Resumen:
representaba la molcula de exoticina.
En el estudio sobre las materias vivas se han
dado diferentes descubrimientos que han
dado paso a conceptos como el de protenas,
encimas o los aminocidos que a su vez han
ayudado a entender diversos procesos como
los del metabolismo o la fotosntesis en ms
detalle
Molculas De Importancia Crucial Para
La Vida
En 1839, el qumico holands Gerardus
Johannes Mulder estableci la frmula
general en donde consider que los diversos
compuestos albuminoides se formaban por la
adicin a esta frmula bsica de pequeos
grupos que contenan azufre o fsforo.
Mulder denomin a su frmula general
protena. Al finalizar el siglo XIX, los
bioqumicos tenan ya la certeza de que las
protenas eran molculas gigantes
constituidas por aminocidos. La medicin
ms exacta de los pesos moleculares de las
protenas se ha logrado sometindolas a la
accin de una centrifugadora, aparato que al
girar impulsa hacia el exterior a las partculas,
debido a la fuerza centrfuga
Aminocidos En La Cadena
Un aminocido es una molcula orgnica ms
un grupo amino y un grupo carboxilo
El bioqumico germano-americano Erwin
Brand sugiri un sistema de smbolos para los
aminocidos, que hoy en da es de uso
general, design a cada aminocido con las
tres primeras letras de su nombre, en vez de
hacerlo nicamente con la inicial.
En 1953 se logr el desciframiento de la
estructura de la insulina. La estructura
completa de una molcula proteica
importante se haba dilucidado por vez
primera. En este mismo ao Vincent du
Vigneaud logr sintetizar una cadena
peptdica exactamente igual a aquella que
Enzimas
En el ao 1878 Wilhelm Khne sugiri que a
estos fermentos no vivos o no organizados
se les denominaba enzimas, a partir de las
palabras griegas que significaban en la
levadura
En 1907 fue posible definir una enzima
simplemente como un catalizador orgnico.
Las enzimas, son muy especficas cada
enzima del organismo cataliza slo una
reaccin especfica
Metabolismo
Un organismo tal como el cuerpo humano es
una fbrica de productos qumicos de gran
diversidad. Respira oxgeno y bebe agua.
Incorpora como alimentos hidratos de
carbono, grasas, protenas, sustancias
minerales y otras materias primas. Elimina
diversos materiales no digeribles, as como
bacterias y los productos de la putrefaccin
que producen. Tambin excreta anhdrido
carbnico a travs de los pulmones, elimina
agua por dichos rganos y las glndulas
sudorparas, y expele orina, que transporta
una serie de compuestos en solucin, el
principal de los cuales es la urea. Estas
Reacciones qumicas determinan el
metabolismo del organismo.
Fotosntesis
A principios del siglo XVII se haba
considerado hasta entonces como un hecho
indudable que las plantas obtenan las
sustancias constitutivas a partir del suelo,
pero ms adelante se hizo patente que la
participacin del suelo como alimento directo
para las plantas se limitaba a ciertas sales
inorgnicas, tales como ciertos nitratos y
fosfatos.
El nico que da el color verde a las plantas
verdes. Denominaron al compuesto
clorofila
La energa de la luz solar se utiliza, gracias a
la accin cataltica de la clorofila, para
escindir una molcula de agua en hidrgeno y
oxgeno, un proceso denominado fotlisis.
Una vez se han escindido las molculas de
agua, la mitad de los tomos de hidrgeno se
incorporan al ciclo de la ribulosa-difosfato, y
la mitad de los tomos de oxgeno son
liberados al aire.

Conclusiones

Gracias al descubrimiento de la
estructura de los aminocidos se ha
logrado sintetizar protenas teniendo
un fuerte impacto en diferentes
campos como los es la medicina
El descubrimiento de las enzimas ha
sido un gran aporte en el estudio de
los seres humanos y tambin en la
aplicacin de diferentes campos
como por ejemplo en la industria de
los alimentos
Con ayuda del estudio de la materia
viva y los avances que se han
obtenido se ha podido comprender en
profundidad cmo funcionan los
procesos de la fotosntesis o del
metabolismo en los seres vivos

Summary:
In the study on living materials have been
given different discoveries that have given
way to concepts such as proteins, enzymes or
amino acids which in turn have helped to
understand various processes such as those of
metabolism or photosynthesis in more detail
Molecules Of Crucial Importance For Life
In 1839 the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes
Mulder established the general formula in
which he considered that the various
albuminoid compounds were formed by the
addition to this basic formula of small groups
containing sulfur or phosphorus. Mulder
called his overall "protein" formula. By the
end of the nineteenth century, biochemists
were already certain that proteins were giant
molecules made up of amino acids. The most
accurate measurement of the molecular
weights of the proteins has been achieved by
subjecting them to the action of a centrifuge,
an apparatus that, when rotated, pushes the
particles outwards due to the centrifugal force
Amino Acids In The Chain
An amino acid is an organic molecule plus an
amino group and a carboxyl group
The German-American biochemist Erwin
Brand suggested a system of amino acid
symbols, which is now commonly used,
designated each amino acid with the first
three letters of its name, instead of only the
initial one.
In 1953, the structure of insulin was
deciphered. The entire structure of a major
protein molecule had been elucidated for the
first time. In this same year Vincent du
Vigneaud was able to synthesize a peptide
chain exactly the same as that represented by
the exoticine molecule.
Enzymes
In the year 1878 Wilhelm Khne suggested
that these non-living or "unorganized"
ferments were called "enzymes", from the
Greek words meaning "in yeast"
In 1907 it was possible to define an enzyme
simply as an organic catalyst.
The enzymes, are very specific each enzyme
of the organism catalyzes only a specific
reaction
Metabolism
An organism such as the human body is a
very diverse chemical plant. Breathe oxygen
and drink water. It incorporates as
carbohydrates foods, fats, proteins, mineral
substances and other raw materials. It
eliminates various nondigestible materials, as
well as bacteria and the products of
putrefaction they produce. It also excretes
carbon dioxide through the lungs, removes
water from these organs and sweat glands,
and expels urine, which carries a series of
compounds in solution, the chief of which is
urea. These Chemical reactions determine the
body's metabolism.
Photosynthesis
At the beginning of the seventeenth century it
had been considered until then as an
undoubted fact that plants obtained the
constituent substances from the soil, but later
it became clear that the participation of the
soil as a direct food for plants was limited to
certain inorganic salts, Such as certain
nitrates and phosphates.
The only one that gives green color to green
plants. The compound "chlorophyll"
The energy of sunlight is used, thanks to the
catalytic action of chlorophyll, to cleave a
molecule of water in hydrogen and oxygen, a
process called "photolysis". Once the water
molecules have been cleaved, half the
hydrogen atoms are incorporated into the
ribulose-diphosphate cycle, and half of the
oxygen atoms are released into the air.
CONCLUSIONS
Thanks to the discovery of the
structure of the amino acids has been
achieved to synthesize proteins having a
strong impact in different fields such as
medicine is
 The discovery of enzymes has been a
great contribution to the study of
human beings and also in application
in different fields such as in the food
industry
With the help of the study of living
matter and the progress that has been
achieved it has been able to
understand in depth the processes
SYNTHESIS photos or metabolism
in living beings function