Chemistry Form 4 Definition List

Element a substance Compound a substance Atom smallest particle of an

consists of one type consists two or more elemen element.
of atom. ts that are chemically
bonded(molecule or ions).

Molecule a group Ion Isotopes atoms of the same

of two or more atoms. a positively charged / negati element with same
vely charged particle. proton number but different
nucleonnumbers.

Relative atomic mass Relative molecular mass of Molecule formula compound

of an element = the an element = the average shows the actual number of
average mass of one mass of one atom of an atoms of each element that are
atom of an element/ molecule/((1/12) x the mass present in a molecule of the
((1/12) x the mass of of one carbon-12 atom) compound
one carbon-12 atom)

Empirical formula Mole amount of substance One mole Avogadro constant

compound shows that contains as many 6.02 x 1023
the simplest whole particles as the number of
number ratio of atoms atoms inexactly 12 g of
of each element in the carbon-12 the symbol of
compound mole is mol.

Group (Periodic Table) Periods (Periodic Table) Valence electrons electrons

vertical columns of horizontal rows of that occupy the outermost shell.
element (similar element.
chemical properties).

Ionic bond bond Ionic compound consist Covalent bond bond formed
formed through the of positive ions through the sharing of non-
transfer of electrons and negative ions which are metal electrons to achieve the
between atoms held by strong electrostatic stable duplet or octet electron
of metal andnon-metal t forces of attraction. arrangement.
o achieve the stable
octet electron
arrangement.

Covalent Alkali (base) chemical Acid chemical substance

compound (also simple substance which ionizes in which ionizes in water to
molecular structure) water to produce hydroxide produce hydrogen ions, H+ or
consists of neutral ions, OH-. hydroxonium ions, H3O+.
molecules which are
held by weak
intermolecular forces
(Van der Waals).

pH degree of acidity pH value measure of the Strong alkali ionises

or alkalinity of a concentration of hydrogen (dissociates) completely in
solution. Scale ranges ions, H+. water to form hydroxide ions,
from 0 to 14. OH- of high concentration.

Weak alkali ionises Strong acid ionises Weak acid ionises

(dissociates) partially in (dissociates) completely in (dissociates) partially in water
water to water to to form hydrogen ions, H+ of
form hydroxide ions, form hydrogen ions, H+ of low concentration.
OH- of low high concentration.
concentration.

Polymer long chain

molecules made up by
monomer (repeating
unit).

SPM Chemistry Form 5 Definition List

Effective Homologous series Catalyst a chemical that alter the rate

collision (Collision organic compounds of reaction.
theory) collision (families)
that results in a with similar
chemical reaction formulae and
where the particles properties.
collide with
the correct
orientation and are
able to achieve
the activation energy.

Positive Negative Organic compounds carbon-containing

catalyst increases th catalyst decreases t compound. Carbon atoms
e rate of reaction he rate of reaction form covalent bonds.
& lower the & higher the
activation energy. activation energy
Inorganic Saturated Unsaturated hydrocarbons
compounds hydrocarbons hydrocarbons containing at least one
compounds from non- hydrocarbons carbon-carbon doubleor triple bond.
living things which containing
do not contain the only single bonds
element carbon. between all carbon
atoms.

Esterification esters Vulcanisation Redox reaction chemical reactions

are produced process which makes involving oxidation and reduction occurr
the natural rubber ing simultaneously.
harder and increases
its elasticity by
adding sulphur.

Flavouring improve Stabilisers help to Thickeners substances that thicken

the taste or smell of mix two liquids that food and give the food a firm, smooth
food and restore taste usually do not mix and uniform texture.
loss due to food together so that they
processing. form an emulsion.

Precipitation the Displacement the Neutralisation the heat change

heat change when one heat change when one mole of water is formed from
mole of a when one mole of a the reaction between an acid and an
precipitate is formed metal is displaced alkali.
from their ions in from its salt solution
aqueous solution. by a more
electropositive metal.

Combustion the
heat change when one
mole of a
substance is complete
ly burnt in oxygen
under standard
conditions.