Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
On
IMPROVEMENT LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH
ENHANCEMENT
USING STFCL FOR DFIG BASED WIND TURBINE
Submitted by
SANLAP NANDI [REG NO: 1051220060]
SHREYA SATISH PAI [REG NO: 1051220063]
R.ARVIND [REG NO: 1051220065]
GABRIEL SEBASTIAN [REG NO: 1051220084]
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
I hereby declared that the entire work contained in this project report
entitled IMPROVEMENT LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH
ENHANCEMENT USING STFCL FOR DFIG BASED WIND TURBINE
has been carried out by me at SRM University , Ramapuram Campus, Chennai-
600089, under the guidance of Mr.P.Srinivasan, M.E, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
PLACE: CHENNAI
DATE:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
and more sensitive to various grid faults, which resulted in new grid codes. One
of the most important grid codes is the low voltage ride through (LVRT), which
requires the wind energy conversion systems to remain connected to the grid
during voltage dips. Voltage dips mainly occur when large loads are connected
to the grid or the results of grid faults like lightning strikes and short circuit
events.
In this project, a LVRT strategy for a wind turbine driven doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG) with switch type fault current limiter (STFCL) is
low cost, small size, import and export of reactive power and it occupies close
to 50% of the wind energy market. To overcome the LVRT issues, STFCL can
be inserted in series with stator branches on occurrence of grid faults, which can
limit the rotor over current and weaken the rotor back electromagnetic force
voltage. It can also absorb the excessive energy stored in the stator during LVRT
Table of Contents
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................VIII
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS.........................................................................................................
1.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................................2
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY.........................................................................................
EXPERIMENT 1:................................................................................................................54
WIND SPEED=20M/S AND PITCH ANGLE=90DEGREE..................................................
EXPERIMENT 2:................................................................................................................56
WIND SPEED=32.5M/S, PITCH ANGLE=90DEGREES.....................................................
EXPERIMENT 3:................................................................................................................58
WIND SPEED=1M/S, PITCH ANGLE=90DEGREES..........................................................
CHAPTER 9: HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................
List Of Figures
9.3 Inverter 70
9.4 Battery 71
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Wind energy conversion (WEC) is the most mature and the most widespread of
renewable technologies at the moment. In order to integrate wind farms into the
grid, they are requested to follow directives from a central electricity authority
dictated by available wind. Reactive power and voltage control requirements are
also becoming more stringent, as well as fault tolerance requirements like low
variable-speed wind turbines has increased rapidly due to their operational and
speed. The increased penetration of wind energy into the power system has
resulted in the power system operators revising the grid codes to regulate and
control the operation of these renewable resources and minimize their impact on
the system. A special focus in these requirements is drawn to the wind turbine
LVRT capability which addresses primarily the ability of the wind turbine to
remain connected to the network during grid faults also they can contribute to
voltage support during and after the fault. Under the new grid codes, the wind
turbine generators (WTG) should remain connected to the grid during a voltage
dip for specific period. However, the direct connection of the generator stator to
the grid has made the DFIG very sensitive to grid disturbance. An abrupt change
in the stator voltage will result in dc and negative sequence stator ux and
induce high back electromagnetic force (EMF) voltage in the rotor circuit. The
rotor back EMF voltage exceeds the voltage rating of the rotor-side converter
(RSC) and makes the RSC lose control over rotor current under severe voltage
dip conditions. When the voltage dip occurs on the terminal of the DFIG the
stator flux cannot follow the rapid change in the stator voltage and a dc
component in the stator flux appears and the stator flux vector becomes almost
stationary. The rotor keeps rotating and the machine slip increase, which create
an overvoltage and overcurrent in the rotor. Due to these high transient currents
and overvoltage during this LVRT event, special protection techniques are
needed to protect the DFIG during these events. In this paper the LVRT strategy
for a DFIG with a switch type fault current limiter (STFCL) is presented.
absorption bypass. The DFIG based WECS is one of the most popular WECSs,
which occupies close to 50% of the wind energy market mainly due to its
outstanding advantages such as light weight, low cost and small size.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
To study and analyse the performance of wind power plant with DFIG
To model the wind turbine using pitch control mechanism
To model the wind turbine generator (doubly fed induction generator) to
LITERATURE SURVEY
1) Wenyong Guo, Member, IEEE, Liye Xiao, Shaotao Dai, Xi Xu, Yuanhe
due to the direct connection of the generator stator to the grid. Upon occurrence
type fault current limiters (BTFCL) bypass resistor (BR) has the best stator
connected in the stator circuit and BR absorbs the majority of the current
more stringent as well as LVRT. In order to integrate wind farms into the grid,
they are requested to follow directives from a dispatch center and participate in
(PCC) and that the turbine must connected to the grid during voltage sags.
