Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is the study of chemistry that changes chemical

energy into electrical energy or vice versa.

1. Cells - Electrochemical cells

An electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes, called
cathodes and anodes, the electrolyte solution. At the cathode
electrode reduction reaction occurs. While the oxidation
reaction occurs at the anode. The electrochemical cell can be
divided into
a. Cell Volta / Sel Galvani transform chemical energy into
electrical energy
Example: batteries (dry cells), accu
b. Electrolysis Cells transform electrical energy into chemical
energy
Example: gilding, metal refining
Cells Galvani
Galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that produces electricity
caused by the occurrence of spontaneous redox reaction.
Examples of galvanic cell is the Daniell cell whose image can
be seen in Figure 1. If the second electrode is connected by an
external circuit, current results litrik which can be proved by
meyimpangnya galvanometer needle mounted on the outside
of the cell circuit.

Figure 1. Cells Daniell

Daniell Cells are often modified as shown in Figure 2. The two
half-cells connected with salt bridges.

Figure 2. Cells Daniell with salt

bridges.

When the Daniell cell used as a power

source a change of Zn into soluble

Zn2 + Zn (s) Zn2 + (aq) + 2e (oxidation)

It can be seen from the reduction in the mass of Zn before and

after the reaction. On the other hand, the Cu electrode is
increasing its mass due to the deposition of Cu of Cu 2+ in
solution.
Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e Cu (s) (reduction reaction)

In these cells act as the anode electrode Zn and Cu electrodes as

the cathode. When strung together Daniell cell, electrons flow
from the electrode occurs zinc (Zn) to the electrode of copper
(Cu) on the outside sirkuat. Therefore, the zinc metal acts as a
negative pole and metal copper as a positive pole. At the same
time the solution in these cells occurred positive flow from left to
right as a result of a partial flow of Zn 2+ ions (as in solution left
an excess of Zn 2+ ions than the ion-existing SO42). Total
reaction that occurs in the Daniell cell are:
Zn (s) + Cu 2+ (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

The reaction is spontaneous redox reaction which can be used to

produce electricity through an electrochemical cell lines.

Various voltaic cells / galvanic cell

1. Dry Cell or Cells Leclance
a. These cells are often used for radio, tape, flashlights,
children's toys, etc.
b. cathode as a positive terminal consists of carbon (in the
form of graphite) are protected by a carbon paste, MnO2
and NH4Cl2
c. anode is the outer layer made of zinc and appear at the
bottom of the battery as a negative terminal.
d. Electrolytes: Mixed form of pasta: MnO2 + NH 4 Cl + a little
water
e. anode reaction is the oxidation of zinc
a. Zn (s) Zn2 + (aq) + 2e
f. cathode reaction takes place is more complicated and the
results will form a mixture. One of the most important
reactions are:
a. 2MnO2 (s) + 2NH4 + (aq) + 2e Mn2O3 (s) + 2NH3
(aq) + H2O
g. Ammonia occurs on the cathode will react with Zn 2+
generated at the anode and forming ion Zn (NH3) 42+.
h. Cathode: PbO2 (s) + HSO4- (aq) + 3H + (aq) + 2e PbSO4
(s) + 2H2O (l)
i. Anode: Pb (s) + HSO4- (aq) PbSO4 (s) + H + (aq) + 2e
j. PbO2 (s) + Pb (s) + 2HSO4- (aq) + 2H + (aq) 2PbSO4 (s)
+ 2H2O (l)
k. Esell0 = +1.685 V - (-0.356 V) = + 2.041 V
2. Cells Batteries
a. Cathode: PbO2
b. Anode: Pb
c. Electrolyte Solution H2SO4
d. The reaction is:
e. PbO2 (s) + 4H + (aq) + SO42- (aq) PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O
(cathode) Pb (s) + SO42- (aq) PbSO4 (s) + 2e (anode)
PbO2 (s) + Pb (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2SO42- (aq) 2PbSO4 (s)
+ 2H2O (total)
f. At the time of cell functioning, concentration of sulfuric acid
will be reduced because he is involved in the reaction.
 g. he advantage of this kind of battery is that it can be
recharged (recharge) with giving him a voltage from an
external source through the process of electrolysis, by the
reaction:
2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O PbO2 (s) + Pb (s) + 4H + (aq) +
2SO42- (aq) (total)
h. The disadvantage of this kind of battery is, in form, it is too
heavy and again it contains sulfuric acid which may be
scattered when transported.
3. Fuel Cells
a. Electrodes: Ni
b. Electrolyte KOH solution
c. Fuel: H2 and O2
4. Battery Ni Cd
a. Also called ni-cad batteries are rechargeable cargo and
commonly used on sensitive electronic equipment. Potential
is 1.4 volts.
b. Cathode: NiO2 with a little water
c. Anode: Cd
d. The reaction:
Cd (s) + 2OH- (aq) Cd (OH) 2 (s) + 2e
2e + NiO2 (s) + 2H2O Ni (OH) 2 (s) + 2OH- (aq)
The battery is more expensive than regular batteries.

Faraday's law

As a result of the flow of electric current into the electrolyte

solution will occur chemical changes in the solution. According to
Michael Faraday (1834) resulted in the passage of the oxidation
current of 1 F 1 equivalent mass of a substance on an electrode
(anode) and a reduction of 1 equivalent mass of a substance on
the other electrode (cathode).
Faraday's Law I: Massa substance arising on the electrodes for
electrolysis is directly proportional to the amount of electricity
flowing through the solution.
w~Q w = mass of matter that is deposited (g).
w ~ I.t Q = amount of electric current = electric
charge (C)

w = e.I.t e = constant = (gek: F)

Gek .i .t
I = strong electric current (A).
F

t = time (dt).

gek = equivalent mass of a substance (gek).

Ar . I . t
= n Ar = the relative atomic mass.

n = valence ion.

F = number faraday = 96 500 C.

Massa equivalent = mass of matter that is proportional to 1 mole

of electrons = 6.02 x 1023 e. 1 gek ~ 1 mol e.

If the electric current 1 F flowed into AgNO3 solution is then

deposited 1 gram equivalent of Ag.
Ag + (aq) + e Ag (s)

1 mol e ~ 1 mol Ag ~ 1 gram equivalent of Ag To obtain 1 gram

equivalent of Ag takes 1 mol e 1 gram equivalent Ag = 1 mol e =
1 mol Ag = 108 grams Ag

Electrolysis Cells

Electrolysis is derived from the word electro (electrical) and lysis

(decomposition), which means that the decomposition of the
compound by an electric current, and the tool is called
electrolysis cells. In other words, these electrolysis cells require
electricity to pump electrons, and the process is the reverse of
the process of cell Galvani. Electrolysis cell is an electrochemical
cell that lead to a redox reaction is not spontaneous in the
presence of electrical energy from the outside. An example is the
electrolysis of molten NaCl with a platinum electrode. the Daniell
cell if the electric potential difference is applied from the outside
that it is over the Daniell cell potential.