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Me ay ENCYCLOPEDIA OF A CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY Coe a aaa. volume 15 er FOURTH EDITION LASERS 10 aa and CONTENT INDEX (vol 15) (with hyperlinks) Edited by hii. vatcherwerld used LASERS. LATEX TECHNOLOGY LEAD LEAD ALLOYS LEAD COMPOUNDS = LEAD SALTS) - INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY LEATHER LEATHER-LIKE MATERIALS. LECITHIN LICENSING LIGHT GENERATION = UIGHT-EMITTING DIODES = SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS LIGNIN LIGNITE AND BROWN COAL LIME AND LIMESTONE LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS LIQUID CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT LITHIUM AND LITHIUM COMPOUNDS LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS LUMINESCENT MATERIALS ~ CHEMILUMINESCENCE - PHOSPHORS - FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS (DAYLIGHT) MACHINING METHODS, ELECTROCHEMICAL, MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS MAGNETIC MATERIALS = BULK - THIN FILMS AND PARTICLES MAGNETIC SPIN RESONANCE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS MAINTENANCE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID, AND FUMARIC ACID MALONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES. MALTS AND MALTING MANGANESE AND MANGANESE ALLOYS MANGANESE COMPOUNDS: MARKET AND MARKETING RESEARCH MASS SPECTROMETRY 106 412 112 126 137 149 163 181 188 206 220 233 262 262 284 294 306 313 338 366 366 398 411 441 447 465 477 486 501 533 539 LASERS vos LASERS, ase ne sesh fm of decomigati ed a stag ee {bi Force hth egy fone ee ‘Sigh Two ue ofl sway by peer coeds aes Howrey sc sabe 10 He Doce er evel wie Me pope iid aes hl eee ede ayo ihe "Therma ps ofc pd ight dot weg nthe blind ade pos ofthe pect. igh mar a ‘nay proper lot fom tae og fm comes igh cs Lang cab igh ooo wale cont ain Succes igh pes Tce snc pops eto pln rl noe, el ty The eos ner on orm ened nigh ion ytd omni f dato Th et ping me ws proce 1940 (1, Taw nd pl fy 127699, adopted pel ea coe lg “Theft sot eh -o> e,wa opertein 62)‘ i amply aga erin seis 2 pra hal bes aerate raped porn he pc (ge et ‘atin ieee Dug the cp een ied ype of pan annie 903007, Gat civ ‘tn inset (6) rsa snonsers) Amoeba ps fla aaa of hs wig 186) wee ‘trode i The dredopa ae hs bs we doce, “The pencil pli ole wee sow to Serdo,gybce cay ewe apne deeb ne lysed ney te css er pes we gees we a ad e178 ee gn be noone ec aad ty peo pole Le oo dr tng i adn oneradpoctnig Us conpactn oh ly ge detonate Fa ‘a of my come pcb map scans comp dk len sl ae pate ee 19% itt epee ler chad contr: Theta mundo le chology td semoadctt Ince pped steer Te derogation deleted {hereon fe eh) elmer pon of etapa met pnts ean sare seemed ue Sono the mg ‘Mtn oc Knee sostrnn ond e- chenis [heh ecnse fs dona ection cote ty xing ea nn ses These pets haben douse Fundamentals of Lasers Lec ight pre om sts teen emi rer ng Gert igh pit nes ay Ey ea hy ‘he poton eng E ofthe ght ht topo be he/A= BB = AB ® ‘his Man cost the ey igh and, nd pect: helower anther ec The este be ‘The intcrmton bermcn the ight ad he cays to pce hse apeaton wk on the plweenon sented etiam Sialed ovis pede et Fone thet gosin 91 For tied ming onc tm mre mt eo [eveind Ide scat ry lle emg. 