2/10/2017 Research material | Report

Project created on 27.10.2016 17:19.

Report for project Research material

Task created on 10.02.2017 16:10.

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 Bluetooth Regulations
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 Sample monitor graph [ 1-s2.0-S1053077014004765-gr2.jpg ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:14.

 Bluetooth adapter [ 1-s2.0-S1053077014004765-gr1.jpg ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:14.

* Insight into our own project Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:16.

There are no technologic barriers to the implementation of the techniques that have been outlined
above. A Bluetooth adapter, together with a suitable mobile device, can be purchased for less than
$US300, and, because of advances in both hardware and programming systems, it is now possible for
individuals to create any of the applications that have been described. Others also have commented
on the ease and rapidity with which such mobile applications can be developed.

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However, signi힣�cant problems remain. In particular, issues such as regulatory approval, the security
and privilege status of recorded data and the problem of user distraction (by the device itself) remain
largely unaddressed and unresolved. It is possible that solutions to these problems may transform this
cheap and e힃�ective form of technology into a much more expensive medical technique.

Finally, it should be noted that the Datex-Ohmeda Record is a well-documented, open-source data
structure that is very compact and permits extension to include patient or drug-administration data,
calculated pharmacodynamic variables, or readings from other medical equipment. Furthermore, the
records can be converted easily to other formats for the purposes of statistical or graphical analysis. It
is for these reasons that the author believes that the Datex-Ohmeda record should be adopted as the
standard data format for use by internet-accessible, temporal, anesthetic databases.

* Data Recording Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:15.

Data can be recorded on the device as 힣�xed-length Datex-Ohmeda Records that accrue at a rate of
about 6.5 MB/h. Used in this way, a 64-GB Micro SD card of the kind used by the device can hold about
10,000 hours of complete anesthetic data. If connected to the internet, the user also has the
opportunity to upload the data to a remote storage site. In this way, the complete anesthetic record of
a patient undergoing, for example, cardiac surgery, can be transferred to a remote site within a few
seconds.

* Data Display Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:15.

A single graphical waveform is displayed on the user interface (UI) of the device, but the user is able to
view any other waveform variable by simply swiping the graphical display to the right or left. Five
instantaneous values (such as heart rate, FIO2, SaO2, ETCO2, and respiratory rate) are displayed in
numeric format at the bottom of the UI. These displayed values are also user-selectable. The waveform
data are updated at 50 Hz and the instantaneous data at 0.2 Hz. Many mobile devices now incorporate
Miracast® technology in which case the display can be mirrored onto a full high-de힣�nition television
(HDTV) up to 10 meters away.

* Data Acquisition Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:14.

ata are acquired using a Bluetooth adapter connected to the serial port (USB or RS232) of the monitor.
The device is paired with the adapter and requests the monitor to transmit a stream of Datex-Ohmeda
Records, which comprise continuous waveform data together with instantaneous values (such as heart
rate or oxygen saturation).3 The e힃�ective wireless range of the connection is 10 to 15 meters and the
latency of signal display less than 1.5 seconds. If used with a Wi-Fi RS232 adapter, this e힃�ective range
can be greatly increased.

* From mobile device to operating room Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:13.

Technique: The technique required to implement the direct, wireless connection of a mobile device to
a temperature monitor is illustrated here by reference to a version that runs on an Android® tablet or
smartphone. The device acquires data wirelessly from a transmitter attached to the monitor (GE Datex
Ohmeda S5 Monitor) and displays it in real-time as a series of user-selectable wave forms and numeric
data 힣�elds. The user also is able to record the data on the device itself or to a web-based location.

Task created on 10.02.2017 16:19.

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 Bluetooth technique overview
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* Nework that bluetooth uses Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:22.

