We abuse land because we regard it as a

commodity belonging to us. When we see

land as a community to which we belong,
we may begin to use it with love and
respect.
Aldo Leopold
 EN: 102
Introduction to Infrastructure
Lecture on
Classification and Management of
Waste

Prepared by Dr. Manoj Langhi, IITRAM

 WASTE
Waste is described as any unwanted things/ materials.
 Terminology
Scrap consists of recyclable materials left over from product manufacturing and
consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Unlike
waste, scrap can have significant monetary value.
Refuse is the term used for the food that is discarded (as from the kitchen)
Garbage is the animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling, preparation,
cooking and serving of food.
Rubbish consists of a variety of both combustible and non-combustible solid wastes
from homes, stores, and institutions, but does not include garbage.
Trash is synonymous with rubbish, but technically, is a subcomponent of rubbish, such
as papers, rags, cartons, boxes, wood, furniture, tree branches etc.
 Classification of waste
Waste is classified by its source and by its properties

Controlled waste is waste that is subject to legislative control in either its handling
or its disposal
 Stats_States
Madhya Pradesh, Others, Maharashtra,
3.50% 15.60% 17.10%
The average per
Rajasthan, 3.80%
West Bengal,
capita waste
Gujarat, 5.40% 12.00% generation in
Karnataka,
Uttar Pradesh,
India is
6.00%
10.00% 370 grams/day
Andhra Pradesh,
8.80% Delhi, 8.90%
Tamil Nadu, 9.00%

Share of states in urban Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated

 Classifications of cities
Original Classification Population Range No. of Per Capita
Classification for Metro city (2001 Census) Cities kg/day
Metropolitan 5,000,000 Above 6 0.605
Class A 1,000,000 4,999,999 32 0.448
Class B 700,000 999,999 20 0.464
Class C 500,000 699,999 19 0.487
Class 1 Class D 400,000 499,999 19 0.448
Class E 300,000 399,999 31 0.436
Class F 200,000 299,999 58 0.427
Class G 150,000 199,999 59 0.459
Class H 100,000 149,999 111 0.445
Class 2 50,000 99,999 6 0.518
Class 3 20,000 49,999 4 0.434
 Class G, 5.00%
Stats_Cities
Class H,
6.00%
Class F, 6.00% Waste generation
Class E, 5.00% rate in Indian
Metros, 37.00% cities ranges
Class D, 4.00% between 200
870 grams/day,
Class C, 5.00%
depending upon
Class A, 24.00%
the regions
Class B, 8.00%
lifestyle and the
size of the city

Share of different classes of cities in urban Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

generated
 Glass, 1.00%
Others, 4.00% Stats_MSW

Paper, MSW components Materials

8.00%
Food waste,
Plastic, 9.00%
Compostables landscape and tree
Metals, 1.00% trimmings
Biodegradable,
Rags, 4.00% 48.00% Paper, Cardboard,
Recyclables Plastics, Glass,
Metals
Inerts,
25.00% Stones and silt,
Inerts bones, and other
inorganic materials

Composition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in India

 Why to manage???
Improper solid waste management causes a) Air Pollution, b) Water Pollution and
c) Soil Pollution.
MSW clogs drains, creating - a) stagnant water for insect breeding and b) floods
during rainy seasons
Greenhouse gases are generated from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills.
Insect and rodent vectors are attracted to the waste and can spread diseases such as
cholera and dengue fever.
Some Health Problems linked to improper solid waste management are,
Nose & throat infections, Lung infection, Breathing problems, Infection, Inflammation,
High PM10 exposure, High pollution load, Bacterial infections, Obstruction in airways,
Elevated mucus production, Covert lung haemorrhage, Chromosome break, Anaemia,
Cardiovascular risk, Altered immunity, Allergy, asthma and Other infections.
 Hierarchy
of
sustainable
Waste
Management
 Bio-
gas
plant
 C&D
Waste
Manage-
ment
 Hazardous Waste Management
Hazardous waste
HW is any waste or combination of wastes that poses a substantial danger, now or in the
future to human, plant, or animal life, and which therefore cannot be handled or disposed of
without special precautions.
Priority in Hazardous waste management
1. Reduce the amount of HW generated in first place.
2. Stimulate waste exchange.
3. Recycle metals, energy content and other useful sources contained in HW.
4. Detoxify and neutralize liquid HW by chemical/ biological treatment.
Reduce volume of waste sludges by dewatering and stabilize or solidify sludges to reduce
leachability of metals.
5. Destroy combustible HW by high temperature incinerators.
Stabilize ash to reduce leachability of metals.
6. Dispose of remaining treated residues in specially designed landfills.
 Hazardous Waste Management
Hazardous waste management process
1. Biological treatment 4. Incineration
2. Chemical treatment 5. Stabilization/ Solidification
Neutralization 6. Land Disposal
Oxidation Deep Well Injection
Precipitation Landfill
Reduction
3. Physical/ Chemical treatment
Carbon Adsorption
Distillation
Ion Exchange
Electrodialysis
Reverse Osmosis
Solvent Extraction
Wastewater
and
Treatment
 Sewage
Treatment
Process
or
Effluent
Treatment
Process
 Aerated
lagoon
waste
water
treatment
 Sludge treatment and disposal

Sludge treatment
Thickening
Stabilization
Conditioning
Dewatering
Reduction
Sludge disposal
Land spreading for sustainability
Landfilling
Dedicated Land Disposal (DLD)
Utilization
(composting and co-firing with MSW)
 Assignment
Write in brief about the operation/ process of
Sewage Treatment Plant/ Effluent Treatment Plant
Bio-gas Plant
Constructed Wet Lands
Aerated Lagoon Waste Water Treatment

Due date 15/04/2014 before 12:30 pm

 REFERENCES
For more details refer the book
Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 4/E by Davis and Cornwell
Page no. 8.80 for sludge treatment
Page no. 8.99 for sludge disposal
Page no. 11.1 to 11.3 for solid waste

Note Lecture notes on Constructed Wet Lands will be uploaded after the due date of
Assignment
May the footprints we leave behind show
that weve walked in kindness toward the
Earth and every living thing.

We must be the change we wish to see in the

world.
Mahatma Gandhi