Material Balance

Estimate initial hydrocarbon volumes in

place
Predict future reservoir performance
Predict ultimate hydrocarbon recovery
under various type of primary drive
mechanisms
 Running inventory of material entering,
leaving, and accumulating within a
system.

For oil or gas reservoir

Bulk volume+ Expansion =
Bulk volume + Voidage
 Basic Assumption:
1. Pressure Equilibrium :
a. all parts of the reservoir have the same
pressure
b. Fluid properties are constant throughout.
2. Constant Temperature:
Pressure volume changes in the reservoir
are assumed to be occur without change in
temperature.
 Basic Assumption (Continued):
3. Representative PVT Data:
a. Differential vaporization conditions are a
reliable representation of the fluid
behavior.

4. Constant Reservoir Volume.

Except for those condition of rock and water
expansion or water influx that specifically
consider in the equation.
 Basic Assumption (Continued):
5. Reliable Production Data:
a. Oil and gas Production
b. Water Production
Data Needed

Initial reservoir Pressure Pi

Present Average reservoir pressure
Production data at STB
Oil
Water
gas
Reservoir Expansion from Pi to p
Voidage and surface volume
 St Tank Reservoir
Production Voidage
Oil Np Np Bo
Gas Cap Gas Gpc Gpc Bgc
Free gas Lib Gps-Np Rs (Gps-NpRs)Bgs
Water Wp WpBw
Gas Injected -Gi -Gi Bgi
Water -Wi -Wi Bw
Injected
Water Influx -We -We Bw
 Oil Compressibility from PVT Data
C o 3 -20 X 10 -6
Water Compressibility Fluid property
Cw 2 - 4 X 10 -6

Formation Compressibility Rock

property
Cf 2 - 4 X 10 -6
 Hydrocarbon filled pore volume:
Vhc = Vp(1-Swi)=NBoi(1+m)
Pore volume value in expansion terms
Vp = (NBoi(1+m))/(1-Swi)
C= - 1/v ( dv/dp)
Oil expansion (Bo-Boi)/Boi = Co p
water expansion (Bw-Bwi)/Bwi = Cw p
Rock matrix expansion
(Bm-Bmi)/Bmi = Cm p
 Total water expansion

Total rock expansion

C = - 1/V dv/dp
dv = v c dp
NBoi+MNBoi = PV (1 SWi)
If no distinction between gas in
solution, Gas Cap and Gas injection
Material Balance
Material Balance
 Num = A

Re arrange
Drive Indexes
DDI+SDI+WDI+EDI=1

DDI = Depletion drive index

SDI = Segregation (gas-cap) drive index
WDI = Water drive Index
EDI = Expansion (rock and liquid)
depletion index
Decline Curve Analysis
Instructional Objectives

Match past performance

Forecast future performance

Why Do We Use Decline
Curve Analysis?
Match past performance trends with a
model
Forecast future
Estimate reserves
What Can Change the Trend?
Field operations, development
strategies
Increase or decrease in flowing bottomhole
pressure
Drilling infill wells
Drilling stepout wells
Initiating secondary or tertiary recovery
program
The decline curve analysis
Equation
qi
qt
1 bDit 1b

qi = Initial production rate, STB/D

Di = Initial instantaneous decline rate, fraction per year
t = Time, years
b = Hyperbolic exponent (0 b 1), dimensionless
q(t) = Production rate at time t, STB/D
Assumptions for Arps Equation
Well is produced at constant bottom
hole pressure
Well is producing from a reservoir with
fixed, no-flow boundaries
Well has constant permeability and skin
factor
Cartesian Rate vs time
100

90

80

70 Harmonic
Rate, STB/D

60
Hyperbolic
50

40

30
Exponential
20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time, years
Semilog Rate vs Time
100

Harmonic
Rate, STB/D

Hyperbolic

Exponential

10
0 5 10 15 20
Time, years
Log-Log Rate vs Time
100

Harmonic
Rate, STB/D

Hyperbolic
Exponential

10
0.1 1 10 100
Time, years
Cartesian Cumulative Production
vs Time
450

400
Cumulative Production, MSTB

350
Harmonic

300

250 Hyperbolic
200

150 Exponential

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time, years
Cartesian Rate vs Cumulative
Production
100

90

80

70
Rate, STB/D

60

50 Harmonic
Exponential
40

30

20

10 Hyperbolic
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Cumulative Production, MSTB
Semilog Rate vs Cumulative
Production 100

Harmonic
Rate, STB/D

Exponential
Hyperbolic

10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Cumulative Production, MSTB
Calculate Recovery factors

Displacement efficiency ED
Areal sweep efficiency EA
Vertical sweep efficiency Ev
Estimating Oil Recovery
Factors
Solution-gas drive - API study

1 S 0.1611 k 0.0979
ER 41.8 wi

Bob ob

0.1741
pb
Swi 0.3722

pa
Estimating Oil Recovery
Factors
Water drive - API study

1 S 0.0422 k 0.0770
ER 54.9 wi
w
B oi oi

0.2159
pi
Swi 0.1903

pa
 Estimating Oil Recovery
Factors
Water drive - Guthrie-Greenberger
study

ER 0.272 log10 k 0.256 S wi 0.136 log10 o

1.538 0.0003 h 0.114