When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an electronic conversation takes
place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one needs to control the other. The
user doesn't have to press a button or give a command -- the electronic conversation happens
automatically. Once the conversation has occurred, the devices -- whether they're part of a computer
system or a stereo -- form a network. Bluetooth systems create a personal-area network (PAN), or
piconet, that may 힣�ll a room or may encompass no more distance than that between the cell phone on
a belt-clip and the headset on your head. Once a piconet is established, the members randomly hop
frequencies in unison so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that may be
operating in the same room. Let's check out an example of a Bluetooth-connected system.

* Transmitting distance of bluetooth Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:21.

One of the ways Bluetooth devices avoid interfering with other systems is by sending out very weak
signals of about 1 milliwatt. By comparison, the most powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3
watts. The low power limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10 meters (32 feet), cutting the
chances of interference between your computer system and your portable telephone or television.
Even with the low power, Bluetooth doesn't require line of sight between communicating devices.

* Frequency of bluetooth networking Created by Bicong Li on 10.02.2017 16:20.

Bluetooth networking transmits data via low-power radio waves. It communicates on a frequency of
2.45 gigahertz (actually between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz, to be exact). This frequency band has been
set aside by international agreement for the use of industrial, scienti힣�c and medical devices (ISM).

Task created on 10.02.2017 16:31.

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 Bluetooth Arduino module
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 Schematic Diagram [ FSKAI30HMMFE6UO.MEDIUM.jpg ] Uploaded by Demi Shen on 10.02.2017 17:02.

 microcontrol BT Arduino board [ ArduinoBT_Front.jpg ] Uploaded by Demi Shen on 10.02.2017 16:53.

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 Wireless Bluetooth Transceiver Module RS232 / TTL. [ 612m2C3UBPL._SL1100_.jpg ]

Uploaded by Demi Shen on 10.02.2017 16:52.

* connecting Bluetooth with computer. Created by Demi Shen on 10.02.2017 17:01.

In the online tutorial: http://www.instructables.com/id/Cheap-2-Way-Bluetooth-Connection-Between-
Arduino-a/, they included an schematic diagram of connecting bluetooth with computer. Here is a list
of things we need for only the arduino portion of the design according to the tutorial.

-- Arduino Uno (R2) or clone. -- Bluetooth serial transceiver connected to Arduino. I got one from Ebay
with the BlueCore4 chipset. Search Ebay for Wireless Bluetooth Transceiver Module RS232 / TTL. --
Bluetooth USB dongle to be connected to PC. I used an old MSI pc2pc Bluetooth as well as a Bollionton
Bluetooth USB dongles and both worked 힣�ne. -- The 1.2K Ohms & 2.2K Ohms resistors will be used as
voltage dividers to drop the Arduino's 5V to about 3.3V. You can substitute these with 10K Ohms & 20K
Ohms resistors. If you know how to calculate voltage dividers, feel free to use other values for your
resistors. -- Breadboard and jumper wires. -- Power source. I used a 9V battery. -- Any PC that supports
Arduino IDE will be needed to program the Arduino microcontroller. -- Most PCs and smartphone
w/Bluetooth and a terminal emulator can be used to control the Arduino.

* Bluetooth Arduino Modules Created by Demi Shen on 10.02.2017 16:51.

There exist many Bluetooth Arduino modules on the market, with di힃�erent market prices. However, to
determine between them, we have to learn how to use these modules and incorporate them into our
design. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardBT?from=Main.ArduinoBoardBluetooth This
website listed the most widely used Arduino Bluetooth board. Unlike the other options we found on
amazon, this is just a main board (microcontrol board) incorporating the Bluetooth functionality. It has
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14 input/output pins, which is a lot more than we needed for our design purpose. The board contains a
DC-DC convector that allows it to be powered with as little as 2.5V, a maximum of 12V. So ideally, if we
can make the board very small, it should be able to be powered by a button size battery. It also
supports coding with Bluetooth, which would be a really convenient feature to have. It has a 32KB
memory to store code, which we think would be satisfactory for us. It also can connect with phones or
tablet systems, which would potentially make our design more versatile.