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MFEL momo wings tn of mpi igs wb pe omar The svt the FEL deen ys eof nao ad te wg ping he ge cy Type epg wget may ee cattery tl dee gh ow tn, Vast oto lcm te wn of es nan Open of File nemrhope font sit ohne ween ese eet Ea lleseme deat roperi, conga mata nse nngange aca gh power Theo matic to ‘be dari Het mpi nen snd he oon geese re, Berl hve pet he high net in FEL land “ela of FEke dy high eof ec esos bingo ap spe sn age of tien Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) " LASERS vos Such sme ade ag at erpemin sd ee mee Inge At cae the ny 19 he Add FE, lore Alas Nib Loo pn peso ae the ons of dig and consncton 7) Tn en operon, else pete ‘engin she 3 nga sald be abe of pening ead ene FEL eeepc ns ages FEL aoe yo cane to wierd efron, Te apc my ces oh eno hot, tnt pcy nop wich FEL col be min ot ae eel opens Tanabe Laver, Tony inn es foc pri ed ception Th lily oft cbae eo enn "Tein eben heh ie nd tml pn hah dey i ey ih pores eit a ing ge habe opp fc uy ses of ec ene nite ao Taal wear ‘apes opp, Ti ‘hess ens and ave ed ger rs ison Using ny ing hve cose to hg ements and opening ce any eet pst sehr ened ng than Howrey do ve ate ied ing Ope paractrotltn(0PO» epee an ane se subse ulin pe fis. Tee ane ew tae tnd fhe wy 1) beng bee cones ee, Ts bet yb ne ype ot tbe coer sl wang get vite dined pt ft pct, One come a ‘Teton Eo ait omy pg ing ne FEL pm se ge Laser Safety ‘ew th neni wpe Fi ee ecm nea tsp tecinniear apni ergata wears aeagingasste sonst sma rt arcs orapatigs chet on cnc es ie Soe dere eden wa ar Solstice Ath tigen ei Th ne sie nin ci cht ae ee SoC ltt ten ne het ses pes teins pee atm paar pn use tints en me rio tt te leit secepg sen pe attra tog Scandi pene aot s ‘isn sts weapons eon tthe be ase tees hepa soni iets tee cheat Sn ei eS pate esi nee fy tala ii gg nee pa SSN Se ar scapeaiag he omen Tap antag sri note in pi oe sinatra rere ae te tey ‘inate ieee ems oe omnibook shee eb heh (8), rt ga ope ing ey he ft mat ane ey san a evdped by he 7-16 cms af Asan Nain Sd Ince (ASD 65) Alegre ny open the ANGI Icon mana cng eda fo aie emi ey of expont to loer nia frase weet ep di and dle prof he bd pat ae nt [ikon nr sng the fhe ta eset neni sy parr i ce “Tet'S Fond and Dmg Anita PDA) ake ply bong tar whch ok he lon of prom tnd ore otc (53) Te nl pes heaton che fore snd othe ANS cn, Aiea ag 9 rt mpl shi prsenne Theo mq rp ee mndlsigdptect epiet ating otes of he Th inn np he FD std nes tr nd ap ‘itl uae oneness paseo ning nd omnes Pins ets ay iy nt fo ate Nonlinear Optics The kecteoapeti el fag eam pried pena wer be mute cesagh wiht pee Indie open hich i Isom pi the leit tors pope ob ta tn E Home tin cob expe sn aie PNR bag aye? bak +) o eo Pith po, Bi hele Fd ie bea the costs Eu 12 lid pen a fenscegitoa The sone cotillion se fet lo he fen i the ‘apna porta edn he pear ptt wn npn elise proponent Wa igh power be ‘ster fs bone ms hihe depo" co ee beh abe, Te sea wen gti ie ‘Eten a8 Eh ia fh on Fc eng cmt pelea the