and 150 mm cube specimens are
correlation specimens. Dry surfaces are preferred preferred to 100 mm cubes. The most satisfactory
but, provided free water is wiped from the surface, way of making hardness tests on cubes is by holding
saturated concrete can be tested satisfactorily. them in a compression testing machine under a load
corresponding to a stress between 7 N/mm2
Twelve readings are usually sufficient to obtain a
and 10 N/mm2 if the impact energy is
reliable estimate of the surface hardness at a
about 2.2 Nm. The load should be increased for
location. It is normally better to confine the readings
testing with devices of greater impact energy and
of a test to an area not exceeding 300 mm 300 mm
rather than to take random readings over the whole can be decreased with devices of lesser impact
structure or unit. It is preferable to draw a regular energy.
grid of lines 20 mm to 50 mm apart and to take the To prepare a correlation between rebound number
intersections of the lines as test points. This and strength it is necessary to test a number of
procedure tends to reduce any bias by the operator. specimens which encompass the likely range of
If at least 10 readings are obtained in this way the strength expected in the structure. The reliability of
mean rebound number is likely to be accurate the correlation is increased by increasing the
within 15/n % with 95 % confidence, where n is number of specimens. The method of varying the
the number of readings. strength should be chosen in relation to the purpose
for which the correlation is used. If it is intended to
The mean of each set of readings should be
monitor the development of strength in a structure
calculated using all the readings (including
then it would be appropriate to test correlation
abnormally high and abnormally low results) unless
specimens at different ages. If it is proposed to
there is a good reason to doubt the validity of a
particular reading. The coefficient of variation of monitor the quality of the concrete in a structure it
individual readings within one test is usually of the would be appropriate to vary the mix proportions of
the concrete.
order of 10 % but is sometimes as low as 2 % or as
high as 15 %. The coefficient of variation decreases Correlation specimens should represent the
with an increase in the strength of concrete and structure to be tested as closely as possible; all the
increases with an increase in the size and amount of factors given in clause 4 should be considered.
coarse aggregate. Twelve readings are usually sufficient to obtain a
reliable estimate of the surface hardness at one
location. Where cubes are used as the specimens,
take nine readings using the rebound hammer on
each of the two side faces accessible in the
compression machine. The points of impact on the
specimen should not be nearer an edge than 20 mm
and should be not less than 20 mm from each other.
The same point should not be struck more than
once.
Construct a correlation curve from the mean
rebound number and strength for each test
specimen. The equation for this curve can be
determined by any standard curve fitting procedure.
4 BSI 11-1998
BS 1881-202:1986
BSI 11-1998 5
6 blank
BS 1881-202:1986
Publications referred to
2) In preparation.
BSI 11-1998
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