temporarily. DFIG is beneficial for voltage stability.A typical LVRT that wind
generators are required to withstand between 0.15 and 0.6 pu. Crowbar prevents
PEC and DFIG from the overcurrent. This LVRT capability of the DFIG allows
also the reactive support to the network even during the fault conditions.
shunt and series elements applied at the stator side of DFIG. Crowbar is
connected in the rotor side of DFIG ,the drawbacks of this is loss of system
controllability and increases spike in the current also the overtorque cannot be
eliminated by the rotor crowbar circuit. PRN presented for the purpose of
damping synchronous frame stator flux oscillations. And it is capable for DFIG
low voltage ride through at the voltage sag down to 5% of the nominal voltage.
It is aimed for providing an over damped response for stator flux transient.
In this paper five LVRT methods for protection of DFIG during low
voltage events are implemented and compared. The five methods are Crowbar,
DC Chopper, series dynamic resistances, and two hybrid methods that combine
connected directly to the bulk power system grid, a new grid codes have been
issued that require Low-Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability for wind
turbines so they can remain online and support the electric grid post fault
stability of the network and reduce generation shortage after the fault clearance.
Each utility has its own grid codes for this LVRT. These methods were tested
under different types of fault. The series dynamic resistor (SDR) protection
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
put forward higher standards in connecting the wind power with the power
system, related to active and reactive power capability, voltage operating ranges
and low voltage ride through (LVRT). The LVRT is considered to be the biggest
the capacity of wind farms LVRT will definitely increase the cost of wind farm
projects. The more common wind turbine implementations are variable speed,
for it has the advantages of higher energy capture, less mechanical stress,
constant energy output and lower noise, compared with the constant speed
turbines.
doubly fed induction control technology wind turbines. In general, the wind
The DFIG has become the most widely used VSCF wind turbines. The model of
DFIG is shown in Fig.3.1. Due to the strong coupling between the stator and
rotor, the transient currents on the stator are reflected on the rotor windings,
during a fault. The transients can also result in a rise in the dc bus voltage and
the machine side converter current. The active and reactive power will oscillate,
more seriously it will also cause the rotor circuit over-voltage and over-current.
Over-current can damage converters, as well as, the generator's rotor windings
3 .2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with switch type fault current limiter
faults, which can limit the rotor over current and weaken the rotor back
electromagnetic force voltage. The STFCL can also absorb the excessive energy
stored in the stator during LVRT with the fault absorption bypass so as to
prevent the semiconductor switches from overvoltage. The STFCL limits the
low cost, small size, and import and export the reactive power. It occupies close
to 50% of the wind energy market. The feasibility of the proposed approach is
system.
This paper introduces the STFCL into the eld of wind power
generation. The STFCL can protect not only the RSC from over current and
over voltage but also the gearbox from over torque. The major advantage of the
STFCL is its outstanding LVRT enhancing capability. The DFIG can ride
through the most serious grid fault under well protection with the help of the
STFCL.
CHAPTER 4
clean, freely available and sustainable in nature. India is the worlds fifth largest
June 2015. For renewable energy, the total installed capacity of 36470.64 MW
with wind power contributing 23762.81 MW, Solar 4060.65 MW, Bio energy
wind sector alone, there can be a saving of million tons of CO 2from being
spread into the atmosphere every year. Advantages of Wind Power are:
efficiently.
Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause
greenhouse gases or other pollutants.
A wind power project has least investment in manpower and has the
to the ground. The nacelle supports the rotor hub that holds the rotor blades and
also houses the gearbox, generator, and, in some designs, power converters. The
industry standard HAWT uses a three blade rotor positioned in front of the
the orientation of the spin axis is perpendicular to the ground. The turbine rotor
uses curved vertically mounted air foils. The generator and gearbox are
features higher wind energy conversion efficiency due to the blade design and
access to stronger wind, but it needs a stronger tower to support the heavy
weight of the nacelle and its installation cost is higher. Horizontal-axis turbines
speed turbines. As the name suggests, fixed-speed wind turbines rotate at almost
a constant speed, which is determined by the gear ratio, the grid frequency, and
the number of poles of the generator. The maximum conversion efficiency can
be achieved only at a given wind speed, and the system efficiency degrades at
other wind speeds. The fixed-speed turbine generates highly fluctuating output
power to the grid, causing disturbances to the power system. This type of
stresses.
maximum energy conversion efficiency over a wide range of wind speeds. The
turbine can continuously adjust its rotational speed according to the wind speed.