foe Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 2 LASERS vos anutieat it = 05 ay ABU1 coeds) 0 poet naling egheny 30 pcs the recndhamons of hen eam Thi component he geacy 2, Oban of sen een we demented al 9 ng he ec on he id ie fie pedi ect athe sips "the cide ation eqn sd heen humains 2 oe thea t me hiney ih ‘dng eee Tintain moby wo tech cle pve mth) Some begat er ecobites ein ‘ BIBLIOGRAPHY "ates Techlgi BCT ede, Nol 4, p27 by A. le Leigh Uae ML Noon a Hot To Reh Pini Corp New Yo 192 2 PG. Cook een an SR Pig Cary Noe Yor 186. 5. US. Pac Lasts 08, tack eo LG Fen A) Wt cathe} Bench a 8 AL Cale Ca ac 4 66 5H Cate Lian. Ki, Ae he $58,098), 5. Ce Wp ey Te Vand Lat Habe, Nandi Co, New Vad 1984 2 J. Wael ag 42}, 20-217 (195). 5 EDinkin ED Sad sa MS Bh Par Lae Pant, Chan an Ati, ACS Spin Se, Va 2, 9% J.€. Ca, Nee at Ed Poot de Nemous Co, tn, Wiingon, De 1952 Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) »* LATEX TECHNOLOGY vos Oi, Psp Pt 2a aa Wey Sa I New Yr, 98. 31. FH. FecherAgpeChen L88 (0958) Beene ad owners, J he S16 (9, WP Hain a Mf P Sensis WD Hain fh Php 1, 3815) Ae Chan Ss 6, HI {WV Sn a RH Em, Clan: Phe a 958. 1G ce nd I Rae Coe Now om Shr Cs aie et Say Uae, oni $92,618 EK Ham, Che gS a3 4-4 a 195) ALS Eonar Cond a RH Ont Sef Marae Saf Poe Calan Th phn Kane Ace hen he Neth 10 pp. 12-18 [Uppbal andcrweery Pa Po La, S879. PL Tanga oes Be p72 1 Fowtoat and | Stud fp Po Se 9) 663-855 (1.0. Bae an Seow, Ch Eng Conn 13-15 (19 ga comin, rt} Ch 23,3853 198 ALS HAs sn. Canna RH, Ontertce, Tomr P Coi Klaes Ado: Pb, th Needy, 9.15 Genny, Fos Hails Fk 284-28 V.L Yeon Ply ol, Eon Pry Ace Pot New Yo 1982 9.26 RM Phc nd Hon Tom Lac 708 0070, DH Sapper RG Gr atm Co Mma Sop 1/1 S818 DH. Nap a RG Cll ne Tsp 1 {WY Syst CS 3495 (94, MUM © Kenan ad MW ie CoS 9, 300955, WHE Sages Pei Se 2408). 140957 [TOT Pe S09, 1391 (0, Pu Si at C211 0, pis © Monto). ©.aen Po Syt 8 281 6) {GT Ral abomodey, Mn 22138 (88, ML Hale swe Maren 9, 38980, 1A ume EF] Semen a AT Gen, Mat Cho 19 2477-2698 (02 Saar Pr at Sap. Mant Clon age 195 Pg Psy on 8p. 4S: Meo Ki ak Pati, IUDAC In Sn Mo Ce Phony Maa Lc. 50 p45 Me aco} Met Sle A718 (079). SLR Gracy an | Was PS Pa ATW 2817 1G By ine Pubmed Src ite, Lodo, 1S ER tow ad coworen, owe, sence Pibaten, New York, 19. YC Chen Dini nd MS Avs Pop Cha 6X1 1-16 (99, Y. Ch, VL Dion 0.1 Sha and ES. At Pt 315-1918 § Lary nd Pinan Rel hp 255-21 Oto, Ya oT Ma, Pa ChB 6, 3219198, 4 Man Hoye ELA and Van Pv Pao at E24, 286 (80, ¥.Cchon,\-L Dino O1 Sen and MS Hes, a 85-1409) Gero nd Hct in} Bras EH mgt Pe Hank, Joh Why Sm, ID Fach Cai 9 16 464-999). Wed andco-weey | A Chen Ss 4, 58-540 (196), Sh Naas BL Toman al oma, CaS, ala, New Vos HCH Oven Ret 2 pI Fema Sh od Fg Clo Re 32,7405) ALP Mel MS dc Leligh Unies Dan Pa 12 S56 Gein Of Dg Fa at Vii Chis 28 oe 10 ney Chan Bg Sa 8,212 AS Dann Bl 8p a Pat 4.239806 (1923), ST, Nala and Kobi LN al Fj al Ch eC 8-587 8), ML Noman ona KF RE 8p AcE Homeland Facing nal 2p. 330 Winn in mand) Gann, Em Porn, ACS Sposa Ss, Vu 4, Ansan Cenc Sriy, Whig, Bic, wep 2 Reb ap 32 INR Ga) He, nd MC Shinn, Ba Ph NT Pe Pb ChB 1, 19 0) ee Pb, Pr gS, 37-7408 HC Wang ndco-mrien, [Pf SP Lot dT (08. gone FP [eal Gg Par 6p ‘city Aspens 368 (GW Poli na Sty Se (ey a Gen, Chae By Tak 8 698971; AW: DeG PD. dc Leigh Unc Ban 10.) Sea, PAD sherinon, Uray of Rion Medion, BER KG RA Gonna GW Plain Re gp 38-978 sno 0 orton aes ner nto, Onan Cada 1° HC Leeand GW Pblen Cho Ey) 1033-10509) US. Pat 381,96 Laut Gal OF Cama a DA Page PAD win, Unser Wynn Nain, 195 WG Mand WL Ray Pa 89 (0785 ng Mua G Seta Can Ap Poe S28 96198, 93) 91 ag Pa Fg, 297 8 Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) » LATEX TECHNOLOGY vols 1). Come Racca F Seip Pa 4612 Re Spd ano mk, a et 2 yp. S41. SP Soin [pt Poi 9,251 (169, LHL Ove ceo moc AL SE at abd RL Fach le, Fae Dir Ci Manin Sl Pani, Dent, ACS Ewen nS Ens a). Nae, awn Pag Vira pid Sen Poser, JW Vorey a] eC One, Tha of Sealy lal Ca, he Landay Ppa URIS 3 90) CG Roe and Magee ad 2 Pt 24 51988, DIL Nap vst Dior ede Pes Laon 18 BH. Nape Calne Sa 83997) PG Kalyan WB Rn, Fay Ds Ch Sa 6,19 (199) J Goch Re Hp 312-28, |. Sane LR. Shea MLS Hl Am in R16 yp S9-56, BS. Cy, Mate Fon 61-123 KHL One Be #2 pp 256-27 ALF Aland cons Mado 26359-3520) Sn At Mees Reb and © Cig lo Ch 12988 JG Dose ind © A Sib} Calne 28,680 [UNS a HL One Ds Para 1540 Thon f Cube 3252007, J. Cano psa {G21 Bawa Pao 2211950). AYR Pa 9,379 (148. Wand Bnd ad WK Cain [Brim Sa Por M3009, 8408 1 Kr sn ships, CS: 71973) B.S TLE Boi Pyar it Ena Spain N18 Lats Ten, Rabe Diskin fie Ansa Chel Sct Mone Cy, 16 RE Pantondo-wnkevs sn Rt 8 36-346 Papin a eae Re hp. HTH Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) » Leap vols LAUNDERING. LauRIC ACID. LAURYL ALCOHOL. LAWRENCIUM, LAXATIVES. LEACHING. LEAD dw ins The ed ed nly $00 omc wth nd oe mts thy bend Occurrence and Ores val hs epetnc reese asec festa ey ave eas venpce igh a es oe ‘ity ited gh te we Th mt peace isa pln 2079394, PHS, yan 70 627 THO, (6% Pace 476154, PUCO, (73778) Tne wo min sl me at wens pe {stn one i andy id ih on a). a one depot dg eed vice waen ‘ie haptic nnn en ce sin hn ly ‘Mo ld ied be ie Stes ras en eigen Mase The sce fie ie Calbn, , Mentn, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) a Leap vols ‘aye Thee spas ome whens pension fhe ier ete rc hang temper nd pe Spe he i ‘tpi inrtan melo nse nd ies Ths bs wy rata gee, aye ies ar etn The wed meres of eet 71 1 mtd nl th we ) Ovrom Mf hi een Non Amway ni a 11, Cand, 7 Meno Sande sos Soh Ame a3 Bape, HAs ha hy i a de ea Soy Physical Properties Lea som amr member of Grup 140) fhe Ped Tale One iti gy aia mie feta ms et 2 (8720 34,2 20a 38 529") The eg sows wight ofa fm at ge ma ey mich OOK nts, Te tbe > svand Psd anon es oe 4 worn) Tec 22 hi te pes, /gX) "> ore S27 ot) 52°C gal) ‘aomnal lected potent v stundaed den lect = 0, ¥ a src mire 2100 Fre comet die Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 2 Leap vos Tacoma a gay 75 Tham condi it A =i Sxl condy bate to Cu = 10 *Tocome GPs opi ih by 15/0 (Chemical Properties Leal forme me sess of ompn cone sie of 2 aH The +2 te ihe commen, Conon of ae sped coven hoe fe)» poe Lene ompbotn, ming pam PAI) and pl (Pear wel ple Some eget Teaco of theme te of ed misc xe consonant, et ai Anil maton ith lone et he fat of poe caso nae kad compounds or ep th pene