From this instruction of setting up the bluetooth connection with computer, Wireless Bluetooth
Transceiver Module RS232 / TTL. is recommended. By searching on amazon, these modules cost
around 10 dollars each. We think this will work well with our design plan. However, as the size is
3.57cm*1.52cm, it will make our product even bigger, which is not very desirable for us.

Task created on 10.02.2017 00:35.

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 Noise shaping technique
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* Noise shaping in modern ADCs Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 10.02.2017 00:43.

It would be meaningful for us to look at the technique applied to ADC's, which will be used in our
device. Noise shaping in audio is most commonly applied as a bit-reduction scheme. The most basic
form of dither is 힣�at, white noise. The ear, however, is less sensitive to certain frequencies than others
at low levels. By using noise shaping we can e힃�ectively spread the quantization error around so that
more of it is focused on frequencies that we can't hear as well and less of it is focused on frequencies
that we can hear. The result is that where the ear is most critical the quantization error can be reduced
greatly and where our ears are less sensitive the noise is much greater. This can give a perceived noise
reduction of 4 bits compared to straight dither. While 16-bit audio is typically thought to have 96 dB of
dynamic range , it can actually be increased to 120 dB using noise-shaped dither.

* Noise shaping Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 10.02.2017 00:40.

As we are approaching the stage of con힣�guring wireless communication within the real context of
operation suites, we have to face the problem of minimizing noise interference that comes from either
the 60Hz power line or those emitted from other medical equipments. In search for useful techniques
to reduce noise, I have recognized noise shaping, which is a common tool in Delta-Sigma A/D
converters. Noise shaping is a technique typically used in digital audio, image, and video processing,
usually in combination with dithering, as part of the process of quantization or bit-depth reduction of a
digital signal. Its purpose is to increase the apparent signal-to-noise ratio of the resultant signal. It does
this by altering the spectral shape of the error that is introduced by dithering and quantization; such
that the noise power is at a lower level in frequency bands at which noise is considered to be more
undesirable and at a correspondingly higher level in bands where it is considered to be less
undesirable.

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2/10/2017 Mech/Electrical experiment | Report

Project created on 27.10.2016 23:23.

Report for project Mech/Electrical experiment

Task created on 10.02.2017 00:35.

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 Noise shaping experiment
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 Testing result [ 3.png ] Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 10.02.2017 00:51.

 Multisim circuit to simulate 2nd order modulator [ 2.png ]

Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 10.02.2017 00:50.

 delta-sigma 2nd order modulator diagram [ 1.png ] Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 10.02.2017 00:50.

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* Result comment Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 10.02.2017 00:55.

The power spectrum clearly manifests a desirable re-distribution of noise power that shovels the
greater portion of total into higher frequencies which are of less concern to us and thus leaves the
lower frequencies rather low noise. This technique shall prove immensely helpful in our bluetooth
con៯�guration.

* Experiment design Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 10.02.2017 00:48.

We created our 2nd order modulator based on ៯�gure 14b of the Hauser paper. The signal is ៯�rst
converted into an array of which each element goes through a for loop. The for loop consists of two
feedbacks and the result of the second feedback is compared to 0. The comparator boolean output
determines the voltage output is positive or negative Vref. The end result is a mix of positive and
negative Vref’s along the input signal whose output should average out closely to the original signal.

The next step is to design an actual circuit for the 2nd order modulator. We ៯�rst designed the circuit
diagram in Multisim and the schematic is shown in ៯�gure 4. We used a pseudo ground of 3V, and 256
kHz for our clock in the ៯�ip-៯�op which will provide us with 128 kHz of bandwidth. The two Op-Amps
serve as the integrators which provide the feedback. We chose 5.6kOhm resistors and 1nF capacitors
so that the ampli៯�er gains, which in this case would be the ratio of output voltage to the integrated
value of input voltage equals -35. The comparator is fed by the output of the second integrator and the
pseudo ground. We tested the circuit using the dynamic signal analyzer. Once we saw the noise
shaping e៛�ect that we wanted, we added an output and an input node to prepare it for integration
with LabView.

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