The tip speed ratio, which is the ratio of the blade tip speed to the wind speed,
can be kept at an optimal value to achieve the maximum power conversion
efficiency at different wind speeds. To make the turbine speed adjustable, the
wind turbine generator is normally connected to the utility grid through a power
controlled generator reduces mechanical stress on the turbine, the drive train
and the supporting structure. Due to the above reasons, variable-speed turbines
dominate the present market. Advantages of variable speed wind turbine are:
Drag principle
Lift principle
The least efficient method of rotating the wind turbine rotor is the
drag principle.
4.4.2 Lift Principle
minimise the drag forces are called streamlined because the lines that flow
around them follow smooth, stream- like lines such as the shape of fish,
fuselage and wing sections of aircrafts, helicopters and the wind turbine blade
aerofoil.
It is also called pitch regulated. In this, the rotor blades are almost
stall WPPs.
grid elasticity.
cut-in wind speed (the speed at which the wind turbine starts to operate) and the
rated capacity, approximately .The wind turbine usually reaches rated capacity
At wind speeds higher than the rated wind speed, the maximum
power production will be limited. The power output regulation can be achieved
certain wind interval that has its upper limit at the cut-out wind speed. The cut-
out wind speed is the wind speed where the wind turbine stops production and
turns out of the main wind direction. Typically, the cut out wind speed is in the
m/s, the last row may get only 10 m/s. Hence, the wind turbines in the first row
will operate at rated capacity, 1500 kW for the turbine in Figure 4.1, whereas
Connecting the rotor to the generator is the drive train. In larger wind
turbine systems, the drive train includes gearing to increase the speed of rotation
from the rotor into the generator. Small turbines do not have this feature; the
RPM depending on the rotor diameter. Hence, Many WPPs mounted with high
speed generators require a gearbox to step up the speed to render the electric
power grid compatible at 50 Hz. The gearbox used in geared large wind turbines
is one of the single most, heaviest and expensive components. The generator
converts the slow speed rotation of the wind turbine rotor on one side to high
speed shaft on the other side to match the high speed of electrical generator
shaft. If the synchronous speed of the electrical generator is 1500 RPM and if
the rated WPP rotor speed is taken as 30 RPM, then a generator ratio of
the range of -30% to 40% of the rated speed. DFIG has a slip power of 40%.The
power rating for the DFIG is normally in the range of a few hundred kilowatts
to several megawatts. The stator of the generator delivers power from the wind
turbine to the grid and, therefore, the power flow is unidirectional. However, the
conditions.
FIG: 4.2 DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System
The power can be delivered from the rotor to the grid and vice versa
wind energy system can harvest more energy from the wind than a fixed-speed
WECS of the same capacity when the wind speed is below its rated value.
Whenever a conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux, then emf induced in
that conductor. The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate
of flux linkage. This is called electromagnetic principle. In DFIG since both the
stator and rotor windings are connected to the grid and participate in the energy
conversion process, they are termed as doublyfed. Unlike the wound rotor
in the DFIG rotor circuit is recovered, treated, transformed and sent onwards to
the grid through a partial scale( one-third of the rated power) back-to back
The aerodynamic torque Taero from the wind turbine rotor acts on the
front end of the gearbox while the generation torque T gen from the DFIG side
acts on the rear end of the gearbox resulting in the torsion of the high speed
shaft. The DFIG usually has a synchronism which can speed upto 2000 RPM
and it connected to the rotor axis through a gearbox. Leading and lagging power
factors can be achieved by overexciting or under exciting the rotor of the DFIG.