of eye wracked bt ‘erent center asc, pete so ies om dt etn bcos aerial me "ec of post tie to pain th tote ese, ental stl nae gn cs Homer he pte toes on gh byoge nee Pret ep Reton wi ong as enantio yg ‘depose neg ing npr "Acid Oxidation, Rex fled witha aa ase ce Nisa heen saat Fra med ital om ‘sein mene nt pve ase sas ome eee late ali at senses nk ceo abe Ud tds oly CL ut ie pce aun as oe oe bites snd pbs. Thar the commen esate Lend oie 175, T0 sa le a, eed by igen sito ong sno nha ees gh ens) Lene 3104-4) 8, ne by conden age sue 0% and len die 190760, PUD, fomed y depict fad oth stony ig grat Le side ein the rant of sre EIA) mer abo, wpe). tin oe stages The ae tein hing doing an tinge M8800 Monsen ‘Ore Drewvng The pict mien. moc os ep fom heads component ue Orr ae neat pst indo tbe mone topes ith hdr secu ep 2.9) Oconee uy ch ie (Eetaiow npc tbe che dia The pel steps nding acing ini, nomenon hn) 2} Ching indict ied i {Decne has ppp or di tne pS oe ges Pine) ene ied othe pene led the sco oa ees Sens eigen ated bent pute alate Skene ns are ting Fein nn ia yw bg ‘reed the ginger ployed oct hei (02 en) fc of he gating al cha epee nese ca (eae apid Sn ot wy ed Hl The coer cn el ck oe di, Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 3 Leap vols Kirk Othmer Janlogy (th Eton) Pn Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) as Leap vols PS. 2PKO-- 8 Ph SO. 40 Janlogy (th Eton) Leap vols 20040, +200, P10 CO Ph{) +00, SE tn flower thagh fit: ier ctr de sd apy ews oat ase dette aga te aes Thee gue shock held py The ic ed epi hgh alee ange whine pr ee 0 wenn te condos ie nut nome ate dened lod ano coking, ‘Other Lead Smching Procence Ste va proceso re the site Hse megs fh 2 Came ca bench IRGC cussed cn sme pet es Tha oper levine sng ni the Ket aces cons of sing mel hind sets sm shrt te Kt essen ng (1) The eth pt spre or so sn he se yon Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) ” Leap vols sl ih pei nnn inthe Rew ni ied sth ski pope Candee oe etna fhe Ket as th spon ol too te we one cpp dv fon sept an sheen pst nn crs noe ong Sig et nem fo he ce hgh ope ee od iP, The QS pms coins rps ing ey mtn gin fe mi oi The waged if nti ad adie wich pnt ton the pee emt tobe pve cnabe ase ince ae yc sedge eaten, Ian ea rh noes {cigs cota of apes rth vo tel nb bined ey aed Thrips tes pn single eto hom Fg (1) Th moon cof Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) * Leap vols the coaener de a ake spel tle ions Bw ad tg, lic cd la ym ha bina Rn pinned saan ltt yo: sei Shr T eat os 9) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) ” ical Tecnology (4th Ei Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chem Leap vols 28b-+9 PLO Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 4“ Leap vos SNngPAO, H4.Ae + 2NAOH A NayAWO, +5PH HILO NPR, +250 + 2NK,S105 427 5NagPbO, | $H,0.4 456 4Na860, 56 NAOH | 5 Po ‘Teoma fh mes ppm poe nica me er dy press Th pen of i char ccomplaely estefan wi ss nme eet pe Dr Pr ‘Tn soingeqnpat comets 1100-235 een wha mop yer pon i bg The pct cot Ince Maen cnt pdt tar slong ithe fo tee hela prt ing he saad The

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