By control of the PEC output voltage with respect to the grid voltage, the PEC
on changing for every change in wind speed, there is a separate torque- speed
DFIG stator to the grid, undesirable stator dynamics may arise leading to
excessive torque transients on the gearbox and slow speed shaft. The rotor
windings carry the slip frequency currents. Only the power flow from the rotor
The active power P always goes out from the stator and is put into the
synchronous, whereas the rotor absorbs power when operating as motor (at sub
synchronism).
and grid- side converter (GSC) of the PEC are fully decoupled so that reactive
by the GSC. The PEC uses vector control techniques for decoupling the
mechanical and electrical rotor frequencies from the grid networks so that the
mechanical rotor speed, thereby controlling both active and reactive power.
tracking(MPPT)
NsN
slip s= 100
Ns (4.1)
synchronous speed.
120 f
Ns= ( rpm )
p (4.2)
Where,
p = number of poles
bidirectional power flow. At positive slips, during lower than rated wind speeds
the DFIG is said to operate at sub synchronous speed. It seems that negative
resistance is inserted into the rotor circuit to make up the energy deficit, i.e., the
Ps Pm Ps Ps
Pr Ploss Ploss
Pr
Motoring Generating
S >0
Pr absorbed
Pr delivered
r < s Ps delivered
Ps absorbed
Where Pm, Ps, Pr are the mechanical, stator, and rotor power respectively.
The borrowed power along with the low speed shaft energy passes
into the stator that is connected to the grid as if the stator appears to be
supplying 130% of the power to the grid. It is seen that the generator rotor has
borrowed 30%, leaving the line with 100% for the theoretical lossless DFIG.
When the power flow is in the reverse direction, the grid side PEC acts as a
When the wind speeds up the rotor beyond the rated speed, DFIG is
said to operate at super synchronous speeds. The extra power is then spilled
away by pitching the rotor blades out of the wind. Simultaneously, the PEC in
the rotor circuit compensates the difference between the mechanical and
electrical frequency of the WPP by injecting a current into the rotor circuit with
a variable frequency. In this mode, the stator of the DFIG delivers the power
directly to the grid. At the same time, power also flows from the DFIG rotor to
the grid through PEC, i.e., positive resistance is inserted. In this condition, the
grid side controller works as a converter recovering the slip power from the
rotor side controller which works as an inverter supplying power to the grid. At
super synchronous mode, both the stator and rotor power add up to convert the
Ps Pm Ps Pm
Pr Ploss Pr Ploss
S <0
Motoring Generating
r > s
Pr delivered
Ps delivered
Pr absorbed
Ps absorbed
Neglecting losses, the rotor power handled by the PEC can be represented as
Protor =s P stator
(4.3)
Pgrid
If is the total power from the DFIG to the grid, then
1s
Pmec h=Protor =P stator +P rotor
s (4.5)
Higher the slip, larger will be the electrical power that is either
The DFIG rotor connected to the grid through a three phase, variable
shown in Fig.4.5
operate at variable (or adjustable) speed, and thus permits to provide more
effective power capture than the fixed-speed counterparts. So, it can be control
achieved by changing the firing angle of the RSC. The GSC generates or
transistors (IGBTs), whose power rating defines the speed range (typically
controlling the reactive power compensation and a smooth grid connection. The
point of view.
4.9 TRANSFORMER
there are more turns on the secondary coil than the primary coil. A step down
transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the primary coils.
While the WPP varies in speed due to the varying wind speed, the control
of the rotor voltage enables the DFIG to remain synchronised with the
grid.
The DFIG must not necessarily be magnetised from the electrical grid; it
The DFIG with the four quadrant converter in the rotor circuit enables
export the reactive power, thus providing the necessary reactive power
the low rating of the PEC and here is a lesser acoustic noise.
CHAPTER 5
possibility of controlling the active and reactive power, which is significant for
grid integration. On the other hand, vector control of the DFIG enables the
decoupling between active and reactive power as well as between the torque and
the power factor. Hence, unique features of grid supporting are expected. Owing
to the new policies of recent grid codes, wind farms are required to remain grid
connected during grid faults for a certain time so that they can directly
contribute with active and reactive power to the grid. This leads to support the
overall system stability. On the other hand, wind turbines are separated from the
generation. However, large penetration of wind energy into the grid leads the
spinning reserve to have less time to react to the power imbalance resulting
deviations can be expected in the system. Then, grid voltage support by wind
generators is essential for eliminating these impacts. Basic control strategies for
support the grid was conventionally achieved by controlling the behaviour of
either the Rotor Side Coveter (RSC) or the Grid Side Converter (GSC) or both
of them to maintain the generated active and reactive power of the DFIG during
the fault period. Old grid integration scenarios recommend to separate wind
generators from the grid when their terminal voltage level decreased below 80%
of its nominal range. Since these scenarios are not acceptable with the
increasing penetration wind power plants, recent grid codes demanded that grid
integrated wind farms must withstand voltage dips to a certain percentage of its
nominal voltage for a specified duration. Accordingly, wind turbines are usually
For severe thermal impacts, on the other hand, wind turbines can be
separated from the grid and then resynchronized shortly after a few hundreds of
strategies for regulating the terminal voltage DFIG wind turbines during
normal/abnormal operation.
All around the world, the grid codes vary in scope and specific details
from one jurisdiction to another. In order to regulate wind farms, all areas have
must have the ability to regulate the active power, and to control
department directives.
Hz.
The key basis for putting forward the LVRT requirement is the specific
characteristics and configurations of the grid, which is the wind farm connecting
with. In addition, the capacity of wind farms also plays a leading role. From the
diagram something can be clearly found, grid code varies according to the need.
As per the Indian grid code wind turbines are allowed to disconnect as low as
0.15 p.u. Variable wind speed leads to variable wind power generation, which
generated active power and the active power delivered to the grid.
Voltage dips occurs, when large loads are connected to the grid or a result
plants disconnect at the same time the complete network could break
SYSTEM MODEL
6.1 MODELING OF WIND TURBINE DRIVEN DFIG
P
The mechanical power ( W ) extracted from wind energy is
computed as a function of the air density ( ), the swept area (A), the wind
C
speed ( ) and the power coefficient factor ( p ) as,
1
Pw = A 3 C p
2 (6.1)
Where the tip speed ratio () is expressed as a function of the blade length (R)
b R
(6.2)
v
The relations among the developed electrical torque (T g), the mechanical torque
(Tm) and the extracted aerodynamic torque (Tw) can be described as functions of
the angular velocities of the wind turbine rotor ( r) and the generator shaft (g)
as,
d r
T w T m=J r (6.3)
dt
d g
T mT g=J g (6.4)
dt
Where the constants Jr, Jg are wind turbine rotor inertia and generator
shaft inertia respectively.
equations are transformed into direct and quadrature d-q axis as well, in order to
develop nth order models for specific applications whereby higher order models
are used for studies requiring high degree of accuracy. Lower order models are
used for simplicity and are achieved after certain conditions and assumptions.
synchronous frame to the stator or rotor flux of an induction machine and also
these torsional oscillations, as they may influence the PEC operations both
during faults and a short while after the grid faults have been removed. Based
power
which is a function of slip s, is added to the common T circuit of the SCIG. This
equivalent circuit includes the magnetisation losses and is valid for one
equivalent star (Y) phase and for steady state calculations. In case of the delta
representation.
r
1
(6.5)
s=
Where
1= stator frequency
r = rotor speed
2= slip frequency
V r Rr
= I r + j 1 Lr I r+ j 1 Lm ( I s + I r + I m ) (6.7)
s s
0=R m I rm + j 1 Lm ( I s+ I r + I m )
(6.8)
Vs = stator voltage
Rs = stator resistance
1= stator frequency
Rm=magnetising resistance
s= slip
Furthermore, if the air gap, stator and rotor fluxes are defined as,
m=Lm ( I s + I r + I rm)
(6.9)
s=L s I s + Lm ( I s + I r + I rm ) =Ls I s + m
(6.10)
r=Lr I r + Lm ( I s + I r + I rm ) =Lr I r + m
(6.11)
Where
m
= air gap flux
s
=stator flux
r
=rotor flux
V s=R s I s+ j 1 s
(6.12)
V r Rr
= I r + j 1 r (6.13)
s s
0=R m I rm + j 1 m
(6.14)
The stator flux of the DFIG can also be determined by the following expression:
V sR s I s
()dt
t
(6.15)
s= s 0+
0
After determining the apparent and active power that is fed to the
DFIG through the stator and rotor circuit, the mechanical power produced by
If Pgrid is the total power from the DFIG to the grid, then
1s
Pmec h=Protor =P stator +P rotor
s (6.17)
Transformation from 3-phase stationary (a, b, c) to 2-phase stationary (ds, qs)
axes
Stator Voltage:
V ds=i ds R s + s qs
(6.18)
V qs=i qs R s + s ds
(6.19)
Rotor Voltage:
d
V dr =i dr Rr S r qr +
dt dr (6.20)
d
V qr=i qr Rr S r dr +
dt qr (6.21)
Flux linkage:
qs=Ls i qs + Lm i qr
(6.22)
ds=Ls i ds + Lm i dr
(6.23)
qr=L s i qr + Lm iqs
(6.24)
dr=L s i dr + Lm i ds
(6.25)
Fig: 6.3 abc to dq Transformation
In these equations Rs, Rr, ls and lr are respectively the resistances and
inductances of the stator and rotor windings, lm is the main inductance is the
ds qs dr ds
rotor speed. Vds, Vqs, Vdr, Vqr, ids, iqs, idr, , , , are the direct and
quadrate components of the space phasors of the stator and rotor voltages,
The active and reactive powers at the stator are defined as:
Ps=V ds i ds + V qs i qs
(6.26)
Qs=V qs i ds V ds iqs
(6.27)
The active and reactive powers at the rotor are defined as:
Pr=V dr i dr +V qr i qr
(6.28)
Qr=V qr i dr V dr iqr
(6.29)
( ds i qs qs i ds )
3P (6.30)
T e=
22
CHAPTER 7
SIMULATION RESULTS
7.1 SIMULATION DIAGRAM
Fig 7.1 Simulation Diagram
This is the Simulink model of wind turbine driven doubly fed induction
generator is connected to the grid and the simulation results are shown below.
Fig. 7.2 shows the simulation diagram of wind turbine connected to the
drive train. The wind is the input given to the turbine, through the drive train it
gets speed up and matches the DFIG speed. The generator torque Tm is
Fig. 7.3 shows the simulation diagram of DFIG where the stator is
directly connected to the grid and rotor is connected through the power
electronic converter.
CHAPTER 8
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
For finding different operating conditions of LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-
THROUGH ENHANCEMENT USING STFCL FOR DFIG BASED WIND
TURBINE different Experiments were conductors monitoring different
parameters.
Experiment 1:
Fig 8.1. Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind speed=20m/s and Pitch
Angle=90degrees
Fig 8.5. Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind speed=32.5m/s and Pitch
Angle=90degrees
Fig 8.8. Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind speed=1m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees
Fig 8.11. Fault Condition And Fault Rectification Condition Graph Of STFCL.
CHAPTER 9
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
9.1 HARDWARE EXPLANATION
9.1.2. Invereter
Fig.9.4 Battery
The battery used in this project is 12V 7.5 A Lead Acid Battery. This
battery is used to store the power produced by the wind turbine and to provide
DC power to the inverter when necessary.
9.1.4 Switch-Type Fault Current Limiter (STFCL)
A PWM generator is used to provide the reqiured pulse to the gate of mosfet to
operate the circuit. The PWM generator used here is Adrino Li2 Flexi board
with a Atmel Mega8 microprocessor. It is used for providing a pulse of 0.08sec
to the mosfet gate for the operation of the STFCL.
9.2 Hardware Results
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
wind turbine from grid. This is mainly due to power electronic converter which
is sensitive to the low voltage problems. If voltage dip occurs at the grid side, it
affects the generator causing the mismatch between the power being produced
and delivered to the grid. To overcome this issues STFCL can be implemented
turbine remains connected to the grid under this issue. The STFCL inserts fault-
fault, which helps weaken the rotor back EMF voltage and reduce the rotor
It absorbs the excessive energy stored in the stator and helps prevent
semiconductor devices from overvoltage during the LVRT process and also help
the DFIG to ride through the most serious grid fault, which will not request
[1] Wenyong Guo, Liye Xiao, Shaotao Dai, Xi Xu, Yuanhe Li, and Yifei
[5] Wenyong Guo, Liye Xiao, Shaotao Dai, Yuanhe Li, Xi Xu, Weiwei Zhou
and Luo Li, LVRT Capability Enhancement of DFIG With Switch-Type
Fault Current Limiter, IEEE Trans On Ind Electron., vol. 62, no. 1,pp.
requirements for wind farms, IET Renew. Power Gener, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 27762798, Jul. 2013.
thedoublyfedinductiongeneratorduringthree-phasevoltagedips,IEEE
Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 709717, Sep. 2007.
voltage dips, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 321330,
Mar. 2008.
[10] S. Tohidi, H. Oraee, M. R. Zolghadri, S. Shao, and P. Tavner,